Iwu ịrịọ arịrịọ na New York
Nlekọta nke iwu na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na steeti New York bụ nke ọ ALA n'ime mpaghara iri isii na abụọ nke steeti ahụ na-eme ya. Ọtụtụ n'ime steeti ndị kacha ibu na New York ewebatala iwu n'ime awụ iri gara aga na-amachibido 'agbarasi ike' n'ụdị ụfọdụ. Koodu obodo New York §10-136, [1] koodu obodo Buffalo §317, [2] koodu obodo Rochester §44-4, [3] na koodu Albany §255-59 [4] ụdị 'ike ike. RPG nke nwere ike ike, mana ọnweghị oke na omume nwere ike iketa ịjụta nke ahụ, mmetụ anụ ahụ, ịbịaru nso ma ọ bụ ibu ụgbọ ala, na image n'ebe dị anya site na ụlọ akụ na ATM. Iwu izugbe nke obodo Syracuse §16-9 na §16-11 gbochiri ihe arụ na ọkụ iko. [5] Obodo Yonkers nri iwu yiri ya ugbu a. Obodo New York machibidokwara niile niile n'ime ụgbọ oloko na ọdụ ụgbọ elu. [6]
Ọnọdụ a nke igbochi ụfọdụ ihe ike dị egwu nke panhandling bilitere n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka megide iwu arịrịọ ndị gara aga n'ihi usoro iwu. Na 1990, mmachibido iwu nke ịrịọ arịrịọ na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko nke New York City gbara aka na Young v. New York City Transit Authority, na Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke Abụọ chọpụtara na mmachibido iwu na nke a emebighị ikike ndezigharị mbụ nke nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. [1] Otú ọ dị, ụkpụrụ nke a adịgideghị ogologo oge ka ọ dị ka a kwaturu ya na 1993, na Ngalaba Ndị uwe ojii Loper v. New York City . [2] Okwu Loper bụ ihe ịma aka n'iwu steeti niile dị na New York Penal Code §240.35(1) nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe mkparị mmadụ ịga n'ihu ọha maka ebumnuche ịrịọ arịrịọ. Ndị uwe ojii obodo New York anaghị enyekarị ntaramahụhụ n'okpuru iwu a, mana ejiri ya 'na-akwaga' ndị arịrịọ. [3] Na Loper, Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke Abụọ hụrụ ịrịọ arịrịọ na nke a ka ọ bụrụ Ndezigharị Mbụ. Na dokwuo anya na mmachibido iwu na ụzọ ụgbọ oloko usoro na -eto eto bụ a ezi uche ịgba dị ka, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ n'ihu ọha ekesịpde, panhandling na mmachi oghere nke ụzọ ụgbọ oloko nwere ike ịkpaghasị na iju ndị njem na nwere ike imerụ. [2] Ebe, mmachibido iwu mkpuchi na oghere ọha na eze na Loper agaghị ahapụ ndị arịrịọ ebe ọ bụla maka ịrịọ arịrịọ, nke a na-ewere dị ka 'ọrụ ngosi' ma si otú a na-echebe site na Ndezigharị Mbụ.
Ikpe Loper dị warara n'ihi na ọ machiri mmachibido iwu n'ihi ụtụtụ, n'ezie, ọ bụ aro ka ndị kansụl obodo webata iwu ntụgharị ndị ọzọ ezubere iche, dị ka nke ike m ike, ma kwuo okwu ọma iwu na Seattle Washington. [1] Mgbe ikpe Loper nke imera §240.35(1) nke Usoro Penal nke steeti na-akwadoghị, ngalaba ndị uwe ojii New York ekiri ahụ nke koodu ahụ. akwụkwọ, iwu ahụ ka na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na steeti New York ndị ọzọ ruo mgbe ewepụrụ ya na 2010. [2] Nke a mere ka ebubo ụfọdụ ndị na-adịghị na steeti New York ebubo n'okpuru ụgwọ nke iwu mgbe Loper ikike, mana tupu mmalite ya. [3]
Otu dị iche iche onwe obodo agbaala mbọ iwu IKE ike ezubere iche, [1] agbanyeghị, ụzọ na ha na-agba ọsọ ndezi nke mbụ. N'afọ 2006, obodo Rochester ugbu a na-eme ihe ike na-ama-ama-amamarihe ịma aka iwu na People v. Barton . [2] Na n'afọ 2010, iwu ihe egwu na-eme ihe ike ugbu a na New York City emeghị ihe ịma aka na ndị mmadụ v. Stroman . [4]
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Young v. New York City Transit Authority. Ahcuah.com. Retrieved on December 19, 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Circuit. (January 1, 1993). "999 F2d 699 Loper v. New York City Police Department P Nyc" F2d (999): 699.
- ↑ Tier (1993). "Maintaining Safety and Civility in Public Spaces: Constitutional Approach to Aggressive Begging". Louisiana Law Review 54 (2): 285–338.
- ↑ "People v Stroman", Justia Law. Retrieved on December 19, 2016.