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Intersex

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Third International Intersex Forum.

Ndi intersex bu ndi amuru n'udi njirimara mmadu di iche iche nke gunyere chromosome patterns, gonads, maobu genitals nke na Office United Nations High Commissioer for Human Rights kwuru na " elefukwara ndi binary notions nke nwoke maobu nke nwanyi. [1]

Mmekọahụ mgbe a mụrụ ya na-ejikarị akụkụ ahụ e ji enwe mmekọahụ n'èzí. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọmụmụ na akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nwanyị na-edoghị anya dị n'agbata 1:4,500-1:2,000 (0.02%-0.05%). [2] Ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ na-agụnye atypical chromosomes, gonads, ma ọ bụ homonụ. Enwere ike ịnye ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ ma zụlite ha dị ka nwa agbọghọ ma ọ bụ nwa nwoke mana mgbe e mesịrị, ha na-ejikọta onwe ha na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ọzọ, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-aga n'ihu na-ejikarị nwoke ma ọ bụrụ nwanyị ha. [3][4][5] A kọọrọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọmụmụ ebe nwa ahụ bụ intersex n'ụzọ dị iche dabere na onye na-akọ na nkọwa nke intersex a na-eji. Anne Fausto-Sterling na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ya na-ekwu na mmụba nke "nondimorphic sexual development" nwere ike ịdị elu dị ka 1.7%.[6][7] Otú ọ dị, nzaghachi nke Leonard Sax bipụtara na-akọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ a gụnyere ọnọdụ ndị dị ka mmalite nke oge na-adịghị amị adrenal hyperplasia na Klinefelter syndrome nke ọtụtụ ndị dọkịta na-amaghị dị ka intersex; Sax na-ekwu, "ọ bụrụ na okwu intersex bụ iji jigide ihe ọ bụla, a ga-ejedebe okwu ahụ na ọnọdụ ndị chromosomal mmekọahụ na-ekwekọghị na phenotypic, ma ọ bụ nke phenotype enweghị ike ịkọwa dị ka nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị", na-ekwu na mmụba nke intersex bụ ihe dịka 0.018% (otu n'ime ọmụmụ 5,500 Fausto-s ugboro 100).[2][8]

Okwu ndị a na-eji akọwa ndị intersex na-ese okwu, ma na-agbanwe ka oge na ebe na-aga. A na-akpọbu ndị intersex "hermaphrodites" ma ọ bụ "Ndị ọnaozi amụrụ amụrụ amụọ". [9] [10] Na narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20, ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ahụike chepụtara aha ọhụrụ na mgbalị ịhazi njirimara ndị ha hụrụ, mgbalị mbụ iji mepụta usoro nkewa nke ọnọdụ intersex. A na-ekewa ndị Intersex dị ka ndị nwere "ezi hermaphroditism", "female Pseudohermaphroditism ", ma ọ bụ "male pseudohermaphhroditism". [11] A naghịzi eji okwu ndị a eme ihe, a na-ewerekwa okwu ndị gụnyere okwu "hermaphrodite" dị ka ndị na-eduhie eduhie, ndị na-emebi ihe, na ndị na-akọwa ihe gbasara ụmụ mmadụ.[12] Na nkà mmụta ihe ndị dị ndụ, a na-eji okwu "hermaphrodite" akọwa ihe dị ndụ nke nwere ike ịmepụta ma nwoke ma nwanyị gametes. [13][14] Ụfọdụ ndị nwere àgwà intersex na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "intersex", ụfọdụ na-ahọrọ asụsụ ọzọ. [15][16]   [nke dị oke ala] Na ntọala ahụike, a na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "ọrịa nke mmepe mmekọahụ" (DSD) eme ihe kemgbe afọ 2006, mgbanwe n'asụsụ a na-ewere dị ka esemokwu kemgbe ewepụtara ya. [17][18][19][20]

Ndị Intersex na-eche mkparị na ịkpa ókè ihu site na ọmụmụ, ma ọ bụ na-esote nchọpụta nke àgwà intersex na ọkwa nke mmepe dịka puberty. Ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ nwere ike ịnwe Ogbugbu ụmụaka, ịgbahapụ, na ịta ahụhụ site n'aka ezinụlọ ha. [21] [22][23] N'ụwa niile, ụfọdụ ụmụ ọhụrụ na ụmụaka, dị ka ndị nwere akụkụ ahụ nwoke na nwanyị, na-agbanwe site na ịwa ahụ ma ọ bụ site na homonụ iji mepụta njirimara mmekọahụ ndị ọzọ a na-anabata na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A na-ewere nke a dị ka arụmụka, na-enweghị ihe akaebe siri ike nke nsonaazụ dị mma. Ọgwụgwọ ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye imebi ahụ. Ndị toro eto, gụnyere ndị inyom na-eme egwuregwu, abụrụla ndị a na-emeso ọgwụgwọ dị otú ahụ. [24][25] N'ụzọ na-arịwanye elu, a na-ewere okwu ndị a dị ka mmebi nke ikike mmadụ, na nkwupụta sitere na mba ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ na ụkpụrụ omume nke mba ahụ. [26][27] Òtù ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ ewepụtakwala nkwupụta banyere mmebi ikike mmadụ, gụnyere Nkwupụta Malta nke 2013 nke Forum Intersex nke atọ.[28] N'afọ 2011, Christiane Völling ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ nke a maara na ọ gbara akwụkwọ maka mmebi n'okwu e wetara maka ịwa ahụ na-enweghị nkwekọrịta.[29] N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2015, Malta ghọrọ mba mbụ machibidoro itinye aka na ahụike na-abụghị nkwekọrịta iji gbanwee ahụike mmekọahụ, gụnyere nke ndị intersex. [30][31]

Terminology

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enweghị nkọwa doro anya nke intersex na enweghị nkọwa doro anya banyere ọnọdụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ na-eme ka onye ọ bụla ruo eruo dị ka intersex.[32] The World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD), American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike na-ekewa àgwà ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ intersex n'etiti nsogbu nke mmepe mmekọahụ (DSD). [33]

Adjective a na-ahụkarị maka ndị nwere nsogbu nke mmepe mmekọahụ (DSD) bụ "intersex".   [citation needed]

Okwu mmalite na nkọwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe nlereanya Hanne Gaby Odiele nke Ed Kavishe sere maka Fashionwirepress. N'afọ 2017, Odiele kpughere na ya nwere ọrịa intersex androgen insensitivity syndrome.

N'afọ 1917, Richard Goldschmidt mepụtara okwu ahụ bụ "intersexuality" iji zoo aka n'ụdị mmekọahụ dị iche iche.[11] Otú ọ dị, dị ka The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies si kwuo, ọ bụghị ruo mgbe Anne Fausto Sterling bipụtara edemede ya "The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough" na 1993 ka okwu ahụ ruru ewu ewu.[34]

Dị ka Ụlọ Ọrụ UN nke Kọmishọna Ukwu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ si kwuo: Ana amu ndi intersex n'onodu njirimara ndi sex(nke gunyere genitals, gonads na chromosome patterns) nke na esoghi n'ezigno binary notion nke nwoke na nwanyi. Intersex bu aha nke mechiri ihe nile gbasara ahu di iche iche.

  1. ↑ Intersex people. OHCHR. Archived from the original on 8 July 2023. Retrieved on 11 June 2023.
  2. ↑ Selma Feldman Witchel (2018). "Disorders of Sex Development". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 48: 90–102. DOI:10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.11.005. ISSN 1521-6934. PMID 29503125. 
  3. ↑ Alice Domurat Dreger (2001). Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. US: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00189-3. 
  4. ↑ New publication "Intersex: Stories and Statistics from Australia". Organisation Intersex International Australia (3 February 2016). Archived from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved on 18 August 2016.
  5. ↑ Intersex population figures. Intersex Human Rights Australia (28 September 2013). Archived from the original on 17 July 2018. Retrieved on 1 January 2021.
  6. ↑ Fausto-Sterling (2000). Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-07714-4. 
  7. ↑ Blackless (March 2000). "How sexually dimorphic are we? Review and synthesis". American Journal of Human Biology 12 (2): 151–166. DOI:<151::AID-AJHB1>3.0.CO;2-F 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(200003/04)12:2<151::AID-AJHB1>3.0.CO;2-F. ISSN 1520-6300. PMID 11534012. 
  8. ↑ How Common is Intersex? An Explanation of the Stats.. Intersex Campaign for Equality (1 April 2015). Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved on 1 January 2021.
  9. ↑ Mason H.J. (1978). "Favorinus' Disorder: Reifenstein's Syndrome in Antiquity?". Janus 66 (1–2–3): 1–13. PMID 11610651. 
  10. ↑ Nguyễn Khắc Thuần (1998), Việt sử giai thoại (History of Vietnam's tales), vol. 8, Vietnam Education Publishing House, p. 55
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Zucker (March 1992). "Gender Identity Disorder in Children". Annual Review of Sex Research 3 (1): 73–120. DOI:10.1080/10532528.1992.10559876. ISSN 1053-2528.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Zucker 73–120" defined multiple times with different content
  12. ↑ Dreger (18 August 2005). "Changing the Nomenclature/Taxonomy for Intersex: A Scientific and Clinical Rationale". Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 18 (8): 729–33. DOI:10.1515/JPEM.2005.18.8.729. PMID 16200837. 
  13. ↑ Kilman (14 April 2016). Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-12-800426-5. 
  14. ↑ Avise (15 March 2011). Hermaphroditism. Columbia University Press, 1–7. ISBN 978-0-231-52715-6. 
  15. ↑ Preves (2003). Intersex and identity: the contested self. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3228-0. OCLC 50334056. 
  16. ↑ Harper (2007). Intersex, English, Oxford: Berg. ISBN 978-1-84788-339-1. OCLC 608598019. 
  17. ↑ Houk (August 2006). "Summary of Consensus Statement on Intersex Disorders and Their Management". Pediatrics 118 (2): 753–757. DOI:10.1542/peds.2006-0737. ISSN 0031-4005. PMID 16882833. 
  18. ↑ Davis (11 September 2015). Contesting Intersex: The Dubious Diagnosis. New York University Press, 87–89. ISBN 978-1-4798-8704-0. 
  19. ↑ Holmes (September 2011). "The Intersex Enchiridion: Naming and Knowledge". Somatechnics 1 (2): 388–411. DOI:10.3366/soma.2011.0026. ISSN 2044-0138. 
  20. ↑ Beh (27 July 2006). Variations of Sex Development Instead of Disorders of Sex Development [sic]. ADC Online. Archived from the original on 21 August 2008. Retrieved on 15 March 2021.
  21. ↑ Civil Society Coalition on Human Rights and Constitutional Law (2014). Uganda Report of Violations based on Sex Determination, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved on 15 May 2017.
  22. ↑ Grady (4 May 2017). The midwife who saved intersex babies. BBC World Service, Kenya. Archived from the original on 15 May 2017.
  23. ↑ Beyond the Boundary – Knowing and Concerns Intersex (October 2015). Intersex report from Hong Kong China, and for the UN Committee Against Torture: the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. Archived from the original on 26 March 2017.
  24. ↑ Jordan-Young (April 2014). "Sex, health, and athletes". BMJ 348 (apr28 9): –2926–g2926. DOI:10.1136/bmj.g2926. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 24776640. 
  25. ↑ Macur. "Fighting for the Body She Was Born With", The New York Times, 6 October 2014. Retrieved on 9 February 2015.
  26. ↑ (2013) Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia. Canberra: Senate of Australia Community Affairs References Committee. ISBN 978-1-74229-917-4. 
  27. ↑ (November 2012) On the management of differences of sex development. Ethical issues relating to "intersexuality". Opinion No. 20/2012. Berne: Swiss National Advisory Commission on Biomedical Ethics NEK-CNE. Retrieved on 24 July 2018. 
  28. ↑ Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions (June 2016). Promoting and Protecting Human Rights in relation to Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Sex Characteristics. ISBN 978-0-9942513-7-4. 
  29. ↑ International Commission of Jurists. In re Völling, Regional Court Cologne, Germany (6 February 2008). Archived from the original on 5 January 2016. Retrieved on 27 December 2015.
  30. ↑ "Surgery and Sterilization Scrapped in Malta's Benchmark LGBTI Law", The New York Times, 1 April 2015. Retrieved on 29 August 2020.
  31. ↑ "Malta passes law outlawing forced surgical intervention on intersex minors", Star Observer, 2 April 2015.
  32. ↑ Dreger (1 January 2009). "Progress and Politics in the Intersex Rights Movement: Feminist Theory in Action". GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 15 (2): 199–224. DOI:10.1215/10642684-2008-134. 
  33. ↑ (April 2014) "Sex, health, and athletes". BMJ 348: g2926. DOI:10.1136/bmj.g2926. PMID 24776640. Retrieved on 19 July 2021. 
  34. ↑ Goldberg (10 May 2016). The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies (in en). SAGE Publications. ISBN 978-1-4833-7129-0. 
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