Jennie Carter

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Jennie Carter
Mmádu
ụdịekerenwanyị Dezie
Aha enyereJennie Dezie
aha ezinụlọ yaCarter Dezie
Ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya1830 Dezie
Ụbọchị ọnwụ ya10 Ọgọọst 1881 Dezie
Ọrụ ọ na-arụOnye ntaakụkọ, Odee akwụkwọ Dezie

Jennie Carter (ihe dị ka - Ọgọst 1881) bụ onye nta akụkọ America na onye edemede nke dere maka akwụkwọ akụkọ California Afrikan-Amerikan The Elevator site n'ụlọ ya na Nevada County, California n'oge Oge Nrụgharị. O jiri aha mkpịsị aka Anna J. Trask na Semper Fidelis. Ọrụ ya kpuchiri isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere Ịgba ohu, Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, njide onwe onye, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na mbata na ọpụpụ, ma gbasaa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 n'obodo ndị isi ojii n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ America na mba niile. Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, site na mbipụta nke edemede ya, ọrụ ya malitere ịnata nlebara anya.

Oge ọ malitere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

View of New Orleans 1840

Ihe ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ dị iche iche ma a mụrụ Carter na New York City ma ọ bụ New Orleans. A mụrụ ya dị ka onye nwere onwe ya na 1830 ma ọ bụ 1831 ma kwenyere na ọ nọrọ na New Orleans na New York na nwata na Kentucky na Wisconsin. Nne ya nwụrụ na nwata, nne nne ya zụlitere ya. N'ime edemede ya na The Elevator, ọ na-akọwa oge ọ bụ nwata nke ọ hụrụ n'anya ịgụ akwụkwọ ma bụrụ "onye nwere mmasị na egwu," na adịghị ewere "ọnọdụ nwa agbọghọ na ọha mmadụ ruo mgbe m kwadebere ruo ọtụtụ afọ. " [1] N'otu ihe mere, ọ na'otu ihe merenụ, ọ na na ekwu na ọ na ezo n'ụlọ elu ma na egwuri egwu naanị ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, onye nwere ike ịhụ ya. Carter nwere nwanne nwanyị nke ọ tọrọ, onye nwụrụ n'Ọrịa ọkpụkpụ azụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri. Carter mechara dee na Igwe mbuli elu banyere otú oElevator si dị ya n'ihi na ọ kụrụ nwanne ya nwanyị izu atọ tupu ya anwụọ, na eji ihe merenụ dụọ ndị na-agụ ya ọdụ ka ha zere iwe.

Carter nyeere ndị ohu na-agba ọsọ aka n'ụgbọ okporo ígwè n'okpuru ala

"N'oge m bụ nwata, otu agadi nwoke gwara m ma ọ bụrụ na m ga ahụ ihe atọ ga-enwe ezigbo ahụike. Aga m ekwu na ha bara uru nye m, ma nye ndị ọzọ na agụ akwụkwọ gị. Nke mbụ, mee ka isi dị jụụ ma dị jụụ. Nke abụọ, mee ka ụkwụ kpọọ nkụ ma na ekpo ọkụ. Nke atọ, mee ka obi ghara iwe, ka o dere. [1]

Carter dere banyere ọtụtụ ihe mere n'oge ọ bụ nwata na n'oge uto ya mgbe ọ zutere eziokwu nke Ịgba ohu. Dị ka nwatakịrị, ọ na ele anya ka ndị nna ohu na ewepụ otu enyi ya n'aka nne ya. Mgbe Carter na nwa ya bi nso Wisconsin" Wisconsin na 1850, otu nwa agbọghọ sooro ya site na nkwekọrịta ikwu okwu na Missouri iji rute n'ụlọ ya na nwa ya, na agba ọsọ ịgba ohu. Carter zoro nwanyị ahụ n'ime ime ala ya, wee jiri ụgbọala buru ya gaa n'ụlọ Quaker "dị nchebe" nke dị kilomita ole na ole, nwanyị ahụ wee nwee ike ịgbapụ na nnwere onwe. N'ihe omume ọzọ, otu nwoke gbapụrụ n'ohu bịara n'ọnụ ụzọ ya ma Carter nwere ike inyere aka ịnakọta ego n'ime obodo ka ọ gaa n'ihu na njem ya maka nnwere onwe.[2]

Tupu o dee maka Igwe mbuli elu, Carter rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na onye na elekọta ụlọ.[3]

Nevada County na ọrụ edemede[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nevada City, California 1866

Carter na di mbụ ya, onye nkwusa aha ya bụ Reverend Correll, kwagara Nevada County n'ihe dị ka 1860, tupu Agha Obodo.[4] Nevada County bụ mpaghara dị n'ugwu Sierra Nevada nke nwere ọtụtụ obere ma na eto eto obodo nke ndị kwagara ebe ahụ n'oge California Gold Rush, gụnyere Nevada City, Marysville, na Grass Valley. Obodo a kwadoro Union n'oge Agha Obodo ma nwee ihe dị ka ndị Afrika Amerika 150-300, ndị rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ na azụmaahịa.[5] Ụfọdụ n'ime ha na arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara ikike obodo ma nyere aka hazie California Colored Convention nke 1855. Mgbe ọ lụrụ Reverend, Jennie jere ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke Grass Valley Christian Commission.[6] N'afọ 1866, ọ lụrụ di ya nke abụọ, onye na-agụ egwú na onye na ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ bụ Dennis Drummond Carter wee soro ya biri n'ụlọ jupụtara na ngwá egwú.[7] Ndị Carters biri na Lost Hill, mgbe ahụ na Green Street na Nevada City.[1]

Phillip A. Bell, onye nchịkọta akụkọ Carter na The Elevator

N'afọ 1867, site n'iji aha njirimara Mrs. Trask, Carter degaara Philip A. Bell, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii San Francisco kwa izu Igwe mbuli elu, akwụkwọ ozi, na-enye ya ka ọ dee akụkọ dị mkpirikpi maka ụmụaka ka etinye ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. Bell nwere mmasị n'echiche ahụ, na ebipụta akwụkwọ ozi ya na edemede dị mkpirikpi nke Carter banyere nkịta ya na New Orleans na mbipụta na-esonụ. N'ime afọ asaa sochirinụ, Carter bipụtara ihe karịrị 70 na Igwe mbuli elu . Ihe odide ya na agbasawanye karịa akụkọ maka ụmụaka na nkọwa banyere California na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba, Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ikike nhọpụta, omume, agụmakwụkwọ, njide onwe onye, na ọtụtụ okwu ndị ọzọ. Ka oge na- ga, ọ malitere iji aha nzuzo Semper Fidelis . [8] Ebe ọ bụ na The Elevator nwere mgbasa ozi nke gbasaa n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ America, Carter nwetara mpaghara na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ mba maka ọrụ ya. O bipụtakwara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Philadelphia Onye na-edekọ Ndị Kraịst.[1][9]

Carter kwuru na ya bi n'obodo a na-akpọ Mud Hill, obodo "dị mma karịa ka aha ya ga-apụta," mana onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ Eric Gardner kwuru na Mud Hill bụ aha nzuzo. O kwukwara na ya dị afọ iri isii n'akwụkwọ ya mana n'ezie ọ tọrọ ya afọ iri abụọ. O dere n'ụzọ obi ụtọ banyere onwe ya dị ka agadi nwanyị "na-eme ihe ike" na otu o si jisie ike "chekwaa oge okpomọkụ n'obi m n'ime afọ iri isii m niile," site n'ịbụ "ọ bụghị n'ụzọ dị ùgwù," na-ekwu maka ibi ndụ dị mma ma na-awụli elu eriri ma na-egwuri egwu zoo ma soro ụmụaka ndị agbata obi gaa chọọ.[1] Ihe odide ya na-ekpughe ọgụgụ isi ya na ikike ịkọ akụkọ dị mkpa site na itinye ha na obere ndụ kwa ụbọchị.[10]

Mgbe Carter chọpụtara na akụkọ ya na-agbasa karịa ndụmọdụ ụmụaka na edemede maka okwu ndị dị ugbu a, o dere

"Ọfọn, Mr. Editor, ahụrụ m na emezighị emezi, amalitere m idere ụmụaka akwụkwọ, ma merụọ ahụ maka onye ọ bụla. "[11]

Echiche[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na àgwà[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Carter mere ngwa ngwa ịwakpo Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ yana colorism na kọlụm ya. "Ụmụntakịrị, ị na-anụ ọtụtụ ihe gbasara agba ndị gbara gị gburugburu, hụ nlebara anya nyere ndị ọcha site n'aka ndị enyi gị nke na-enweghị isi, ebe a na-eleda ndị nke gbara ọchịchịrị anya na nleghara anya dị jụụ. Ndị dị otú ahụ ezighị ezi, na ị nwere ike zere dị ka mmejọ m na-edere gị nke a ka ị gụọ. Ka okwu gị bụrụ, mmepeanya nye mmadụ niile, ijere onye ọ bụla ozi. Ihe ncheta ndị ahụ nke ịbụ ohu anyị aghaghị ịpụ n'ụzọ ozugbo enwere ike; na mgbe anyị ga-emeso mmadụ niile n'ụzọ nkwanye ùgwù, anyị ekwesịghị ikwu banyere agba, ìhè na ọchịchịrị, oji na ọcha.[12]

Carter jiri ihe ndị mere na ndụ di ya mee ihe iji gosipụta etu ha si emeso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ha chere ihu. N'otu kọlụm, o dere banyere otu ndị ọcha si chee di ya ihu na nso Harper's Ferry, West Virginia bụ ndị gwara ya na ọ dịghị onye isi ojii e kwere ka ọ gaa njem mgbe elekere anọ nke ehihie gasịrị; na nzaghachi Dennis Carter ji nwayọ kwuo na ọ ga-eti 'onye ọ bụla tinyere aka n'ebe ọ nọ.' [13] N'otu edemede ọzọ ọ na ekwu na otu ndị ọcha gbochiri ya ka ya na di ya na aga ije na Obodo Nevada. "M gwara ha okwu n'ụzọ amamihe a," ka o dere, sị: "'Ndị ikom, ndị Fenian, ụmụ nwoke ama ama nke agbụrụ Anglo-Saxons, ndị na akwado gọọmentị onye ọcha, ndị na'akwado Andy Johnson - ị ga agwa m ma ọ bụrụ na herring na ọkara ga efu otu penny na ọkara, ego ole ka iri na otu penny ga-azụta?' Ma mgbe ha na-achọpụta nsogbu ahụ siri ike anyị gafere" [14]

Ihe osise ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ka ha nwee ikike ịtụ vootu 1870

Ọ bụ ezie na ọ siri ọnwụ na mkpa ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ n'ịkpụzi ọha mmadụ, Carter abụghị onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị tupu ikike ụmụ nwoke ojii, ọ na-akatọkwa ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na akwado ụmụ nwanyị bụ ndị iwe ji na ụmụ nwoke ojii "dị ala" nwere ikike ịtụ vootu mgbe ha na enweghị. "Echere m na ndị na-eme mgbanwe kwesịrị ịkpachara anya ịchịkwa ajọ mbunobi ha, ma ọ bụrụ na ha enweghị ike ịga nke ọma na atụmatụ ha niile, ha agaghị anwa iwepụ nkwa nke onye nweere onwe ya nke ọgụ ndụ mba guzobere. " [15] "Ọgbọ ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị," ka o kwenyere, "ọ bụghị ebe kwesịrị ekwesị nke nwanyị. O nwere ọrụ dị elu ma dị nsọ karịa n'ụwa a. Ọ nwere ịdị ọcha ebumpụta ụwa nke na ebelata site na obi ọjọọ, ịṅụ na atọ ọchị, ịta azụ ga esochi ụmụ nwanyị n'oge anyị; na ọnụnwụ ya, ọ ga-akwado ya, ọ gaghị arụ ụka na oge ndị ọzọ.[16][17]

Njem[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Carson City, 1877

Carter gara Northern California niile na Nevada, na-eweghachi echiche ya banyere San Francisco, Carson City, Nevada City, na Marysville. Banyere San Francisco, o kwuru na ọ na-ewute ya iche banyere obere anyanwụ ndị mmadụ hụrụ n'ebe ahụ, ọ na-enwekwa nkụda mmụọ na nkewa dị n'ime obodo ndị isi ojii nke obodo ahụ, nke dị obere nke na ọ bụ "otu ahụhụ n'ugwu". Izu ise ọ nọrọ na Carson City, n'aka nke ọzọ, bụ "na-enye ume", na "ndị isi ojii nọ n'ebe ahụ na-eme nke ọma, ma nwee ụlọ dị mma" [18][1]

Ihe ndị mere n'oge a[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọ bụ ezie na o kwenyeghị na ụmụ nwanyị na aghọ Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ naghị egbochi ikwupụta echiche ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke oge ahụ, ọkachasị nkewa n'etiti ndị Democrats na-akwado ịgba ohu na ndị Union Republicans. Carter kwukwara okwu banyere okwu ọzọ na ekewa, mbata ndị China, na akwado ndị mbata China nke ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala a mụrụ, ndị isi ojii na ndị ọcha, na-anwa igbochi ha ịbanye na United Steeti. Ọ kpọrọ ndị na-agụ ya ka ha "cheta ndị nwere nkekọ dị ka ndị e kere anyị n'aka". [19]

N'ime oge o biri na ya, Carter kwuru:  

Ọnwụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Carter nwụrụ n'August 1881, mgbe ọ dị afọ 51. Akụkọ ọnwụ ya kwuru "Ọnwụ mberede" nke "Mbelata nke Obi".[20] E liri ya na Pine Grove Cemetery na Nevada City . [21] Di ya Dennis Drummond Carter nwụrụ karịa ya ma ka bi na Nevada City na 1893.[22]

Ihe Nketa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe odide Carter malitere ịnata nlebara anya dị ukwuu na akụkọ ihe mere eme mgbe e bipụtara ha n'akwụkwọ Eric Gardner nke 2007 Jennie Carter: Onye odeakụkọ ojii nke West West . [23] [24][25][26] Otu onye nyocha na Amerikan Literary Scholarship dere na ọrụ ya "na-eme ka echiche dị mgbagwoju anya banyere ndị isi ojii na enweta ohere na ndị nọ n'etiti na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ ọbụna ka ọ na-agbakwunye ma na-akwado ọdịnala bara ọgaranya nke akụkọ akụkọ akụkọ West Coast. " Garder na ekwu na nyocha ya banyere Carter nyeere aka ịchọpụta obodo ndị isi ojii a na amaghị nke ọma na Sierra Nevadas, nke nwere njikọ na nnukwu obodo ukwu dị ka Sacramento na San Francisco.[27] N'ide dị ka nke Carter nke e bipụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ ojii, yana ọrụ yiri nke Norris Wright Cuney, Frank Webb na George T Ruby, Gardner kwuru, bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke mmepụta akwụkwọ nke narị afọ nke 19 nke ndị Afrika Amerika na-elegharakarị anya.[28] Ọ na-ekwukwa na n'ihi na ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'akwụkwọ edemede dị mkpirikpi, enwere ike iji ya tụnyere Mark Twain na Bret Harte, ndị edemede narị afọ nke 19 nke Amerikan West bụ ndị jikwa ụdị edemede dị nkenke mee ihe n'ọrụ ha. Gardner kwuru na nhọrọ ya nke aha nzuzo Semper Fidelis (Always Faithful), tụrụ aro na maka Carter, "ide bụ ngosipụta nke okwukwe maka obodo, na obodo, ide banyere isiokwu ndị a chọrọ ka a kwurịta ma nke ahụ nwere ike ọ gaghị ekwurịta," ụzọ iji "kpali ndị mmadụ itinye aka ma chee echiche banyere nsogbu ahụ" [1][23]

Ndị otu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Nevada County etinyela Carter na ngosipụta ha nke ndị ọsụ ụzọ ojii nke Sierra Nevadas na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19.[29] Ọtụtụ n'ime obodo ndị Afrika Amerika a apụọla na narị afọ nke 20, ka ndị mmadụ hapụrụ obere obodo iji chọta ọrụ na obodo ukwu.[1][29]

Vidiyo mmeghari nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ edemede Jennie Carter ka emere na ọbá akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Doris Foley na Pine Grove Cemetery na Nevada City, CA.[30]

Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Eric Gardner , Jennie Carter: A Black Journalist of the Early West Univ. Press of Mississippi, January 1, 2007, p. 7
  2. ↑ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 107
  3. ↑ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 117
  4. ↑ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. IX
  5. ↑ The Searls Historical Library (January 19, 2016). Nevada County Historical Society highlights stories of African American pioneers. TheUnion.com. Retrieved on February 13, 2017.
  6. ↑ Grass Valley Daily Union | url=https://cdnc.ucr.edu/?a=d&d=MU18650314.2.4&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1 | url=http://followingdeercreek.com/jennie-carters-nevada-county-setting-1860s/
  7. ↑ SCHEER (July 28, 1991). GOLDEN OLDIE - Nevada City's citizens restored their mining town for themselves, and the tourists followed.
  8. ↑ Always Faithful An Introduction to the Work and Life of Jennie Carter
  9. ↑ Eric Gardner, Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth-Century African American Literature, Univ. Press of Mississippi, June 17, 2010, p. 114
  10. ↑ Eric Gardner, Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth-Century African American Literature, Univ. Press of Mississippi, June 17, 2010 p. 119
  11. ↑ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 5
  12. ↑ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 4
  13. ↑ Gardner, Unexpected Places, p. 119
  14. ↑ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 26
  15. ↑ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 28
  16. ↑ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. 27
  17. ↑ Gardner, Jennie Carter, p. XXV
  18. ↑ Elmer R. Rusco, "Good Time Coming?": Black Nevadans in the Nineteenth Century, Greenwood Publishing Group, Incorporated, 1975
  19. ↑ Edlie L. Wong. Racial Reconstruction: Black Inclusion, Chinese Exclusion, and the Fictions of Citizenship, NYU Press, October 23, 2016, p. 252
  20. ↑ The Daily Transcript (Nevada City) Friday, August 12, 1881 | url=http://followingdeercreek.com/jennie-carters-nevada-county-setting-1860s/
  21. ↑ Jennie Carter (1831 - 1881). Find A Grave Memorial (May 17, 2010). Retrieved on February 13, 2017.
  22. ↑ California Voter Registration, 1893, Ancestry.com
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Marshall (January 1, 2008). "Eric Gardner interview, 'Jennie Carter: A Black Journalist of the Early West'". New Books Network. Retrieved on February 13, 2017. 
  24. ↑ Nicolas S. Witschi, A Companion to the Literature and Culture of the American West John Wiley & Sons, May 4, 2011
  25. ↑ Michael K. Johnson, Hoo-Doo Cowboys and Bronze Buckaroos: Conceptions of the African American West Univ. Press of Mississippi, January 23, 2014
  26. ↑ Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, Sweet Freedom's Plains: African Americans on the Overland Trails, 1841–1869 University of Oklahoma Press, October 20, 2016
  27. ↑ Jennie Carter. Black Print Culture (April 9, 2008). Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved on February 13, 2017.
  28. ↑ Unexpected Places: Relocating Nineteenth-Century African American Literature.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 African American Pioneers. Nevada County Historical Society (January 19, 2017). Archived from the original on February 14, 2017. Retrieved on February 13, 2017.
  30. ↑ url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22m_p3zP4to | url=http://followingdeercreek.com/jennie-carters-thoughts-words-from-nevada-city-1867-1874-video/
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