Iwu Nnyocha Jikọtara
Iwu nyọcha, 1923 ( French </link> ), bụ Iwu nzuko omeiwu Canada nke na-hazi ụfọdụ omume azụmahịa ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ . Ọ akụkọ ndị nwe obodo, mgbasa ozi na-eduhie eduhie, ịgbagha, enyo enyo, na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke ịmachi echiche.
Ebu ụzọ webatara na 1910, [1] kagburu iwu mbụ tupu emelite ụdị emelitere na 1923 site n'aka MacKenzie King ; [2] Emezikwara iwu ahụ na saịtị 1969 na Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Mpụ, 1968–69[1]
Ọ bụ iwu ama ama n'ime iwu iwu Canada maka ikike ọ nyere ndị ọrụ na-ahụ ndị uwe ojii ịka n'ogige nkeonwe na- man akwụkwọ ikike nke ikpe ma were ihe mmụta na ha chere na ọ bụ iwu iwu. Nke a butere nkwado ndị ikpe Kasị Elu na Hunter v Southam Inc ebe ndokwa nke Iwu ahụ na- arụ ọrụ n'ihi na nso nso a iwu Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom' njikọ ebubo search na-ewepụ ezi uche . A kagburu Iwu ahụ na Julaị 1986 wee jiri Iwu ike ya.
. Usoro nhọpụta nke ọnụ bụ onye ga-anya iwu, mmepụta ihe, nke ewefere na 2 Mee 1889 dị ka iwu iwu obi mbụ n'ime ụwa ike ihe.[2]
. Na 2 May 1889, nzuko omeiwu nke 6 nke Canada nyere iwu maka Mgbochi na Mgbochi nke Nchikota etolite na Restraint of Trade, nke a mara nke ọma dị ka Anti-Combines Act, iwu mbụ na ụwa ihe, ihe ọmụmụ otu afọ tupu. United Iwu Sherman nke steeti. [3] [2]
[4]Onye isi iwu nke iwu ahụ bụ Nathaniel Clarke Wallace, onye MP Conservative, bụ onye webatara Johnson ahụ na 1888 mgbe ọ na-elekọta kọmitii ndị nke Commons iji nchịkọta nchịkọta.
[3]N'ihi ya, Mgbochi-Combines Act nọchiri ya site na Combines Investigation Act, 1910, kpọrọ na Mee 1910
Iwu a kọwapụtara "njikọta" n'otu aka ahụ dịka ngalaba 498 nke Usoro Mpụ ma webata echiche nke " njikota, ihu ọma obi ma ọ bụ otu onye." W . L. Mackenzie King, Onye Minista naahụ maka onye mbụ nke Canada (na mgbe e ịhụ Prime Minister), kwusiri ike na mmetụta nke ikpokọta mpụ n'onwe ya, ya mere kọwa pụtara na ndị ga-eji ahụhụ ikpe ndị omempụ dị. ka ụzọ izọ nke ijikọta njikwa. Wall, ọnweghị ụlọ ọrụ na-adịgide e hibere iji me ihe iwu a, nyọpụta ikike anya ma na-efu nnukwu ego maka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu echere[3]
Ọzọkwa, ihe àmà na-egosi na ndokwa iwu mpụ abaghị uru, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ nanị ole na ole nke ikpe e wetara n'etiti 1910 na 1976; naanị otu ikpe ka enwetara, na nke ahụ n'ikpe ikpe mara. [5]
Ịmepụta ahụ dị ka US Federal Trade Commission site na Federal Trade Commission Act nke 1914, Board of Commerce Act guzobere otu bọọdụ nke ndị otu atọ wee bo ya ebubo na nchịkwa izugbe nke omume ikpeazụ. Board nwere ikike igbochi na machibido nguzobe nke ọ bụla ngwakọta, nke akọwara dị ka ihe ọ bụla jikọrọ ọnụ, ntụkwasị obi, monopoly, ma ọ bụ mgbochi asọmpi nkwekọrịta, tacit ma ọ bụ ihe ọzọ, nke Board lere na ọ bụghị maka ọha na eze. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwekwara ikike ịmalite nyocha na ịmanye mmachi ma ọ bụrụ na achọtara ngwakọta. [4]
Okwu a chọpụtara n'iwu abụọ nke 1919 bụ na iwu Board of Commerce bufere ikike n'aka ụlọ ikpe nchịkwa iji chịkwaa na ịchịkwa omume naanị n'ihi echiche ya maka ma ọ bụ ihe na-emerụ obodo. N'echiche a, na 1921, ikpe Board of Commerce butere mkpebi siri ike nke Kansụl nke Ọrụ abụọ ahụ dị ka ikike gọọmentị etiti ultra vires, ebe mkpebi iwu nke akara Board of Commerce Act dị ka nke bara uru dị ka iwu akụ na ụba mberede kama. karịa dị ka ogologo oge pụtara na-ejikọta njikwa. [3]
Peter Heenan bụ onye minista na-ahụ maka usoro nyocha nke jikọtara ọnụ n'etiti 1926 na 1930. [4]
Iwu 1923 jikọtara ọnụ bụ ihe ịga nke ọma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị bu ya ụzọ. E meghere ọtụtụ narị faịlụ, ruokwa 1935, e nwekwara nyocha iri na itoolu. Achọtara ngwakọta na 14 n'ime ndị a, butere ikpe 19 na ikpe 8. Agbasara Association Azụmahịa Ihe Nlebaanya (PATA) n'ihi nyocha a mere. [4]
N'afọ ndị 1930, oku a na-akpọ imezigharị Iwu Nchọpụta Na-ejikọta na maka nlekọta gọọmentị nke nhazi njikwa ọnụ ahịa mere ka e guzobe Royal Commission on Price Spreads na 1934. Kọmishọna ahụ butere ụfọdụ mgbanwe ndị omebe iwu ama ama, dị ka mmezigharị emere na Usoro mpụ iji machibido ịkpa oke ọnụ ahịa na ọnụahịa anụ . [4]
Mgbanwe dị ukwuu bụ iwebata Iwu Dominion Trade and Industry Commission, gafere na 1935 iji guzobe Dominion Trade and Industry Commission, nke e boro ebubo iji na-elekọta Iwu Nchọpụta Na-ejikọta, 1923, n'etiti ike ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọchịchị Conservative meriri na 1935, nchịkwa Liberal ọhụrụ ahụ zigara Dominion Trade and Industry Commission Act ozugbo n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Canada . E ji 1937 jikọtara iwu nyocha dochie iwu ahụ. [3]
[1]A ga- iwu ahụ ọzọ na 1952 [1] wee me ikike ya na 1969 site na Iwu Ndozi Ime Iwu Mpụ, 1968–69 .
Iwu ahụ nyere ndị ọrụ na-ahụ ndị uwe ojii ike ịka n'ogige nkeonwe na- akwụkwọ ikike ikike nke ikpe ma were ihe mmụta na ha chere na ọ bụ ibu iwu. Nke a mechiri na mbuso agha nke ụlọ ọrụ Edmonton Journal yana egwu nke ndị nwe ikpe Kasị Elu na-esote na Hunter v Southam Inc, bụ ebe e mere ndokwa nke Iwu ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na-adabere na ngalaba nke Canada Charter of Rights na Freedoms’ na nso nso a. 8 egwu egwu na njide na- ike ezi uche. N'afọ 1985, Competition Tribunal Act gbara akwụkwọ na Combines Investigation Act, [1] wee kagbuo ya na Julaị 1986 ka ejiri Iwu ya
Okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na 24 February 1975, John P. Rocca, onye isi oche nke Rocca Cinemas Limited, gbara akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke nchekwa ókè na--eke ezi na Nova Scotia Amusements Regulation Board megide Bellevue Film Distributors, Astral Films Limited, Paramount Pictures, United Artists, Warner Bros., Universal Universal Foto ndị dị na, na 20th Century Fox . O kwuru na mebiri iwu Nova Scotia Theater and Amuusement Act site n'inyeghị ihe mbụ mere ihe nkiri . Mgbe o meghere ihe nkiri ya, ihe mbụ mbụ bụ ịgba ọsọ nke Benji (1975), mana ọ nweghị ike ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ agbagoro mbụ. [9] Board nsogbu ya na Mee 13, n'okpuru nduzi nke RB Kimball wee kpee Rocca ikpe mgbe ihe ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afụ atọ n'anya. Kimball kwuru na Rocca nwere ike igosi usoro ihe mere eme si mee ka òkè nke nwoke Odeon na ndị egwuregwu a ma, ma ọ bụghị na ndị na-ekesa bụ iwu inye inye ha ihe nkiri mbụ ha.9]
A tọhapụrụ Jack na Beanstalk na Canada site na Columbia Pictures na 1976, ma idi ya na Toronto na ụlọ ihe nkiri Bijou na Odeon dị ka ihe nkiri mbụ mere. Ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Bijou wedara , stampụ okenye site na $3.25 ruo $1 na-eme ka Odeon tinye akwụkwọ na Columbia. Ndị egwu ihe nkiri Bijou mụbara ọnụ ya mgbe Columbia ise egwu na ọ fur enye ya ihe nkiri mbụ na eme n'ihe nkiri. Akwụkwọ ozi nke Harvey Harnick, onye isi njikwa Columbia, ihe I. Levitt, onye na-enyere aka n'ọkwa nke Columbia, na- ndị ihe omume ahụ bụ CG McMullen, onye isi nke Ngalaba Consumer and Corporate Affairs jidere. E boro Columbia ebubo Iwu Nchọpụta Ngwakọta na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ọ mara ikpe na 9 June 1977, na-ebutere $ 1,250 na iwu ka ọ ghara imeghachi mmejọ ahụ. Onye ọka iwu okpueze ahụ gbara akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akara ahụ na- ntọala na onye ọka ikpe na-ahụghị echiche zuru oke n'ụdị ihe na-agụ na ikpe Mkpegharị nke Ontario mụbara nra ahụ ruo $5,000. Nke a bụ oge mbụ a mara otu ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ikpe maka iji ike otu onye na-amachi akwụkwọ na Canada]
United Artists bụ ebubo na ụgha Iwu Nchọpụta Na-ahụ site na ibu egwuregwu ndị egwuregwu ama ka ha wedata ihe ọmụmụ maka One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Missouri Breaks, na A Bridge Too Far ; ọ bụ ebe na United Artists kwuru na ndị egwuregwu ama ama nsogbuhie ihe ha nke anabataghị n'efu. Iwu nkeikpe Federal nke Canada machiri United Artists imezi ọnụ aha
Bellevue, ụlọ ọrụ America nke na-ahụ maka nkesa nke ihe nkiri Walt Disney na Canada, nyere iwu ka ụlọ ihe nkiri na-ana opekempe $0,25 maka ụmụaka niile na-eru afọ iri na abụọ ka ha na-abanye n'efu. tupu nke a. Na 19 Mee 1979, iwu iwu mmachi megide Bellevue maka idozi nsogbu .11]
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa
- Iwu asọmpi
Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 S.C. 1968-69 c. 38 sec. 116
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Government of Canada (2020-02-24). Our mandate. ised-isde.canada.ca. Retrieved on 2023-04-10. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Blair, D. Gordon. 1953. "Combines, Controls or Competition?" Canadian Bar Review 31(10)1083–115. Retrieved on 2023-04-09.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Cheffins, Brian. 1989. "The Development of Competition Policy, 1890-1940: A Re-Evaluation of a Canadian and American Tradition (PDF)." Osgoode Hall Law Journal 27(3):449–90. Also available here. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
- ↑ Stanbury, W.T. 2013 December 16. "Competition Policy" (revised). The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Canada.