John Hargrave

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John Gordon Hargrave (6 June 1894 - 21 November 1982), (aha osisi 'White Fox'), bụ onye ndú ndị ntorobịa a ma ama na Britain noge 1920s na 1930s, Onye isi nke Kibbo Kift, kọwara na obituary ya dị ka 'onye edemede, onye naese ihe nkiri, onye mepụtara, onye naikwu okwu, onye na onye naeme ihe nkiri na onye naịgwọ mmụọ'.[1] Ọ bụ onye naeche echiche Utopian, onye kwere na sayensị na anwansi, yana onye isi maka Social Credit movement na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Britain.[2]

Oge ọ malitere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A mụrụ ya na Midhurst, Sussex, nime ezinụlọ Quaker na-agagharị agagharị, Hargrave bụ nwa nke onye naese ihe Gordon Hargrave na nwunye ya Babette Bing, nke sitere na ndị Juu Hungary.[3][4] Oge ọ bụ nwata, nke ọ nọrọ nakụkụ ụfọdụ na Lake District, hapụrụ ya na mmasị maka okike na ọchịchọ siri ike maka agụmakwụkwọ onwe onye site nịgụ akwụkwọ na ileba anya nụwa gbara ya gburugburu. N'afọ 1908, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Latimer ebe nafọ 1909 Hargrave sonyeere ndị First Chorleywood Scouts, otu ndị Boy Scouts nke Baden Powell.[3] Nafọ 1910, ọrụ ya dị ka onye naese ihe osise nakwụkwọ malitere mgbe ụfọdụ nime ihe osise ya pụtara na mbipụta nke Gulliver na Liliiput, nke Thomas Nelson & Sons bipụtara, ọrụ nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke a haziri site na nkwado nke Lady Chesham. E nyekwara ya ikpe otu afọ dị ka onye naese ihe nkiri na Evening Times. Ọ ghọrọ onye naefe ofufe nke onye naahụ maka ihe okike Ernest Thompson Seton, na otu nime ndị isi Scout na Woodcraft.[3] Mmasị ya na scouting, okike na nka jikọtara iji mepụta akwụkwọ nke mere aha ya, ma ọ bụ karịa aha scouting ya nke 'White Fox'. Nke a bụ Lonecraft nke Constable bipụtara na 1913 ma naewebata ụdị 'White Fox' nke ederede naenweghị isi, nke nwere foto na eserese. Nịgbago nọchịchị ndị Scout, Hargrave mepụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ scouting na woodcraft maka C. Arthur Pearson Ltd, onye nyere ya ọkwa onye naese ihe na 1914, ọrụ ụgwọ ọrụ mbụ ya.[2]

Kibbo Kift[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ tiwapụrụ, Hargrave sonyeere Royal Army Medical Corps ma hụ ọgụ na Agha nke Gallipoli. Egwu agha mere ka udo nke Quaker nke Hargrave sikwuo ike.[3] Ahụmahụ ahụ mere ka o kwenye na mmepeanya nke oge a emeela nke ọma ma kwupụta mmetụta ya na esemokwu iwe ya nke 1919, The Great War Brings It Home . Nke a bụ oku ka ndị otu niile naahụ maka ahụike na àgwà nke ọgbọ ndị naabịa nihu mee ihe. Hargrave kpọrọ oku maka atụmatụ mba ọhụrụ maka iwulite àgwà na ọzụzụ anụ ahụ, ihe si na ya pụta bụ ntọala nke Kindred nke Kibbo Kift nọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1920. Ebumnuche ya bụ ka ọ bụrụ òtù maka afọ na nwoke na nwanyị niile, Kibbo Kift nyere agụmakwụkwọ, ya mere ọ naaga nihu, ihe ọzọ na Boy Scouts. A họpụtara Hargrave na mbụ dị ka 'Onye isi' dị ka ihe naadịru nwa oge, mana ka ọ naerule afọ 1924, o nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịghọ onye ndú a naapụghị ịgbagha agbagha. Dị ka Onye isi, ọ webatara nime Kindred mmasị ya na ememe na nka, yana echiche nke ya banyere agụmakwụkwọ onwe onye, sayensị, anwansi, na omume dị mma. Ọ bụ onye kwenyesiri ike na evolushọn Darwinian, naekwusi ike na ọzụzụ Kibbo Kift gaemepụta ndị ziri ezi na ndị nwere ahụike, site na ha, ụmụ mmadụ nozuzu ha gaaghọ ọnọdụ ka mma. O kwenyere na iwulite ndị mmadụ ka mma bụ ụzọ isi wuo ọha mmadụ ka mma, si otú a naanọpụ iche na ndị nọ naka ekpe na aka nri bụ ndị kwenyere na steeti dị ka isi ihe naeme ka mgbanwe ọha na eze. Ọhụụ Hargrave banyere ọha mmadụ ka mma ga-abịa sitere na mgbọrọgwụ Quaker ya: ọ hụrụ ọha mmadụ n'ọdịnihu naenweghị agha, ịda ogbenye ma ọ bụ ndụ furu efu, ha niile naejikọta ọnụ site na ọzụzụ onwe onye nke ndị nwere nghọta.

Kindred nke Kibbo Kift weere aha ya site na okwu ochie Kentish maka ike ma dọta nkwado site naka ọtụtụ ndị naeche echiche naaga nihu, gụnyere: Patrick Geddes, Evelyn Sharp, H. G. Wells, na Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence.[4] Ndị otu nọgidere naadị obere (600-800) na 1920s ma gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị nkuzi, ndị nkuzi nka na ndị ọrụ ntorobịa. Ọtụtụ ndị zụlitere iguzosi ike nihe siri ike nye Hargrave, naanọnyere ya noge mgbanwe Kindred nime Green Shirts, na Social Credit Party.

Onye naese ihe na onye edemede[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nafọ 1920, ọrụ Hargrave dị ka onye naese ihe jupụtara na atụmatụ, eserese na eserese ọ mepụtara maka Kibbo Kift. Ha niile naegosipụta mmasị ya na 'ihe nnọchianya', iji akara ma ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya eji eme ihe iji nye nkọwa.[2] Ọ na-achịkwa ụdị anya nke mmegharị ahụ, naemepụta uwe 'ọchịchị', baajị, akara, ihe nkiri na regalia n'onwe ya: ọ bụ ezie na a naagba ndị otu ọ bụla ume imepụta ma mee ihe oyiyi nke onwe ha. O nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye naese ihe n'èzí, nagbanyeghị na ọ gbalịrị iguzobe onwe ya dị ka onye eserese ma ọ bụ onye naede ihe. Nafọ 1924, o gosipụtara nhọrọ nke 'ihe osise ihe atụ' ya 'mgbalị iji gosipụta echiche site na ihe osise karịa ihe nonwe ha'.[5] N'ime ngwụcha afọ 1920 na 1930, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, naemepụta nhazi maka Lever Brothers, onye onye njikwa mgbasa ozi ya bụ Colin Hurry bụ enyi ya; na maka Carlton Studios, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mkpọsa maka Watney na Boot's the Chemist na ndị ọzọ.[2] Ọ gara nihu naere ihe osise nye ndị naebipụta akwụkwọ, gụnyere ụfọdụ ọrụ mkpuchi maka Mills & Boon na 1922.[2]

Hargrave nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ihu ọha dị ka onye naede akwụkwọ akụkọ, naebipụta akwụkwọ kachasị ere Harbottle: A Modern Pilgrim's Progress from This World to That is to Come na 1924, ma soro ya na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama nke Duckworth bipụtara. Ọtụtụ nime ha bụ akụkọ ifo ndị na-agbaziri ihe site na akwụkwọ ndị Hargrave nwere mmasị na ha: Harbottle dabeere na John Bunyan, na Young Winkle (1926) dabeere na Kim nke Rudyard Kipling. Otú ọ dị, ihe mbụ kpamkpam bụ Hargrave's experimental modernist masterpiece Summer Time Ends (1935). Ihe odide symphonic a naachọ ọnọdụ nke redio na ihe nkiri, naakpa okwu ndị na-ede ya nime na nèzí nke ụda na ụda. A nabatara akwụkwọ ahụ nke ọma na America (John Steinbeck bụ onye na-akwado ya), Ezra Pound, onye naenwe mmasị na Hargrave, toro ya.[6]

Aha ọha na eze[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nafọ 1924, a kọwaara Hargrave echiche akụ na ụba nke Social Credit, okike nke C. H. Douglas. Hargrave ji ịnụ ọkụ nobi nabata nkwenkwe ahụ, nke 'eziokwu' ya yiri ka ọ bụ nke sayensị na mmetụta nke ọrụ ya dọtara mmasị ya. Social Credit gbanwere nkwenye Hargrave na onye gbanwere dịka isi ihe maka ọha mmadụ ka mma: isi ihe bụ nezie, ọ kwenyere ugbu a, usoro akụ na ụba gbanwere. Ka ọ naerule ngwụcha afọ 1920, o meela ka Kindred bụrụ 'megaphone' maka otuto ọha na eze, naewetara ọha na eze echiche akụ na ụba.[7]

A gbanwere ndị otu Kibbo Kift fọdụrụnụ ka ha bụrụ ndị agha, ka naadọ aka ná ntị ma nwee ahụike mana ugbu a ha naetinye aka na 'usoro agha naenweghị agha'.[3] Hargrave sonyeere Legion of the Unemployed na Coventry na 1930, ma nye ha uwe elu naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[3] Ka ọ naerule 1932, ndị Kibbo Kift nọkwa na ejiji naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ha abụọ guzobere Green Shirt Movement for Social Credit.[3] Noge naadịghị anya, Green Shirts ghọrọ akụkụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nokporo ámá nke afọ 1930, na-alụ ọgụ na ndị otu Oswald Mosley's British Union of Fascists, Black Shirts, na ndị Red Shirt naakwado ndị Communist Party of Great Britain.[3] Hargrave mepụtara ọkọlọtọ ọhụrụ dị ịrịba ama maka mmegharị Social Credit ya, ngwaọrụ K abụọ naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na oji, nke ọ kpọrọ 'Key Symbol'.[8] O webatara ihe nkiri siri ike nime mkpesa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Green Shirts, na ngagharị omenala gburugburu Bank of England, ịpị ọkpọ, 'ịgba ụta nokporo ámá' na mgbasa ozi dị ka ịtụ brik naacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'ime 11 Downing Street.

Na mbido naanọghị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị omeiwu, Hargrave gbanwere obi ya na 1935, na-agbanwe aha Green Shirt dị ka Social Credit Party nke Great Britain na Northern Ireland maka ebumnuche nke ịlụ ọgụ na 1935 General Election. Ihe ịga nke ọma nke Social Credit Party nke Alberta (Canada) masịkwara ya.[3] Douglas megidere ịbanye n'ime ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị omeiwu. Noge na-adịghị anya, Hargrave gara Alberta, na-enwe nkụda mmụọ n'ihi enweghị ọganihu nke gọọmentị Social Credit nọ nebe ahụ naeme.[3] A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba na Gọọmentị Alberta ma Douglas gọnahụrụ ya. Ọ hapụrụ Canada na 1936, laghachi iji hụ Social Credit Party na ọgba aghara mgbe Public Order Act 1936 machibidoro iyi uwe ndị ọrụ naabụghị ndị agha.[3] Nenweghị nkụda mmụọ, Hargrave duziri Social Credit Party nime ọnọdụ ozioma, naewebata ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okwu okpukpe ('God's Providence is Mine Inheritance') ma naahazi 'Services of National Regeneration'. Ọ hapụrụ Ezra Pound, ihe omume nke gosipụtara mmegide ya na Fascism.

E gbochiri Social Credit Party noge agha ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na Hargrave gbalịrị ime ka echiche ya dị ndụ site na akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu, The Message from Hargrave. A gbara ya ume ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu na ntuli aka nke afọ 1945, mana ọ bụghị: naanị ịlaghachi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọha na eze na 1950 mgbe ọ guzoro dị ka onye naazọ ọkwa na Hackney North na Stoke Newington na ntuliaka nke afọ 1950. votu 551 ọ natara mere ka Hargrave kwenye ịhapụ, na 1951 ọ gbasara pati ahụ.[3]

Onye mepụtara ihe, onye naagwọ ọrịa na onye naese ihe nkiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 1937, Hargrave malitere ichegbu onwe ya maka idozi nsogbu teknụzụ nke iji map na-agagharị nụgbọelu. Ka ọ na-erule nafọ 1938, prototype nke Hargrave Automatic Navigator dị njikere itinye akwụkwọ na Patent Office ma kwadebe isiokwu nke njikọ maka 'Hargrave Aviation Ltd.' A nwalere prototype ahụ n'oge agha ahụ, site na nkwado gọọmentị, mana enweghị isi obodo pụtara na emeghị ihe e mepụtara. Ihe nchoputa ahụ kwụsịrị ruo 1976 mgbe Hargrave gbara Gọọmentị Britain akwụkwọ, naazọrọ na ngosipụta map naagagharị agagharị nke Britain nyere Concorde supersonic, bụ, nezie, Automatic Navigator ya. Ndị nta akụkọ weghaara nkwupụta ya, nke mechara mee ka nyocha ọha na eze.[9] Hargrave siri ọnwụ na ọ naarịọ maka nkwenye, karịa ụgwọ ọrụ ego ọ bụla, mana nyocha ọha na eze chọpụtara megide ya.[3]

Noge agha ahụ, Hargrave laghachiri na mmasị ya na sayensị na anwansi (ọ naewere ha abụọ dịka ụzọ ziri ezi maka iji ike okike mee ihe). O kwenyesiri ike na ike nke ya ma guzobe dị ka onye naagwọ ọrịa, naenye usoro dịgasị iche iche.[3] Isi n'ime ndị a bụ iji 'Therapeutic Psychographs', ihe osise naenweghị atụ nke Hargrave mepụtara nke e nyere ndị ọrịa ya ntụziaka ile ihe osise anya maka oge a kapịrị ọnụ kwa ụbọchị.[10]

N'afọ 1950, Hargrave nwetara ihe ọ naeri dị ka onye naese ihe nkiri, naarụ ọrụ nokpuru aha 'Spiv' ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ naanị 'H'. Ọrụ ya pụtara na Cavalcade, The Sketch na Time and Tide .[11] E nyere ya ọrụ ide ihe odide banyere Paracelsus maka Encyclopædia Britannica (Hargrave bipụtara The Life and Soul of Paracelsum na 1951). O zigara ọtụtụ ihe odide, ihe nkiri redio na ihe nkiri na ndị naemepụta ihe na ndị naebipụta akwụkwọ, naachọ mgbe niile ohere iji ghọta echiche ya: ọ nọgidere naekwere na Social Credit bụ ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu akụ na ụba ụwa.[12] John Hargrav nwụrụ na 21 Nọvemba 1982, mgbe ọ dị afọ 88 nụlọ ya na Branch Hill Lodge, Hampstead.[4]

Ndụ onwe onye na akwụkwọ ndị dị ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Hargrave lụrụ Ruth Clark, nwa nwanyị nke injinia William Clark na 28 Nọvemba 1919. Alụmdi na nwunye ha mụrụ otu nwa nwoke ọ bụ ezie na di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm na 1952.[4] Ọ lụrụ di ọzọ na 1968, nwunye ọhụrụ ya bụ onye naeme ihe nkiri Gwendoline Florence Gray.[4]

A naedebe akwụkwọ nke John Hargrave, gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na mss ndị a naebipụtaghị, na British Library of Political and Economic Science. Ọrụ nka ya, gụnyere atụmatụ maka Kibbo Kift, ọrụ dị ka onye naese ihe na foto ezinụlọ naeme na Museum of London (Kibbo Kift Collection). A naeme Model III nke Hargrave's Automatic Navigator na Science Museum.

Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa e bipụtara[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ịnọpụ Onwe (1913)
  • Na Suvla Bay (1916)
  • Akwụkwọ Wigwam (1916)
  • Okwu Totem (1918)
  • Ọzụzụ agbụrụ (1919)
  • Agha Ukwu Naeweta Ya N'Ụlọ (1919)
  • Nkwupụta nke Kibbo Kift (1927)
  • Oge Oge Ọchị Agwụ (1935)
  • Prọfesọ Skinner onye a naakpọ Montagu Norman (1935)
  • Akụkọ Alberta (1937)
  • Okwu Win Wars (1940)
  • Nkọwa doro anya nke aha ọha na eze (1945)
  • Ndụ na Mkpụrụ Obi nke Paracelsus (1951)
  • Akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Paragon (1952)
  • Ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Suvla naada (1964)
  • Eziokwu nke Ikpe Banyere Hargrave Automatic Navigator maka Ụgbọelu (1969)

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ The Times, 25 November 1982: see similar lists in Hargrave's obituaries in the Guardian, 26 November 1982 and the Daily Telegraph, 1 December 1982.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Cathy Ross (2015). Designing Utopia: John Hargrave and the Kibbo Kift. London: Philip Wilson Publishers, 17. ISBN 978-1-78130-040-4. Cathy Ross, and Oliver Bennet (2015). Designing Utopia: John Hargrave and the Kibbo Kift. London: Philip Wilson Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-78130-040-4. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Hargrave section of Kibbo Kift website (webarchive) and Ross and Bennett (2015) Chapter 4.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 H. F. Oxbury, "John Hargrave", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
  5. ↑ Quoted in Ross and Bennett, op cit., p.33
  6. ↑ Stallard Flory (1989). The American Ezra Pound. Yale. 
  7. ↑ Ross and Bennett, op cit, p. 108 reproduces a Kibbo Kift cartoon of 16 November 1928 showing the Kindred in the role of a 'New Economic Megaphone'.
  8. ↑ Examples of the use of the key symbol as a brand can be seen on items from the Museum of London's collections: see the 'Collections Online' section of www.museumoflondon.org.uk
  9. ↑ see, for example, Tony Crooks, The Sunday Times 11 February 1973.
  10. ↑ Some of his psychographs are reproduced on the Museum of London website (Collections Online) or Ross and Bennett, op cit., pp.136–7
  11. ↑ some of his cartoons are reproduced in Ross & Bennett, chapter 5
  12. ↑ His many unpublished manuscripts from the 1950s and 1960s are all held in the Hargrave Mss. at the British Library of Political and Economic Science.
  • Works by John Hargrave at Project Gutenberg
  • Works by or about John Hargrave at Internet Archive
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