Iwu ndị ogbenye nke Tudor
Iwu Tudor dara ogbenye [1] bụ iwu gbasara enyemaka adịghị mma na ala eze England gburugburu oge Tudor (1485 – 1603). Iwu ndị Ogbenye Tudor kwụsịrị na ngafe nke Iwu Ogbenye Elizabethan na 1601, afọ abụọ tupu njedebe nke usoro ndị eze Tudor, otu iwu nke kwadoro iwu Tudor gara aga. [2]
N'ime oge Tudor, a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị bi na ogbenye. [3] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ rịrị okpukpu abụọ n'etiti ọchịchị Henry nke Asatọ na Elizabeth I. [2] Iwu Tudor mbụ dara ogbenye lekwasịrị anya nke ukwuu n'ịta ndị arịrịọ na ndị na-agba ọsọ ahụhụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Vagabonds na Beggars Act 1495 nke Henry VII gafere nyere iwu na a ga-etinye ndị na-abaghị uru n'ọtọsị wee laghachi na narị ebe ikpeazụ o biri ma ọ bụ mụọ.
Mmechi nke ebe obibi ndị mọnk na 1530s mgbe Ndozigharị ahụ mụbara ịda ogbenye dịka ụka na-enyere ndị ogbenye aka na mbụ, ma dịka ụlọ ọrụ na site n'ịgba ndị parish ya ume maka ọrụ ebere Ndị Kraịst. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe chọọchị Henry nke Asatọ mere ka e nwee mgbanwe ná mba, bụ́ ebe ọrụ ebere na-aghọwanye ndị ọchịchị, kama ịbụ ndị Chọọchị mere. [4]
Iwu Vagabonds 1530 nyere iwu na ọ bụ naanị ndị arịrịọ nwere ikike nwere ike ịrịọ arịrịọ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. Ndị ikpe udo nwere ikike inye ndị ogbenye "enweghị ike" ikike ịrịọ arịrịọ. [5] N'ime omume, nke a pụtara na ọ bụ naanị ndị agadi na ndị nwere nkwarụ nwere ike ịrịọ arịrịọ ma gbochiekwa ndị ahụ ike ịrịọ arịrịọ. [2] Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, iwu Vagabonds 1536 gafere. Iwu a ka njọ kwuru na a ga-ata ndị ejidere na mpụga parish ha n'enweghị ọrụ site na ịpịa ihe n'okporo ụzọ. Ọ bụrụ na ejidere ya nke ugboro abụọ, ntị nwere ike tufuo ma ọ bụrụ na ejidere ya nke ugboro atọ, a ga- egbu ha. [3] Otú ọ dị, ndị ọrụ nke iwu ahụ na-ala azụ ịmanye ndokwa dị otú ahụ siri ike. [6]
Ndị na-anọchi Henry nke Asatọ wepụrụ iwu ndị ọzọ dara ogbenye na narị afọ nke 16 dum. Eze Edward VI gafere Vagabonds Act 1547, nke gara n'ihu na mkpokọta parish kwa izu maka ndị ogbenye. [7]
Iwu Ogbenye 1551 na-eke ndị na-edebanye aha nke ndị ogbenye na parish nwetara ikike ibuli ụtụ isi obodo site na ọnụego. [7] Agbanyeghị, enyemaka dị naanị ndị e chere na ha kwesịrị inweta enyemaka na-adịghị mma. Ndị ogbenye kwesịrị ekwesị bụ ndị dị njikere ịrụ ọrụ ma ha enweghị ike ịchọta ọrụ yana ndị agadi, ndị na-eto eto, ma ọ bụ ndị ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. A naghị ele ndị arịrịọ anya dị ka ndị kwesịrị inweta enyemaka na-adịghị mma, a pụkwara ịpịa ha n'ime obodo ahụ ruo mgbe ha gbanwere omume ha. Na mbọ ọzọ iji chịkwaa ndị ogbenye, Mary I gafere Iwu Ogbenye 1555 ( 2 & 3 Ph. & M. c. 5), chọrọ ndị arịrịọ nwere ikike igosipụta baajị.
Iwu Vagabonds 1572 nyere mgbanwe zuru oke nke ga-abụ ihe ndabere maka iwu 1597 na 1601 Elizabethan dara ogbenye. O nyere usoro ọzọ maka ndebanye aha mkpokọta ndị ogbenye na parish. Iwu ndị ogbenye 1575 chọrọ ka parish ọ bụla nwee ụlọ ahịa nke "ajị anụ, hemp, flax, iron" ka e wee nwee ike ịtọ ndị ogbenye ịrụ ọrụ.
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "iwu ndị ogbenye Elizabeth" na-ezo aka na 1598 na 1601 iwu ndị na-adịghị mma nke Queen Elizabeth I na iwu ndị na-esote, Elizabeth I nyere iwu n'oge ọchịchị ya bụ akụkụ nke iwu Tudor mbụ dara ogbenye. [8] Iwu Ogbenye ya 1562 chọrọ ka ndị niile bi na parish nyere aka na mkpokọta dara ogbenye, ma nyekwa aka maka ntaramahụhụ nke ịjụ inye onyinye. [9]
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
I na iwu ndị na-esote, Elizabeth I nyere iwu n'oge ọchịchị ya bụ akụkụ nke iwu Tud chọrọ ka ndị niile bi na parish nyere aka na mkpokọta dara ogbenye, ma nyekwa aka maka
- ↑ Key dates in Poor Law and Relief Great Britain 1300 - 1899. Thepotteries.org. Retrieved on 3 October 2017.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Programmes - Most Popular - All 4. Channel 4. Retrieved on 3 October 2017."Programmes - Most Popular - All 4". Channel 4. Retrieved 3 October 2017. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "channel4" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Poverty in Tudor Times. spartacus-educational.com. Archived from the original on November 22, 2008."Poverty in Tudor Times". spartacus-educational.com. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "spartacus" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Gareth Jones, History of the Law of Charity 1532-1827 10 (1969)
- ↑ Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, pg. 45
- ↑ The Poor Law. Localhistories.org. Retrieved on 3 October 2017.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782 59--60 (1990)
- ↑ Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782 18--19 (1990)
- ↑ Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, pg. 51