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Iri Abụọ Dị Nsọ

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Foto ìgwè nke ndị nọọsụ ụgbọ mmiri iri abụọ mbụ, ndị a họpụtara na 1908

Ndị iri abụo dị nsọ bụ otu ndị nọọsụ bụ ndị otu nwanyị mbụ jere ozi na United States Navy na-anọchite anya Nọọsụ. N'ịbụ nke e guzobere na 1908, Sacred Twenty nyere onyinye sara mbara n'oge agha, ọ bụghị nanị gụnyere ọzụzụ nke ndị nọọsụ ubi na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa, kamakwa inye mmemme mmụta maka ndị nọọsụ na mba ọzọ na akwụkwọ ndị ọkachamara na ngalaba nọọsụ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe e guzobere Ndị Nọọsụ Ndị Agha na 1901, ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ (BUMED) nke ndị agha mmiri mere mkpọsa iji mepụta otu nzukọ yiri nke ahụ maka onwe ya. Nzukọ ndị omeiwu nyere ikike ka e mepụta nzukọ ahụ na 13 Mee 1908, ebe a họpụtara ụmụ nwanyị iri abụọ dị ka ndị otu mbụ. [1] A chọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị ndị a nọrọ n'agbata afọ 22 na 44, ka ha bụrụ ụmụ amaala United States, ha enweghịkwa ike ịlụ di.[1] Ọ bụ Esther Voorhees Hasson, onye bụbu onye otu ndị Nọọsụ ndị agha, onye a họpụtara dị ka onye nlekọta.[2] bụ onye isi ha na mbụ. Hasson na ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ jikọ aka họrọ ndị nọọsụ iri na itoolu ndị ọzọ, bụ ndị ahọpụtara n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nọọsụ dị iche iche ma nwee ọzụzụ n'ọtụtụ nka ndị nọọsụ.

E kenyere ndị Sacred Twenty na US Naval Hospital na Washington, D.C maka ọzụzụ mbụ [2] ma mesịa kenye ha n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Washington, New York City, Norfolk, na Annapolis maka ọrụ nlekọta. [6] E mechara gbasaa ọrụ ndị ahụ n'ọtụtụ obodo ndị ọzọ gụnyere Philadelphia Ụda Puget Sound. [6] Na mba ofesi, e wuru ụlọ ọgwụ ndị agha mmiri US na Guam, Samoa, na Philippines ebe ụfọdụ n'ime ndị Sacred Twenty jere ozi.[7]

Ndị agha mmiri enyeghị ha ụlọ ma ọ bụ nri, ya mere ndị nọọsụ gbazitere ụlọ nke ha ma nye ha nri nke ha.[3] N'afọ 1910, Superintendent Hasson kwuru na arịrịọ na-ebelata site n'aka ndị ruru eru na Nọọsụ Corps, ma mesịa gbaa mbọ maka atụmatụ ndị dị ka ịkwụ ụgwọ ka mma na ibelata ọnụahịa nke arịrịọ site n'ịhapụ ajụjụ ọnụ n'onwe ya ma jiri ihe edere ede dochie ya.[4] Na mbido, ndị nlekọta ụlọ ọgwụ kpachapụrụ anya banyere echiche nke iwebata ndị nọọsụ nwanyị n'ime ọnọdụ na-enweghị ndị ọrịa nwanyị n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ha nwere ike ịdọpụ uche ndị ọrịa nwoke.[5] N'ihi ya, ndị nọọsụ nwoke dị ugbu a, ndị na-enwetaghị ọzụzụ zuru oke, rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ nọọsụ.[5] Afọ ole na ole mgbe e guzobere Holy Twenty na 1908, Otú ọ dị, ndị nọọsụ nwanyị malitere ịkwado ọrụ a na Hospital Corps, ọbụna na mba ofesi.[5]

Ozi

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Na mgbakwunye na inye nlekọta ahụike n'ọgbọ agha na ọzụzụ nke ndị nọọsụ mpaghara iji mee otu ihe ahụ, ndị Sacred Twenty mekwara ọtụtụ mmemme ndị ọzọ n'oge ọrụ ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Chief Nurse Elizabeth Leonhardt, onye rutere n'ụlọ ọgwụ Naval dị na Guam n'afọ 1911, ọ bụghị naanị na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, kamakwa o mepụtara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọzụzụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Chamorro. Ụmụ nwanyị isii gara klas nke mbụ, bụ nke e mesịrị gbasaa n'ihi mmasị. Klas ndị ọzọ gụnyere mkparịta ụka gbasara ụkwara nta na ọzụzụ na nkuzi ọgwụgwọ ịhịa aka n'ahụ.[11] Leonhardt meberekwa ụfọdụ ọzụzụ na midwifery, n'otu akụkụ n'ihi nsogbu nke onwe ya chere na ụzọ obodo maka ọgwụgwọ.[1][2] Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ achọpụtala na nchegbu ndị a nwere ike ịbụ na ọ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nwoke na nwanyị na-emere ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ebe okpomọkụ.

Chief Nurse Beatrice Bowman, onye bịarutere na 1916, kụzikwaara ọmụmụ ihe na ịmụ nwa na nọọsụ bara uru, nke mechara nye ndị nọọsụ a zụrụ azụ ohere inye nlekọta ahụike zuru oke n'obodo ndị e kenyere ha.[15] Ka e mesịrị, mgbe Bowman ghọrọ Superintendent, o mere nyocha iwu nke ụlọ ọgwụ ụgbọ mmiri niile iji mepụta ụkpụrụ dị mma nke nọọsụ na iji nweta ahụmịhe nke ihe ịma aka dị iche iche ụlọ ọgwụ na ndị nọọsụ chere ihu. A makwaara Bowman dị ka onye gbara ndị nọọsụ ndị agha mmiri ume ka ha gaa n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ha ma nọgide na-enwe ọganihu na nkà mmụta ọgwụ site n'ịga ọmụmụ ihe postgraduate.[16]

Onye nlekọta Lenah Higbee lekwasịrị anya n'ịkpọsa na ịkwalite aha ndị nọọsụ. Ọ na-ebipụtakarị akụkọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ọkachamara dị ka American Journal of Nursing ma gbaa ndị nọọsụ ume ka ha nyekwa aka.

Ndị otu

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Josephine Beatrice Bowman, onye nlekọta nke atọ nke United States Navy Nurse CorpsNdị Nọọsụ nke United States Navy
Lenah Higbee, onye nlekọta nke abụọ nke United States Navy Nurse CorpsNdị Nọọsụ nke United States Navy

Ndị Sacrete Twenty gụnyere ndị Nọọsụ atọ na ndị isi nọọsụ iri na abụọ. Ha bụ: [6]

  1. Josephine Beatrice Bowman, onye isi nke atọ nke ndị nọọsụ nke ndị agha mmiri, 1922-1935
  2. Sara M. Cox
  3. Clare L. De Ceu
  4. Mary H. Du Bose
  5. Estelle Hine
  6. Elizabeth M. Hewitt
  7. Esther Voorhees Hasson, onye isi mbụ nke ndị nọọsụ ụgbọ mmiri, 1908-1911;
  8. Lenah H. Sutcliffe Higbee, onye isi nke abụọ nke ndị nọọsụ ụgbọ mmiri, 1911-1922;
  9. Della V. Knight
  10. Elizabeth Leonhardt
  11. Florence T. Milburn
  12. Margaret D. Murray
  13. Sara B. Myer
  14. Ethel R. Parsons
  15. Adah M. Pendleton
  16. Martha E. Pringle
  17. Isabelle Rose Roy
  18. Boniface T. Small
  19. Victoria White
  20. Elizabeth J. Wells

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Greenwood (2005). Medics at War: Military Medicine from Colonial Times to the 21st Century. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-344-6. 
  2. ↑ Reeves (1996). in Judith Stiehm: It's Our Military, Too! Women and the U.S. Military.. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. ISBN 1-4399-0147-3. 
  3. ↑ United States. Navy Dept. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery (1945). White Task Force: The Story of the Nurse Corps, United States Navy, Issues 93–94. U.S. Government Printing Office. 
  4. ↑ Meyer (2012). "Esther Voorhees Hasson (1867–1942)", in Lisa Tendrich Frank: An Encyclopedia of American Women at War : From the Home Front to the Battlefields. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO, 277–279. ISBN 978-1-59884-443-6. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 (2012) "Navy Nurse Corps", in Lisa Tendrich Frank: An Encyclopedia of American Women at War : From the Home Front to the Battlefields. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-443-6. 
  6. ↑ Photo # NH 52960 picture data. History.navy.mil (21 December 1999). Retrieved on 28 October 2013.

Ịgụ ihe ọzọ

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  • Budreau, Lisa M. Answering the Call : The U.S. Army Nurse Corps, 1917–1919 : A Commemorative Tribute to Military Nursing in World War I. Washington, DC : Office of the Surgeon General, Borden Institute, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 2008. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 0-16-081724-2 Àtụ:OCLC.
  • Daly, Nora Elizabeth. Memoirs of a World War I Nurse. [S.l.] : Iuniverse Inc., 2011. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 1-4620-4350-X Àtụ:OCLC.
  • Gavin, Lettie. American Women in World War I : They Also Served. Niwot, Colo. : University Press of Colorado, 1997. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 0-87081-432-X Àtụ:OCLC.
  • Hallett, Christine E. Containing Trauma : Nursing Work in the First World War. Manchester : Manchester University Press, 2009. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 0-7190-7958-6 Àtụ:OCLC.
  • Hunter, Nick. Women in World War I. Chicago, Illinois : Heinemann Library, [2014]. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 1-4329-8084-X Àtụ:OCLC .
  • Lamb, Helen Jordan. World War I : An American Nurse with the British Troops in France, Nov. 1916-Feb. 1919. Provo, Utah : Stevenson's Genealogical Center, 1981. Àtụ:OCLCOCLC 9040680.
  • Powell, Anne. Women in the War Zone : Hospital Service in the First World War. Gloucestershire : History Press, 2009. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 0-7509-5059-5 Àtụ:OCLC.
  • Sarnecky, Mary T. A History of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press, 1999. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 0-8122-3502-9 Àtụ:OCLC.
  • Stevenson, Sarah Sand. Lamp for a Soldier : The Caring Story of a Nurse in World War I. Bismarck : North Dakota State Nurses' Association, 1976. Àtụ:OCLCOCLC 3511827.
  • United States, and National Naval Medical Center (U.S.). Navy Nursing The Traditions Continue (film). Bethesda, MD: National Naval Medical Center, 1996. Àtụ:OCLCOCLC 50155974
  • Wigle, Shari Lynn and Anderson, Grace. Pride of America, We're With You : The Letters of Grace Anderson, U.S. Army Nurse Corps, World War I. Rockville, MD : Seaboard Press, 2007. Àtụ:ISBNISBN 1-59663-772-2 Àtụ:OCLC.

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