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Imikpu Ugbo nke afọ 1986

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Imikpu Ugbo nke afọ 1986
sabotage, eco-terrorism
mba/obodoNjikota Obodo Amerika Dezie
ebeHvalfjörður Dezie
oge obidoro8 Novemba 1986 Dezie
oge ngwụcha9 Novemba 1986 Dezie
sonyereOnye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ Oké Osimiri Òtù Nchekwa, Rod Coronado Dezie

N'afọ 1986, Hvalur sinkings mere n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Reykjavík nke Iceland n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1986, mgbe ndị na-emegide igbu whale si na Sea Shepherd Conservation Society mikpuru ụgbọ mmiri ndị na-enweghị onye na-egbu whale, Hvalur 6 na Hvalur 7, ma mebie ụlọ ọrụ nhazi whale na Hvalfjörður. Ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ bụ abụọ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri anọ nke mba ahụ ma mesịa bulie ha, mana ha agabeghị ịchụ nta whale kemgbe a dọbara ha n'ala kpọrọ nkụ. A rụzubeghị ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ ihe dị ka afọ 36 ka e mesịrị.[1] Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ naanị ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nke mba ahụ.[2]

Ihe omume ahụ bụ mgbalị nke ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ anụmanụ iji mebie ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ whale nke Iceland mgbe mba ahụ zere mmachibido iwu azụmahịa na omume ahụ iji mee nyocha. Ọ dịghị onye merụrụ ahụ mana mwakpo ahụ kpatara mmebi nke $ 2 nde na ụgbọ mmiri, mmebi nke $2 nde na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi, na mmebi nke anụ whale frizer na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta mebiri $ 4 nde nke anụ whala. Ndị na-eme ya, Rod Coronado na David Howitt, nwere ike ịgbapụ n'ebe ahụ site na ụgbọ elu gaa Luxembourg.[2]

Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga

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International Whaling Commission mebere nkwubi okwu maka ịkwọ azụ ahịa na Jenụwarị 1986;  mmachibido iwu ahụ kwere ka whaling sayensị gaa n'ihu.  Otu ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme ihe kpọmkwem chọrọ ka ha tinye aka na whaling nke Iceland, Norway, Soviet Union, Japan, na Agwaetiti Faroe gara n'ihu.  Gọọmentị Iceland kwenyere na iwere whale 120 na 1986 maka nyocha dị mkpa maka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ ya. Na June 1986, e mere atụmatụ ahụ iji mebie ụlọ ọrụ whaling Iceland na-emesi ike na imebi akụ na ụba dị ukwuu dị ka o kwere mee n'ebumnobi na-eme ihe mgbe ọ na-enweghị ihe iyi egwu ndụ mmadụ.  A na-egbu oge ọrụ ahụ n'ihi nzụkọ na Reykjavík n'etiti gọọmentị United States na Soviet Union na Octobe..[3] Otu n'ime ndị na-eme ya, Rod Coronado, ka a na-ebo ebubo na ọ na-etinye aka na mwakpo a wakporo ndị na-egbu whale na Faroese na June.[4]

Usoro Ọrụ ya

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Sea Shepherd's Coronado na David Howitt ji ụgbọelu banye Reykjavík n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1986.[3] A na-akpọkwa Howitt David Howard, Nick Taylor ma ọ bụ Martin Braidley.[3] Ha abụọ nọrọ n'ụlọ ndị ntorobịa wee malite nyocha na nzuzo maka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ n'ógbè ahụ ma a kọọrọ na ha mere ka ha bụrụ ndị njem nleta ma were ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ azụ.[4][5] Na 8 Nọvemba, ha mere njem 50 mile gaa na naanị ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke mba ahụ dị na Hvalfjörður, ebe ha batara na 8:00 pm.  A na-eji sledgehammers, wrenches, na ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'usoro bibie kọmputa, ndị na-emepụta ọkụ, ígwè ọrụ, na windo.  Ebibiri nnukwu igwe nju oyi a na-eji ajụ oyi n'oge a na-agaghị arụkwa ya ma were acid gbasa akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.  A hapụrụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na obere ụlọ abụọ enweghị ọrụ.[4][3]

Coronado na Howitt laghachiri na Reykjavik n'isi ụtụtụ nke 9 Nọvemba ebe atọ n'ime ụgbọ mmiri whaling anọ nke mba ahụ nọ.  E mepere valvụ mmiri nnu dị n'ime ụlọ injin ahụ n'ihe dị ka elekere 5:00 nke ụtụtụ, na-eme ka ụgbọ mmiri ndị ahụ idei mmiri ma mikpuo n'ime ọkara elekere.  A wakpoghị whaler nke atọ, Hvalur 8, ebe onye nche nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ebe nke anọ, Hvalur 9, nọ n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri.. Ndị uwe ojii eruteghị n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ruo elekere asaa nke ụtụtụ, ndị mwakpo ahụ wee nwee ike ịgbapụ na mba ahụ site na ụgbọ elu 7:45 nke ụtụtụ gaa Luxembourg.[4] Ha bụ ndị a na-akwụsịkarị n'ụzọ na-aga n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu mana ndị uwe ojii echeghị na ha mere ihe ọjọọ ọ bụla ma hapụ ha ka ha gaa n'ihu n'ụzọ ha.[6] N'ọnwa Nọvemba, ụlọ ọrụ na-azọpụta ndị mmadụ buuru ụgbọ mmiri abụọ dị tọn 430 site n'ala ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-egbu whale si kwuo, mwakpo ahụ kpatara mmebi ruru $ 2 nde.[7]

Mmeghachi omume

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Hvalur 6, Hvalur 7, Hvalur 8, na Hvalur 9 na 2008.
Hvalur 6 na Hvalur 7 na Hvalfjörður na 2018.

N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke a gasịrị, Watson weere ọrụ zuru oke maka ọrụ ahụ, na-ekwu na ya mere atụmatụ ya, họrọla ndị otu ahụ, ma hụ na ndị mwakpo ahụ rụrụ ọrụ ha.[4] Praịm Minista Steingrímur Hermannsson kwupụtara na Iceland na-anwa ịchọta ndị ikom ahụ ma katọọ ndị uwe ojii maka igbu oge mbụ nke nyere ha ohere ịgbapụ.[3] Watson gara Iceland na 1988 iji chee ikpe dị ka onye ndú Sea Shepherd ebe e jidere ya ruo awa 24 tupu a chụpụ ya n'enweghị ihe kpatara ya.[5][8] Onye na-ekwuchitere ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ whale kachasị ukwuu na Iceland gwara The New Yorker na Watson bụ onye na-adịghị mma na mba ahụ.[9] Site na mgbapụ ha, Coronado na Howitt enwebeghị ebubo na ha mere ihe ọjọọ na Iceland.  Ha abụọ anabatala ọrụ mana iwu nke mmachi maka omume ahụ agafeela.

N'ihi nke a merenụ, International Whaling Commission kagburu ọnọdụ onye na-ekiri oké osimiri Shepherd.  Ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-akatọ nguzo Iceland, kewapụrụ onwe ha na atụmatụ ime ihe ike nke Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ nke Oké Osimiri. Otu akụkọ dị na New Yorker kwuru na ọ bụ "omume nbibi nke ọtụtụ ndị nchekwa kwenyere nyere aka gbanwee echiche ọha na eze Iceland megide ihe kpatara ịzọpụta whale"".[9]

Mmeghachi omume mba ụwa dị njọ.[5] Omume ahụ nwere nkọwa dị iche iche dị ka omume mmebi ihe, omume iyi ọha egwu ma ọ bụ omume ndị isi mgbaka. N'oge ihe omume ahụ, Iceland, Greenpeace International, na ụfọdụ ndị na-akọwa mgbasa ozi na Iceland na North America zoro aka na mmebi ahụ dị ka " iyi ọha egwu" ma ọ bụ " iyi ọha mmadụ".[10][11][12][13][5] Coronado zaghachiri na ntụnyere ndị a site n'ikwu na mmebi ahụ bụ "ihe kachasị anya site na iyi ọha egwu" nakwa na igbu whale n'onwe ya bụ iyi ọha egwu.[14] N'otu akwụkwọ akụkọ Canada, e depụtakwara ihe omume ahụ dị ka otu n'ime nzọụkwụ mbụ Coronado mere n'ịghọ "ụdị ọhụrụ nke ndị na-eyi ọha egwu" nke gara n'ihu na-alụ ọgụ dị ukwuu maka ikike ụmụ anụmanụ dị ka onye otu Animal Liberation Front.[15] Coronado ajụla akara "onye na-eyi ọha egwu" dị ka "ihe mkpofu", n'ihi na malite na Hvalur sinkings, "ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-elekọta mgbe niile na ọ dịghị onye na-emerụ ahụ site n'omume mmejọ ya".[15]

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Kristján Már Unnarsson. "Sjötti hvalur vertíðarinnar kominn á land í Hvalfirði", Vísir.is, 27 June 2022. Retrieved on 25 July 2022. (in Icelandic)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Only terrorist attack on Iceland: The sinking of whaling vessels in Reykjavík on 9/11 1986 (en). Icelandmag. Retrieved on 2021-12-17."Only terrorist attack on Iceland: The sinking of whaling vessels in Reykjavík on 9/11 1986". Icelandmag. Retrieved 2021-12-17. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "2 suspected of attacking whale boats", The Register-Guard, 11 November 1986, p. 7A. Retrieved on 13 May 2010. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Eugene Register-Guard" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Lyman. "Iceland adventure 'easy' for whaling 'terrorists'", The Ledger, 15 November 1986, p. A8. Retrieved on 13 May 2010. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Lakeland Ledger" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Derr, Patrick George; McNamar, Edward M. Case Studies in Environmental Ethics (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) p. 28. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
  6. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Grapevine 2006-11-03
  7. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named refloated
  8. ↑ Klemens, Watson the victor: Does terrorism pay off in Iceland? The Reykjavik Grapevine. 11 February 2005. Retrieved 15 May 2010.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Raffi Khatchadourian, "Neptune's Navy: Paul Watson’s wild crusade to save the oceans", The New Yorker, 5 November 2007.
  10. ↑ Scientists dispute claims by CNN that Icelandic whalers killed a protected blue whale (en). Icelandmag. Retrieved on 2021-12-17.
  11. ↑ David Israelson, "Killing goes on despite whaling ban", Toronto Star, 15 November 1986, p. A2.
  12. ↑ Frank Jones, "No cause can justify terrorist acts", Toronto Star, 13 November 1986, p. H1.
  13. ↑ "Dockside Terror" (editorial), San Francisco Chronicle, 12 November 1986, p. 48.
  14. ↑ "Whaling Is Terrorism, Says Environmentalist Accused of Sinkings", Associated Press, 13 November 1986.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Marcus Gee, "A new breed of terrorist fights for the animals: Meet Rodney Coronado: articulate, vegan and violent", The Globe and Mail, 5 December 1986, p. A1.
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