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Jangmadang

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Sinuiju railway station in North Korea
Sinuiju buh isi ebe maka bộk na Ṅò North Korea na nke digboroja n'ihi ɓii nso ya na oke ala China.  E gosiri Sinuiju ebe ọdụ ụgbọ oloko.

Jangmadang ( lit. ' ; Korean </link> </link></link> ) bộu tến đến North Korea, tến ụnh tải ugbo, tản ojii na tến tến .  Kemgbe North Korea na 1990s, ọ zụlitere akụ na ụba dara ogbenye, gọọmentị na-ejikwa ya.  Otú ọ dị, ndị ahịa ga-edobe ya nzuzo.  Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na North Korea na-alụ ọgụ na jangmadang maka nlanarị ha.

Gọọmenti Nọt Koria na-agbasi mbọ ike imeso Nọt Koria.  ṄṄṹ  Nke a mbute mgbanwe na ọrụ nke okike na omenala na North Korea.

ndabere

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[1]North Korea guzobere usoro ọdịmma ọha na eze na 1948, na Iwu nke Democratic People's Republic of Korea.  [1] Usoro a mere ka mba dị iche iche iche iche ihe, Ọ Ọ nữ na-ọnọkwa khụ, nri, na ihe ủ ọ ọ ọ ma mkpọ site na ọha nkesa usoro.  [1] N'ihi ụnwụ nke 1994–1999, nke a makwaara dị ka March Arduous ma ọ bụ March nke ịhịa aka n'ahụ.  [2] A manyere nước dị iji ới dị iche iche cheải nri na ihe mội ồi dị ha mkpa.  Ụmụ amaala Nọt Koria na-ekwu na gọọmenti anaghị achị ọchịchị.  [2] Ugbo mủ a na-pội đội iwu ịnh ike ịịọ ihe ọoụ  [2] Nộ tị ọ ugbo na-ere ihe ọ ọ ọ n'ọ n'ọ ma ọ b na-ere mkpọ ihe ọ ọ di mkppa.

China na-achịkwa ma akụ na ụba gọọmentị na ndị na-abụghị ndị ọchịchị na North Korea. Ụfọdụ ndị mmadụ nwetara ego mmalite ha site n'aka ndị ikwu nọ na China. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ikwu a ghọkwara ndị mmekọ na ndị ndụmọdụ n'ahịa. [2]

As of 2008, an estimate of 70 percent of households living in cities engage in handicrafts, trade or transportation services related to trade. Without a working food distribution system, people need local markets to earn money and survive.[3] While actual monthly salary was two U.S. dollars, an average North Korean earned a total of around 15 dollars a month in 2011. Successful black-market operators and actual capitalistic success stories are rare, however, even if a few former laborers and farmers have become very rich with income of hundreds and even thousands of dollars a month.[2] Between a half and three-quarters of North Korean people's income come from various market activities. However, crackdowns by government lead to irregularities in business and bribing.[4]

[5]Na 2017, Korea Institute for National Unification mere atụmatụ na enwere azụmahịa gọọmentị 440 nwere nde mmadụ 1.1.  [1] Nnyocha ọzọ sitere na AccessDPRK, nke mere na 2022, chọpụtara na e nwere ahịa ọhụrụ 477 nke obodo ahụ meghere, na ahịa ọhụrụ 39 meghere kemgbe 2011. Otú ọ dị, mgbasawanye nke oghere ndị dị ugbu a abawanyela ruo 23,000.  meter nke ekrei na 2019 ruo sinone 630 sq.  mita nke mihti again na 2021, na-indukta nke ikeimik nke COVID-19 na sikkei obodo.

. [6]Na 2017, Korea Institute for National Unification mere atụmatụ na enwere azụmaahịa gọọmentị nwere 440 nwere nde mmadụ 1.1.  [1] Nnyocha ọzọ nke AccessDPRK, nke e mere na 2022, chọpụtara na e nwere ahịa 477 mepere emepe na mba ahụ, na ahịa ọhụrụ 39 meghere kemgbe 2011. Otú ọ dị, mgbasawanye nke oghere ndị dị adị emeela ka saịtị ahụ ruo 23,000 sq.  mita nke nhọrọ ekrei na 2019 ruo sinone 630 sq.  mita nke nhọrọ again na 2021, na-indukta nke ikeimik nke COVID-19 na sikkei obodo.

Nchekwa nri

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  Nọt Koria nwere ụnwụ nri site na 1994 ruo 1999, nke gburu ihe dị ka nde mmadụ abụọ na atọ n'ihi agụụ na ọrịa ndị ọzọ metụtara agụụ. [7]

Ndị ahịa ahụ na-esi na China na-ebubata nri n'ofe ala North Korea maka ọrịre. </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

N'afọ 2008, n'ime ngwaahịa ndị a ma ama ma ọ bụ ndị a na-achọsi ike na-ere n'ahịa bụ nri okporo ámá, batrị ụgbọ ala, ndị na-esi nri osikapa, igwe eletrik, akpụkpọ ụkwụ ejiji, ihe ịchọ mma, ihe nkiri DVD, ọgba tum tum na mkpuchi ala vinyl. Ọtụtụ n'ime akara akara na ngwa ahịa a na-ere bụ nke adịgboroja, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa South Korea mere. [3]

Ịgbazinye ego na mgbanwe ego mba ọzọ apụtawo na uto nke ahịa. </link>Ebe ọ bụ na ụlọ akụ anaghị arụ ọrụ na North Korea, mana n'aha, a na ] [ ụlọ ahịa ahịa eme ihe dị ka isi ikpo okwu maka azụmahịa ụlọ akụ. [8] Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-eji ego mba ọzọ maka nchekwa ha na ndị na-ere ngwaahịa bara uru na-ejikarị yuan China eme ihe. Inweta mbinye ego, ịzụta ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa dị ka ịnyịnya ígwè, aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị. </link>

Ọbụlagodi ọrụ ahụike nkeonwe apụtala n'ahịa ebe ndị dọkịta lara ezumike nka na-enye ọrụ ha, yana ndị na-ahụ maka ọgwụ ọdịnala Korea zụrụ onwe ya nọkwa. Ndị dọkịta na-ana ihe dị ka dollar 10 maka nyocha, ụfọdụ ndị dọkịta na-edejupụta ndenye ọgwụ maka ndị mmadụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị dọkịta a enwebeghị ike iji obere ụgwọ ọnwa ha bi. Ọrụ ahụike ahịa ojii adịla kemgbe usoro nlekọta ahụike efu dara na 1990s. A manyere ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ n'onwe ha ịnata enyemaka site n'aka otu ndị dọkịta ha kwesịrị ịwakpo. [9]

A kọrọ na otu onye gbapụrụ agbapụ gosipụtara ihe ijuanya na myirịta dị n'etiti ahịa dị na North Korea na South Korea, kama ọdịiche ahụ. [10]

Ụfọdụ ekwuola gbasara Jangmadang Generation mgbe ha na-ekwu maka ndị amụrụ na 1980 na 1990. [11]

A na-ekwu na Kim Jong Un chọrọ ebe ahịa na-emesapụ aka karịa Kim Jong Il . [12] Otú ọ dị, ka ahịa ahịa na-abawanye, nkwado maka Kim Jong Un n'etiti ndị mmadụ adịghị ebelata nke ọma, nke na-etinye obi abụọ na nkwupụta na mgbanwe ahịa ga-ebelata nkwado nke ọchịchị. [4]

Ịnweta ozi n'èzí

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Site na ịrị elu nke jangmadang, ịzụ ahịa ngwaahịa mba ofesi na North Korea abawanyela nke ukwuu, na-eme ka mgbasa ozi si mba ọzọ nweta ohere karịa ka ọ dị n'afọ ndị bu ụnwụ nri. DVD na mkpanaka ebe nchekwa nwere ihe nkiri South Korea na ihe nkiri telivishọn aghọwo ihe a na-ahụkarị, dịkwa ka redio ndị nwere ike ịnata ozi sitere na ụlọ ọrụ China.

Mbelata na iwu nke gọọmentị North Korea

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A group of aged women with full backpacks sitting on the street.
A na-akpọ ụmụ nwanyị ndị a "ndị na-ere ahịa akọrọ", bụ ndị ndị ọchịchị na-akpagbu ugboro ugboro.

[13]3 ្រ្រ្ន,  A na-call ngữ tải a, maka ngwa ngwa mmụba ha, "ngụ tả akara" nke North Korea.  A na-ekebka ha mbe sikke dị ka "nụ ảọc trần trần".

N'afọ 2013, a malitere usoro ndị na-ere ahịa dabere na njirimara iji gbochie ndị mmadụ ịzenarị ụgwọ mgbazinye ụlọ ahịa. Ugbu a, ha ga-ejide kaadị ndị na-ere ihe n'olu n'oge awa azụmahịa. Enwere ike iji kaadị ndị na-ere ahịa chọpụta ma onye ahịa akwụgoro ụgwọ ụlọ ahịa yana iji nyochaa njirimara ha. E mekwara ndị na-ere ahịa ka ha na-atụgharị ebe ha na-ere ahịa. [8]

Usoro afọ na okike

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N'afọ 2008, ndị inyom na-erubeghị afọ 40 amachibidoro ịzụ ahịa n'ahịa. [3]

Otú ọ dị, n'okpuru nduzi nke Kim Jong Un, njedebe afọ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka na-ebelata, n'agbanyeghị na ha na-azụ ụmụaka.  Ugbu a ọ ọ bị sốn ủ ikom lingọng 60 ka a na-aịị tạn tīn tị n'ại.  Nke a bụ tĩnhọi iji manye ọọọ ike n'ihe nke mộ tĩn n'ebe tĩn ha, dịa ka bộng tyệp Daily NK sitere na Ryanggang Province si kột.[14]

Ndozigharị ego

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Ndị hapụrụ ahịa ahụla mmụba nke ọnụego mgbanwe mba ofesi, gụnyere Yuan China na dollar United States.  [1] Yuan nke China na-aghọwanye ewu ewu na ọtụtụ ahịa nwere ohere ịhụ dollar na azụmahịa ọhụrụ dijitalụ.  [1] N'ihi mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ọnụahịa North Korea, gọọmenti nwara ya na 2009. ego nke isi obodo.  Ndozizina ego súu mekwara ka ủ ọnọu na-azụrụ ihe first na-ọọ ọọọ na jangmadangs iji jide nka na ego ha na-eçeị ngọ funuị uru ha niile.  N'ikpeazụ, ọnụego mgbanwe n'etiti ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị ahịa North Korea nọgidere na-ebelata.  [1] N'ihi mgbanwe mgbanwe mgbanwe 2012, mbelata ọzọ dị n'etiti 8,000 North Korean meri na dollar United States.  [1] Ruo oge ụfọdụ, ọ bị số sốn nke Chinese Yuan, na tại tại na ego mba ại, ka a na-anabatakatu n’mại, ọ bụ nri nri na-ere ricei.  Na n'ikpeazụ, ndị ọhụrụ ndị nọ n'etiti ụbọchị ga-abụ ihe efu, ọ bụrụ na ha agbanwee, mgbe ahụ, ha ga-ata ahụhụ site na hyperinflation.. </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

[26]Ndị inyom lụrụ di na nwunye na ndị agadi nwanyị nwere ụmụ di na nwunye na ụmụ ụmụ, rụrụ ọrụ kachasị ike na nhazi enyemaka mbụ na ọmụmụ nke ahịa.  Onye nta akụkọ gbasara ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na North Korea Barbara Demick kpọrọ ụmụnwaanyị ndị a "nne nke mepụtara".  Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a bụ ndị na-etinye ihe ize ndụ nke ime njem dị anya, na ịga chọta nri site na ime obodo, ma ọ bụ ọbụna site na mpaghara ndị ọzọ n'agbanyeghị iwu megidere njem mmadụ.  Ndị nchịkwa mpaghara na mpaghara ndị nwere ụkọ nri n'afọ ndị 1980, kwadoro omume ndị mmadụ mere iji dị ndụ.  Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a megidekwara iwu megidere ịzụ ahịa ngwa ahịa na-akwadoghị, ụfọdụ gafere ókèala dị ize ndụ gaa China dị ka ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ nwa oge, iji were ọrụ dị ka onye na-azụ ezinụlọ.

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme na North Korea, a na-ahụta nwoke ahụ dị ka onye isi ezinụlọ, na onye na-enye ezinụlọ, ma na ndakpọ nke akụ na ụba North Korea, a manyere ndị ikom ahụ ịnọ n'ebe ọrụ ha ọ bụrụgodị na ha enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ na-abụghị ọrụ. - ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ibi na ụgwọ ọnwa kwa ọnwa, ọrụ nke onye na-enye ọrụ na-adabawanye maka ụmụ nwanyị ime. [15] Enwere ike ịdebanye aha nwanyị lụrụ di na nwunye dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ oge niile na-enye nnwere onwe ịzụ ahịa. Ndị ikom ga-akwụ ụgwọ maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe maka otu ihe ùgwù na-akwadoghị. [2] Agbanyeghị, nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị emeela ka ụfọdụ ụmụ nwoke nọrọ n'ahịa ahịa iji nweta ego. Ka ụmụ nwoke na-ahụ maka ịzụ ahịa na ụgbọ njem, ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ire ngwaahịa ndị ahụ n'ọma ahịa. [14] Dị ka Andrei Lankov si kwuo, n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama na ụmụ nwanyị na-achịkwa akụ na ụba North Korea na ọkwa dị ala. Ndị inyom na-etinye aka ọ bụghị nanị na ịzụ ahịa, ma na obere mmepụta ụlọ na-emepụta akpụkpọ ụkwụ, ịkwa akwa na ịkwadebe nri maka ire ere. [2]

Hụkwa

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  • Economy nke North Korea
  • Omume ezighi ezi nke North Korea
  • Akụ na ụba na-abụghị nke China
  • Ọmụmụ North Korea
  • Notel, onye mgbasa ozi China ama ama na North Korea
  • Ịda ogbenye na North Korea
  • Akụ na ụba nke abụọ nke Soviet Union
  • Ihe omume Shibuya
  • Nzikọrịta ozi na North Korea

Ntụaka

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Nkọwapụta

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  1. ↑ Koen, Vincent and Jinwoan Beom ( 25 November 2020). " North Korea: The Last Transition Economy?" Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Retrieved 2022. 2022https://www.oecd.org/officialdocuments/publicdisplaydocumentpdf/?cote=ECO/WKP%282020%2915&docLanguage=En.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lankov. NK is no Stalinist country. The Korea Times. Retrieved on 6 September 2015.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Park. 2008 Top Items in the Jangmadang. Daily NK. Retrieved on 6 September 2015.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Silberstein (28 August 2015). A new defector survey about market trade in North Korea, and what it says (maybe) about Kim Jong-un. North Korean Economy Watch. Retrieved on 6 September 2015.
  5. ↑ Lankov. North Korean Crackdown on Private Education Overlooks Real Issue. Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved on 6 September 2015.
  6. ↑ Jung Min Noh (20 June 2022). North Korean marketplaces go from bustling to empty during pandemic. Radio Free Asia. Retrieved on 14 April 2023.
  7. ↑ The Politics of Famine in North Korea (en). United States Institute of Peace. Retrieved on 2022-05-03.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 North Korea Implements Identity-Based Vendor System. New Focus International. Retrieved on 6 September 2015.
  9. ↑ Ah (11 September 2015). Black market diagnoses saving more lives. Daily NK. Retrieved on 11 September 2015.
  10. ↑ North Korea's Jangmadang walls are growing higher. Retrieved on 6 September 2015.
  11. ↑ Lee. 'Jangmadang Generation' at the core of change in NK. Daily NK. Retrieved on 6 September 2015.
  12. ↑ Livestock stalls introduced to 'jangmadang'. Daily NK (2015). Retrieved on 6 September 2015.
  13. ↑ Ah. Crackdowns Ease Up on Alley Merchants. Daily NK. Retrieved on 6 September 2015.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Kang Mi Jin. Men under 60 banned from market activities. Daily NK. Retrieved on 6 September 2015.
  15. ↑ "Ask a North Korean: are women treated equally in your society?", The Guardian. Retrieved on 2015-02-14. (in en)

Ọgụgụ ọzọ

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Njikọ mpụga

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