John Murdoch (onye nchịkọta akụkọ)
John Murdoch (Scottish Gaelic: ) (15 Jenụwarị 1818 - 29 Jenụwarụ 1903) bụ onye nwe akwụkwọ akụkọ n' onye nchịkọta akụkọ n' onye na-eme mkpọsa maka mgbanwe ala nke keere òkè dị mkpa na mkpọsa maka ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19[1][2]
YA mụrụ Murdoch na Ardclach, Nairn. Nna ya bụ John Murdoch na nne ya bụ Mary Macpherson, nwa nwanyị nke onye isi ụgbọ mmiri. N' afọ 1827, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara n' agwàetiti Islay ma Murdoch biri ebe ahụ ruo 1838, mgbe ọ kwagara ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ahịa nri na Paisley. N' oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere ọrụ Excise, mezue ọzụzụ ya na Edinburgh. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụtụ isi na Kilsyth, Lancashire na Ireland. Ọ lara ezumike nká na Inverness ma site na 1873 ruo 1881 na-eduzi akwụkwọ akụkọ mkpọsa, The Highlander .[3][4]
N' oge ọ bụ nwata na Islay, Murdoch jikọtara ya na ezinụlọ nke laird, Walter Frederick Campbell, gụnyere nwa ya nwoke, onye a ma ama na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala Gaelic na onye ọkà mmụta akwụkwọ, Iain Òg Ile (1822-85). Ọjụjụ laird jụrụ ịchụpụ ndị bi na ya mechara mee ka ọ daa ogbenye n' oge ụnwụ nri poteto nke Highland, ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ Laird na James Morrison weghara ma ree Islay, na mmalite nke Highland Clearances n' agwàetiti ahụ. Mkpebi Murdoch na mweghachi asụsụ Gaelic n' ibu iro ya na ike zuru oke nke iwu ihe onwunwe Scots nyere ndị nwe ala Anglo-Scottish ka a kwenyere na ọ gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ahụmịhe ya mgbe ọ bi na Islay.
N' afọ 1840, Murdoch nọrọ oge na Armagh na Ulster na Lancashire ebe ọ zutere Chartism na echiche nke Feargus O'Connor. Ndị Chartists kwenyere na ndị bi n' ime ime obodo nwere ahụike kwesịrị inwe ala nke ha ma nweere onwe ha pụọ na mmetụta nke ndị nwe ala Anglo-Irish, ndị na-ahụ maka ala, na ndị na-emepụta ihe.[5]
N' afọ 1850 na '60, Murdoch nọrọ ọtụtụ afọ na-ebi na Dublin, ebe ọ zutere ịhụ mba n'anya nke Irish na echiche siri ike nke dugara n' Agha Ala. N' oge a, o dere edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Irish Nationalist The Nation .
Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Dublin n' afọ 1850, a na-ekwu na o nwere mmetụta na Alexander Carmichael, onye Argyllshire Gael ibe ya, onye, n' otu aka ahụ, were n' ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụtụ isi.[6]
Onye Na-aga Ugwu
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n' Inverness, Murdoch ghọrọ onye ama ama na mba. Ọ kwadoro onye na-ede uri Mairi Mhòr nan Oran, mgbe a kpere ya ikpe. A na-ekwu na ọ haziri maka nnọchite anya iwu ya ma nwee ike ịme ka ọ mata Charles Fraser-Mackintosh.[7] N' oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke a gasịrị, ọ malitere idezi akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu, The Highlander, nke na-aga n' ihu ruo mgbe ọ dara n' ihi nsogbu ego na afọ 1881. Prọfesọ Meek dere na abụ Mairi Mhòr na-egosi mmetụta The Highlander nwere na akwụkwọ Scottish Gaelic na echiche nke ndị Highland nkịtị, ọ bụ ezie n' isiokwu ndị ahụ bụ n'asụsụ Bekee.[8]
Murdoch kwenyere na usoro akụ na ụba jọgburu onwe ya gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ n' anyaukwu nke ndị nwe ala na iji iwu ihe onwunwe nke Scotland eme ihe n' ụzọ na-ezighị ezi bụ isi ihe kpatara nsogbu ndị ọzọ niile na Highlands na Islands. O kwenyesiri ike na ọ bụ naanị ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugodi na-eguzo maka onwe ha ka a ga-agbanwe nke a na mkpọsa nke ime ihe kpọmkwem yiri Irish Land War. Dị ka ndị ọzọ na-eme mkpọsa maka mgbanwe nke iwu ihe onwunwe Scots, Murdoch kpọtụrụ ụkpụrụ ọdịbendị Gaelic nke__hau____hau____hau__, nke ndị otu agbụrụ niile nwere ikike a na-apụghị ịnapụ ha ibi n' ókèala agbụrụ ha nakwa na ala ahụ bụ nke agbụrụ ahụ n' ozuzu ya ma ọ dịghị mgbe ọ bụ naanị ihe onwunwa nke ndị isi.[9] Murdoch kwukwara na mkpọsa na-aga n' ihu nke ọchịchị ala na Anglicisation na-amanye emebiwo mmụọ na obi ike ọdịbendị nke ndị Gael, nke dịkwa mkpa ka a gbanwee ya dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa mgbanwe ala.[10] Onye Murdoch a na-akpọ kilted ghọrọ onye a ma ama n' obodo ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ka ọ na-agba ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ndị bi na ya ume ịhazi ma guzoro onwe ha. A maara ya n' ụzọ ịhụnanya dị ka Murchadh na Feilidh ("Murchadh nke Kilt"), ọ gbakwara ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ume ka ha setịpụ uru dị elu na mba ha, agbụrụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, n' asụsụ.
Ndụ e mesịrị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]James Hunter na-eto Murdoch maka ijikọ ndị Gaels nọ n' etiti obodo, bụ ndị na-enweghị njikọ na crofts na crofting mana ha nwere mmetụta nke ọdịbendị Gaelic ha, na obodo crofting nke Highlands na Islands Murdoch nwere ike ịbụ otu onye kachasị emetụta n' ịmepụta ikuku na ọnọdụ nke dugara na The Crofters' War, ndị na-ege ntị nke The Napier Commission, na Crofters nke 1886, nke sitere na Crofts na Northern Highlands Act, nke dị n' ebe niile, nke dị ka John Lorne Campbell si kwuo, bụ ihe na Crofers, maka Crofts, nke dị na Crofists na Crofets, nke dị maka Crofters, nke dị iche iche, nke dị, nke dịịrị maka Crofers na Crofesters, nke Scotland, nke dị elu, nke dị ala dị n' elu, nke dịpụrụ na Crofs, dị n'akụkụ ugwu, nke dị.[11][12] Ụbọchị ndị na-akwụ ụgwọ na-achọ agwụla. A ga-enwe - enwere ike inwe - enweghịzi oke nkewa site na Highlands. Ndị ikom nke nnukwu mpaghara ahụ, asụsụ maọbụ okpukpe ha, nwere ike mgbe 1886 gasịrị iji ikike ha ịtụ vootu na ntuli aka ime obodo na nke mba na-enweghị egwu nke mmegwara siri ike.[13]
Prọfesọ Meek na-atụ aro na Murdoch nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu na Rev. Donald MacCallum, onye ụkọchukwu nke Established Church of Scotland na otu n' ime ndị ụkọchụkwu Protestant ole na ole na-ama ndị nwe ala Anglo-Scottish aka. Mgbasa ozi MacCallum n' oge Agha Crofters chọrọ iji Bible mee ka iwu ndị metụtara nwe ala bụrụ ihe ziri ezi, isiokwu a na-ahụkarị n'ihe odide Murdoch.[14]
Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n' ime ndị isi nke mgbanwe ala jikọtara ya na Liberal Party, Murdoch bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O guzoro n' enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma maka Scottish Land Restoration League na Partick na ntuli aka 1885, ma mee ka Keir Hardie guzo dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye ọrụ onwe ya ma bụrụ otu n'ime oche na nzukọ iji guzobe Scottish Labour Party.[15][16] Ọ nwụrụ na 29 Jenụwarị 1903 na Saltcoats na Ayrshire, ebe ya na nwunye ya kwagara afọ ole na ole gara aga. E liri ya n' ebe ili ozu Ardrossan.[17]
- ↑ Derrick S. Thomson, The Companion to Gaelic Scotland,(Glasgow: Gairm, 1994)p206
- ↑ 'Radicals: John Murdoch and the Birth of Scottish Socialism' (29 April 2015).
- ↑ Derrick S. Thomson, The Companion to Gaelic Scotland,(Glasgow: Gairm, 1994)p206
- ↑ Ewan A. Cameron, The Life and Times of Fraser Mackintosh Crofter MP (Aberdeen: The University of Aberdeen, 2000)pp45-46
- ↑ Ewan A. Cameron, The Life and Times of Fraser Mackintosh Crofter MP (Aberdeen: The University of Aberdeen, 2000)pp45-46
- ↑ Domhnall Uilleam Stiúbhart (ed), The Life and Legacy of Alexander Carmichael, (Port of Ness: The Islands Book Trust,2008) p3.
- ↑ Ewan A. Cameron, The Life and Times of Fraser Mackintosh Crofter MP (Aberdeen: The University of Aberdeen, 2000)pp50-51
- ↑ Dòmhnall Eachann Meek, Mairi Mhòr nan Oran ; Taghadh de a h-Orain (Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press, 1998) p40
- ↑ James Hunter, The Making of the Crofting Community, (Edinburgh : John Donald, 1976) p129 &157-159
- ↑ T.M. Devine, Clanship to Crofters' War, (Manchester ; Manchester Univ. Press, 1994)pp212-3
- ↑ James Hunter, The Making of the Crofting Community, (Edinburgh : John Donald,1976) pp129-30
- ↑ Frederick G. Rea (1997), A School in South Uist: Reminiscences of a Hebridean Scoolmaster, 1890–1913, edited and with an introduction by John Lorne Campbell, Birlinn Limited. Page xviii.
- ↑ Roger Hutchinson (2010), Father Allan: The Life and Legacy of a Hebridean Priest, Birlinn Limited. Page 97.
- ↑ Passages from Tiree: Crofting History: 'Preaching the Land Gospel': Rev. Donald MacCallum (1849-1929) (11 March 2013).
- ↑ James Young, "Murdoch, John", in: Baylen (1988). Biographical Dictionary of Modern British Radicals. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 607–610. ISBN 0710813198.
- ↑ 'Radicals: John Murdoch and the Birth of Scottish Socialism' (29 April 2015).
- ↑ James Hunter, For The People's Cause : From the Writings of John Murdoch, (Edinburgh : HMSO, 1986)p38