Ikpe ndina n'ike nke Ajmer
Asịrị nke Ajmer nke afọ 1992 bụ ọtụtụ ndị omekome na mpụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị 250 nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ/kọleji ndị dị n'agbata afọ 11 na 20 bụ ndị a kọrọ na mpụ a metụtara.
Ndị omempụ ahụ bụ Farooq na Nafees Chishti duziri, bụ ndị ezinaụlọ Khadim nke Ajmer Sharif Dargah agbatịkwuru. N'ime ọtụtụ afọ, na-agwụ na 1992, ha rapaara ndị ọ metụtara gaa n'ụlọ ọrụ ugbo dịpụrụ adịpụ ma ọ bụ bungalow, bụ ebe otu ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ikom ahụ wakporo ha ma na-ese foto gba ọtọ ma ọ bụ na-ekpughe ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ iji gbochie ụmụ nwanyị ikwu okwu..[1] Asịrị ahụ pụtara ìhè site n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara, Dainik Navajyoti, na nyocha ndị uwe ojii mechara, n'agbanyeghị ebubo nke ndị ọchịchị obodo mara na mbụ..[1]
N.K. Patni, onye na-ahụ maka ndị uwe ojii mgbe ahụ nke ngalaba CID-Mpụ, kwuru na ikpe a pụtara n'oge esemokwu obodo na-abawanye na India, na-eso L.K. Advani's rat yatra na ọnwa ole na ole tupu mbibi Babri Masjid. Patni kọwapụtara ihe ịma aka ndị dị n'ịgbochi ịkparịta ụka n'okwu ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ndị isi eboro ebubo bụ ndị Alakụba na ọtụtụ ndị ihe metụtara bụ ndị Hindu..[2]
Na Septemba 1992, e boro ndị omempụ iri na asatọ ebubo, otu n'ime ha gburu onwe ya na 1994. Mmadụ asatọ mbụ a mara ikpe ọnwụ, ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Rajasthan mechara tọhapụ mmadụ anọ n'afọ 2001.[3] N'afọ 2007, ụlọ ikpe na-agba ọsọ mara Farooq Chishti ikpe mana a tọhapụrụ ya n'afọ 2013 mgbe ọ nọsịrị n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.[4] Rajasthan DGP Omendra Bhardwaj lara ezumike nká kwuru na mmetụta nke onye a na-ebo ebubo mere ka o sie ike maka ndị ahụ ịgba akaebe.[5] Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu kwetara na ọtụtụ ndị merụrụ ahụ jụrụ ịgba akaebe n'ihi ihere na mmetụta nwere ike ịkpata ha n'ọdịnihu, nchegbu nke Ụlọikpe Kasụ Elu kwetara n'ihe ọ chọpụtara. E jikọtara ikpe ahụ na mpụ ndị ọzọ na mpaghara ahụ, gụnyere itinye aka na Khaleel Chishti, onye metụtara ikpe igbu ọchụ na Ajmer na 1992. [6]
Ihe omume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Achọpụtara na ọrụ nbibi ahụ bụ ndị omekome dị iche iche mere. Otu ìgwè ndị nwoke nwere mmetụta n'ime obodo nọ na-achọ ụmụ agbọghọ: dịka ọmụmaatụ, nke mbụ Farooq Chishti tọrọ otu n'ime ụmụ agbọghọ si n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Ajmer ma were ya foto mmekọahụ.[1] Mgbe ahụ, onye eboro ebubo gbaghaara nwa agbọghọ ahụ ime ka ha mata ụmụ klas ya na ndị enyi ya. N'ikpeazụ, a ga-edina ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ n'ike, megbuo ha, ma mee ka ha see foto ha n'ụlọ ọrụ ugbo.[1] Usoro ahụ gara n'ihu, ebe ndị otu ahụ na-aga n'ihu na-agbasawanye ọrụ ya ma na-emegbu ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ụmụ agbọghọ. Ha na-ese foto ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ ka ha nọ n'ọnọdụ ndị na-emebi emebi, na-eji ihe onyonyo a na-erigbu ndị ihe metụtara.[7]
Usoro iheomume
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Usoro iheomume a ma ama nke ndina n'ike Ajmer malitere na 1990. Otu n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ bụ nwa akwụkwọ klas 12 na Savitri School, onye chọrọ isonye na pati Congress. Otu onye maara ya mere ka ọ mata Nafees na Farooq Chishti nke mesiri ya obi ike na ha nwere mmetụta ma nwee ike inyere ya aka iru ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya.[8]
Dị ka akaebe ya si kwuo, nke edere na mkpebi ikpe nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke afọ 2003, a kwadebere ya, metọọ ya n'ụzọ mmekọahụ, ma mesịa bụrụ onye ndị Chishti abụọ. Ha manyere ya ka ọ kpọbata ụmụ agbọghọ ndị ọzọ n'ime ha, mgbe mgbe n'okpuru ọdịdị nke inyere ha aka isonye na Congress. Nafees na Farooq nwetara ntụkwasị obi ya site n'inye ya ọfụma n'ụgbọala ha ma kwe nkwa ikwurịta banyere ịbanye na nnọkọ ahụ. Kama nke ahụ, ha kpọgara ya n'ụlọ ọrụ ugbo, ebe Nafees wakporo ya ma yie ndụ ya egwu ma ọ bụrụ na ọ kpughere ihe merenụ. Nke a bụ mmalite nke usoro mwakpo yiri nke a.[9]
Ndị na-eme ya, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eme ka ndị ahụ bụrụ ụmụnne ya, ga-akpọ ha ka ha gaa "nzukọ" n'ụlọ ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ bungalow Farooq na Foy Sagar Road. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a bụ ndị otu ma ọ bụ karịa ndị ikom nyere ọgwụ ọjọọ ma wakpo mmekọahụ, ndị na-ejikarị foto nke ndina n'ike iji mee ka ndị ahụ gbachie nkịtị.[10][11]
Ọ gbakwara akaebe na ya na onye ọzọ e gburu na mbụ chọrọ enyemaka n'aka Onye uwe ojii, onye mere ka ha mata onye uwe ojii nọ na ngalaba ndị uwe ojii pụrụ iche nke Ajmer. Otú ọ dị, mgbe a natara oku iyi egwu, o doro anya na ndị uwe ojii na-akwado ma ọ bụ enweghị ike inye nchebe. N'otu oge, otu onye òtù ndị omempụ, Moijullah, dọrọ ya aka ná ntị na "egwuregwu ha na-egwu bụ egwuregwu ha na-egwuri egwu ogologo oge gara aga," na-emesi ike ọdịdị siri ike nke netwọk ndị omempaka.[8]
Ezinụlọ Chishti, ndị nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'okpukpe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ọnọdụ ha chebere ha. Dị ka onye nta akụkọ Santosh Gupta si kwuo, ndị ọrụ mmanye iwu, site na ndị isi ndị uwe ojii ruo ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ, na-achọkarị ndị Chishtis ka ha nọrọ n'okwu iwu, na-eme ka o sie ike ịza ajụjụ.[8]
Ihe ihere ahụ bịara n'ihu ọha mgbe ndị ọrụ nọ na ụlọ nyocha foto, ebe ndị na-eme ya nwere foto ha na-emebi iwu, malitere ikesa foto ndị ahụ. Onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri, turu ọnụ banyere foto ndị ahụ nye onye agbata obi ya, Devendra Jain, onye mechara depụtaghachi ma kesaa ha na Dainik Navajyoti na otu Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP) . Ndị ọrụ VHP zigara ndị uwe ojii foto ahụ, na-akpali nyocha.[8][12]
N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1992, onye nta akụkọ Santosh Gupta bipụtara akụkọ mbụ gbasara mmegbu mmekọahụ na Dainik Navajyoti. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ akụkọ nke abụọ na 15 Mee 1992, nke gụnyere foto ndị na-adịghị mma nke ndị ahụ nwụrụ anwụ, nke kpatara mkpesa ọha na eze. Ikpe ahụ nwetara nlebara anya zuru oke, nke dugara na mmechi zuru oke nke Ajmer na 18 Mee 1992, nke iwe ọha na eze kpatara maka ihe ihere ahụ.[13][14]
Nnyocha
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Navjyoti, Deenbandhu Chaudhary, kwetara na ndị ọrụ mmanye iwu obodo maara ihe ihere ahụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu afọ tupu akụkọ ahụ agbawaa, mana ha hapụrụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo ahụ ka ha kwụsị nyocha ahụ.[15]
Chaudhary kwuru na ha mechara kpebie ịga n'ihu na akụkọ ahụ n'ihi na nke ahụ yiri ka ọ bụ naanị ụzọ isi mee ka gọọmentị mpaghara mee ihe. N'ikpeazụ, ndị uwe ojii tinyere akwụkwọ FIR megide mmadụ asatọ n'ime ndị a na-ebo ebubo. Nnyocha ndị ọzọ mere ka e boo ndị ikom 18 ebubo na esemokwu dị elu n'obodo ahụ ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị.
Ndị mmadụ gara n'okporo ámá iji mee ngagharị iwe na esemokwu n'ime obodo. A manyere bandh ụbọchị atọ na akụkọ na-esote banyere mmegbu na egwu malitere ịbata. Rajasthan DGP Omendra Bhardwaj, onye bụ osote Inspector General nke ndị uwe ojii na Ajmer n'oge ahụ, kwuru na ndị isi obodo na ego nke ndị a na-ebo ebubo gbochiri ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ịbịa. E kwenyere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ bụ ọtụtụ narị. Nchọpụta ọzọ bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ahụ nwụrụ anwụ anwụworị site na igbu onwe ha.[16]
Ndị uwe ojii Rajasthan Special Operations Group (SOG) jidere Salim Chishti, 42, otu n'ime ndị a na-ebo ebubo site na Khalid Mohalla na obodo Ajmer na 4 Jenụwarị 2012.[17]
Onye a na-ebo ebubo
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]E boro mmadụ iri na itoolu a na-ebo ebubo na ha tọọrọ mmadụ. Onye a na-ebo ebubo bụ Farooq Chishti bụ onye isi oche nke Ajmer Youth Congress. Nafees Chishti bụ osote onye isi oche nke Ajmer Indian National Congress na Anwar Chishti bụkwa odeakwụkwọ jikọtara Ajmer Indian Nacional Congress. Moijullah (nke a na-akpọ Puttan), Ishrat Ali, Anwar Chishti, na Shamshuddin (nke a Na-akpọ Meradona) bụkwa ndị ụlọ ikpe mara ikpe.[18]
Ọtụtụ ndị a na-ebo ebubo n'okwu ahụ nwara ịgbapụ, onye na-anọghị n'ụlọ Suhail Ghani zoro ruo afọ 26 tupu ya enyefee onwe ya na 2018 mgbe e jidere onye na-agba ọsọ Salim Chishti na 2012.[19] Onye ọzọ a na-ebo ebubo, Syed Almas, ka bụ onye na-agba ọsọ ma na-achọsi ike na India. E kwenyere na ọ gbagara United States. Central Bureau of Investigation nyere Interpol ọkwa uhie maka ya na ebubo ndina n'ike na mpụ.[20][11]
Ikpe
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Dị ka ndị uwe ojii na ndị NGO na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị si kwuo, ọ na-esiri ike ịmepụta ikpe megide ndị na-eme ya, ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ndị merụrụ ahụ achọghị ịbịa n'ihu. Otú ọ dị, foto na vidiyo ndị e ji mee ka ndị ahụ na-emegbu emegbu nyere aka ịmata ndị a na-ebo ebubo ma wuo ikpe megide ha.
A chọpụtara mmadụ iri atọ nwụrụ na nyocha ahụ. N'ime ndị a, ọ bụ naanị ihe dị ka ikpe iri na abụọ tinyere akwụkwọ, na iri mechara pụọ. Naanị mmadụ abụọ merụrụ ahụ gbara ikpe ahụ.
N'ime mmadụ iri na asatọ a na-ebo ebubo na ha na-atọrọ mmadụ na ndina n'ike n'okpuru Iwu Iwu India na Iwu Nnọchiteanya nke Ụmụ nwanyị (Mmachibido Iwu), otu onye anwụọla site na igbu onwe ya. N'afọ 2003, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Rajasthan kwadoro mkpebi ahụ. [21] N'afọ 2004, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu jụrụ arịrịọ abụọ steeti tinyere, yana ndị a mara ikpe. Otu oche nke Justice N. Santosh Hegde na Justice BP Singh belatara ikpe ndụ ha ruo afọ iri, a tọhapụrụ ha ozugbo ka ha mechara ikpe ha.[22][23]
A mara Farooq Chishti dị ka onye isi mgbaka, mana ụlọ ikpe na-agba ọsọ mechara maa ya ikpe n'afọ 2007. Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Rajasthan kwadoro mkpebi ahụ mana belatara ikpe ya nke mere ka a tọhapụ ya na 2013.[24]
N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2024, ụlọ ikpe POCSO pụrụ iche dị na Ajmer mara mmadụ isii a na-ebo ebubo ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ndụ ha niile. Ndị a mara ikpe bụ Nafees Chishti, Naseem onye a na-akpọ Tarzan, Salim Chishti، Iqbal Bhati, Sohail Ghani na Syed Zameer Hussain. N'etiti ha, Naseem onye a na-akpọ Tarzan gbapụrụ na 1994, a chọpụtakwara Zahoor Chishti ikpe n'okpuru Akụkụ 377 (mmekọahụ na-abụghị nke okike) nke Iwu Iwu India ma wegara ikpe ya n'ụlọ ikpe ọzọ. A kwụrụ ha ụgwọ ₹5 lakh onye ọ bụla.[25][26]
Ndị e gburu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbe ndina n'ike gasịrị, ọtụtụ ndị e dinara n'ike nwetara nsogbu na egwu, na-enweghị nkwado sitere na ọha mmadụ ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ ha. Dị ka nnyocha ndị uwe ojii si kwuo, ihe dị ka mmadụ isii gbuo onwe ha. Ajmer Mahila Samooh (Ajmer Women Association), onye nwara iwere ihe kpatara ya, lara azụ mgbe ọ natara egwu. Obere oge tabloids bụ ihe na-akpali akpali na Ajmer n'oge ahụ. Ọbụna a na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ndị merụrụ ahụ ka tabloids na akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara ndị a na-emegbu. Ha nwere ike ịnweta foto doro anya nke ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ, ndị nwe ya na ndị na-ebipụta ya chọkwara ego n'aka ezinụlọ ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ iji zoo ha.[27]
N'ihi ọtụtụ inyefe onwe, amamikpe, ma ọ bụ mmepe ọ bụla ọzọ n'okwu ahụ, ndị lanarịrị ga-alaghachi n'ụlọ ikpe ma kọọ akụkọ ha, na-eme ka ha mee ka egwu ahụ dịghachi ugboro ugboro. Nke a mere ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ahụ na ndị akaebe bụrụ ndị iro.[28]
Ihe si na ya pụta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ndị mmadụ gara n'okporo ụzọ mee mkpesa, esemokwu obodo mụbara.[1] A hụrụ bandh ụbọchị atọ na ọtụtụ akụkọ sochirinụ banyere nrigbu na mmegide zuru ebe niile malitere ịbata.[2] Emechiri Ajmer kpam kpam na 18 Mee 1992, na-esochi iwe ọha na eze ka ebipụtasịrị foto onye ihe metụtara n'akwụkwọ akụkọ. A katọkwara ndị uwe ojii maka emeghị ihe ọ bụrụgodị na ha nwetachara ozi gbasara mmetọ a na-aga n'ihu. Ọ kwụsịrị ikpe ahụ n'ihi na ndị ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị obodo dọrọ aka ná ntị ime ihe megide ndị eboro ebubo ga-ebute oke esemokwu obodo.[16]
Musabbir Hussain, odeakwụkwọ jikọrọ aka nke Kọmitii Anjuman nke na-elekọta Ajmer Dargah, gwara Indian Express, "Ọ bụ ikpe na ọ dịghị onye nọ na Ajmer chọrọ ikwu maka ya n'ihi ọdịdị nke mpụ ahụ. Ọ bụ ntụpọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke obodo anyị. "[16]
Akụkọ mgbasa ozi
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Zee News gosipụtara ihe ngosi "The Black Chapter of Ajmer" na 16 Julaị 2023 [29] gbasara ikpe ahụ, nke dị nwa oge na YouTube tupu ewepụ ya n'echi ya. Ọ bụ Shailendra Pandey duziri ihe nkiri a.[30]
Ajmer 92, ihe nkiri dabere na asịrị ahụ ewepụtara na 21 Julaị 2023. N'ịmeghachi omume na mmetụtata ihe nkiri ahụ, nke Sarwar Chishti nke Ajmer Dargah na-ata ụmụ ụta maka mpụ ya.[1][2] O mechara ike mgbaghara na-ekwu na ihe ọ na-ekwu bụ ire na-ahụ apụ wee dekọọ ya na mgbanwe.[31]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Mmekọahụ na India
- Ndepụta nke ihe ihere na India
- Mkpagbu okpukpe
- Ajmer 92
Ebem si dee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Kranti (26 December 2012). Murder of Ajmer daily editor exposes sordid sex scandal involving criminals, politicians. India Today.
- ↑ Yadav (2022-01-29). Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers: 1992 Ajmer horror is an open wound (en-US). ThePrint. Retrieved on 2024-03-31.
- ↑ (the journalist who broke Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds (en). The Indian Express (2018-02-25). Retrieved on 2020-06-12.
- ↑ 1992 Ajmer horror: Recalling India's biggest rape and sex exploitation scandal (en) (2022-07-05). Retrieved on 2023-06-17.
- ↑ Mukherjee. "Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds", The Indian Express, 25 February 2018. Retrieved on 2 August 2018.
- ↑ "Jailed Pakistan doctor Chisty's clemency plea rejected", The Times of India, 2011-12-22. Retrieved on 2023-06-17.
- ↑ Ajmer Sex Scandal: Accused Nabbed After 19 Years. news.outlookindia.com. Archived from the original on 2013-06-30. Retrieved on 2013-05-13.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Yadav (2022-01-29). Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers: 1992 Ajmer horror is an open wound (en-US). ThePrint. Retrieved on 2024-08-20. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Yadav (2022-01-29). Gangraped in teens, visiting courts as grandmothers: 1992 Ajmer horror is an open wound (en-US). ThePrint. Retrieved on 2024-03-31.
- ↑ एक-एक कर फार्महाउस पर बुलाया, 100 लड़कियों का रेप किया (hi). LallanTop. Retrieved on 2021-01-25.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bharat (2024-08-20). POCSO Court Convicts 6 More In 1992 Ajmer Rape-Blackmail Case; Over 100 Girls Victims (en). ETV Bharat News. Retrieved on 2024-08-20. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ What is the sensational Ajmer sex case in which 6 got life terms after 32 years (en). India Today (2024-08-20). Retrieved on 2024-08-20.
- ↑ Called one by one to the farmhouse, raped 100 girls, that tarnished story of Rajasthan Ajmer 1992 Dargah – The Scoop India (en-US). Retrieved on 2024-08-20.
- ↑ Ajmer 92: The gangrape and blackmail case that shook the city (en-us). Firstpost (2023-07-17). Retrieved on 2024-08-20.
- ↑ Kranti (December 26, 2012). Murder of Ajmer daily editor exposes sordid sex scandal involving criminals, politicians (en). India Today. Retrieved on 2021-05-02.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Mukherjee. "Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds", The Indian Express, 25 February 2018. Retrieved on 2 August 2018. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>
tag; name "sc11" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Accused in 1992 Ajmer sex scandal case arrested. Mid-day.com (2012-01-04). Retrieved on 2013-05-13.
- ↑ Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds (en). The Indian Express (2018-02-25). Retrieved on 2020-06-15.
- ↑ Almost three decades after a rape, blackmail case rocked Ajmer, surrender of an accused opens old wounds (en). The Indian Express (2018-02-25). Retrieved on 2024-08-21.
- ↑ View Red Notices (en). www.interpol.int. Retrieved on 2024-08-20.
- ↑ "Main accused in Ajmer sex scandal surrenders after 26 years - Times of India", The Times of India, 16 February 2018.
- ↑ Prasad. 1992 Ajmer Scandal: 6 Accused Sentenced To Life Imprisonment (en). News24. Retrieved on 2024-08-21.
- ↑ "Pocso court awards life term to six in 1992 Ajmer rape cases", The Hindustan Times, 21 August 2024.
- ↑ "Ajmer sex scandal: Pocso court hands life sentence to 6 more accused in 1992 case", The Times of India, 2024-08-21. Retrieved on 2024-08-20.
- ↑ "1991 Ajmer gangrape-blackmail case: Pocso court hands life sentences to 6 more accused", Times of India, 20 August 2024. Retrieved on 20 August 2024.
- ↑ 1992 Ajmer rapes: POCSO court sentences 6 to life imprisonment (en). The Indian Express (2024-08-20). Retrieved on 2024-08-20.
- ↑ Roytalukdar. Ajmer gangrape victims get justice 32 years later as 6 get life imprisonment (en). Deccan Herald. Retrieved on 2024-08-21.
- ↑ Ajmer 92: The gangrape and blackmail case that shook the city (en-us). Firstpost (2023-07-17). Retrieved on 2024-08-21.
- ↑ Zee News (2023-07-16). वो कांड जिसने केवल अजमेर या राजस्थान को ही नहीं, बल्कि पूरे देश को झकझोर दिया था... देखिये 'The Black Chapter Of Ajmer' आज रात 8 बजे सिर्फ @zeenews पर #TheBlackChapterOfAjmer #Documentary #ZeeDocs. Twitter.
- ↑ The Black Chapter of Ajmer. IMDb.
- ↑ Service (2023-06-10). 'Girls can make even the biggest person slip', says Sarwar Chishti of Ajmer Dargah (en). The Siasat Daily. Retrieved on 2024-08-20.