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Khes

Tinye njikọ
Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ
A stout cloth used for bedding and wrap (shawl)
Khes (ụdị blanket dị gịrịgịrị, ọ bụ ákwà damask) nke a na-eji eme ihe ndina na Pakistan na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ India.

Khes (Punjabi: Shahmukhi:کھیس, ) (Punjab ịkpọ okwu: ) bụ ákwà mkpuchi ogho dị nro na mpaghara India; ọ bụ ákwù Damask a na-eji eme akwa akwa na mkpuchi oyi.[1][2] A na-ejikarị aka akwa akwa akwa akwa na akwa akwa. Khes dị ka uwe bụ uwe dị mfe nke ndị ikom na Pakistan na n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ India na-eyi iji kpuchie elu ahụ. Khes bụ ákwà dị mkpa na mpaghara ndị fọdụrụ n'ime ụmụ ndị ikom abụọ ahụ n'ebe nile site n'aka ndị Kraịst Punjab, mpaghara a ma ama maka mmepụta ya ma n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ama ọ bụghị naanị maka mmepụta nke Khes kamakwa ọtụtụ ákwà owuwe ihe ubi ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị na ụdị nke ụra site akụkọ na narị afọ nke 19 na nke 20.[3][4][5] Khes bụ ihe ntụsara ahụ a na-eji n'ihe ndina, a pụkwara iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi.[6][7][8][9][10]

Ịkpa ákwà

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Akpụkpọ anụ

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Khes bụ ákwà siri ike e ji akwa mee n'elu akwa aka. Ịkpa akwa Khes bụ nkà akwa ọdịnala metụtara ime obodo Punjab. Ọrụ nke ịkpa na ákwà nwere ihe dị mkpa n'omenala n'ime ime obodo.[11][12] Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ime obodo na-akpa khes.[13] Ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'obodo nta Punjab anọwo na-akpa khes dị ka akụkụ nke trousseau agbamakwụkwọ ha ruo ọtụtụ afọ.[14][15]

A na-akpa akwa nke khes abụọ abụọ ma dụkọta ya ọnụ.[16] Akụkụ Khes sitere n'obodo nke ìhè nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ka ndị ọzọ Rampur, Uttar Pradesh, buru ibu ma dị na nha ruru 6 site na 9 feet (2.75 site na 1.8 m).[17]

Khesi bụ ụdị dị iche iche nke khes, maka iji mee ihe n'ime ákwà.[18][1]

Ụkpụrụ

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A na-eji ogho eme ọtụtụ khes, mana e nwekwara ụdị ogho na silk.[19][20] A na-amata ụdị Khes site na usoro dị iche iche na mmalite. N'ụzọ bụ isi, Khes dị mfe ma ọ bụ na geometrical atụmatụ, gụnyere ịlele ụkpụrụ (charkhana, chequered) na diamond ụkpụrụ.[7] Ugboro ole a na-eji ụdị ihe eji eme ihe eme ihe emeela ka a na-akpọ khes Mgbe ndị mmadụ dị ka Azụmaahịa ụfọdụ dị ka ụdị ákwà tartan (okwu a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka akwa Scottish).[3] Dabba khes bụ ụkpụrụ nwere square ndị e ji eriri e ji agba mee.[21][22] Khes si Rampur Steeti bụ onye a ma ama maka ogho ya dị elu na ihe pụrụ iche, nke a na-ejikọta ọnụ, nke na-enwekarị eriri ọla edo na ókèala dị iche iche.[23][24] Khes patpatti nwere akara ntụle na-acha ọcha na nke na-acha ọbara ọbara, ebe khes tukridaar bụ aha maka ntụle na nke na'acha anụnụ anụnụ.[25] Khesbaf weaving bụ okwu maka ịmepụta ụkpụrụ diagonal.[25]

Mmepụta

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India

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Mmepụta na India na-ewere ọnọdụ na mpaghara Malwa na ndịda India Punjab.[26] Ebe ndị ọzọ dị na India gụnyere Rampur, Uttar Pradesh.[17][23][24]

Mmepụta na Pakistan na-ewere ọnọdụ na South Pakistani Punjab (n'obodo Bahawalpur, Multan, na n'obodo nta ndị dị n'ọzara Cholistan) na Sindh (n' obodo Naserpur, Sehwan Sharif, na Thatta)[27][28][29][30][31]

Hụkwa

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  • Uwe Punjabi
  • Ịgba ọsọ

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Tortora (2013-09-17). The Fairchild Books Dictionary of Textiles. A&C Black, 327, 357, 361. ISBN 978-1-60901-535-0. 
  2. ↑ Mukharji (1888). Art-manufactures of India, Gerstein - University of Toronto, Calcutta, 323. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 The Lost Tartan Khes of India – Global InCH- International Journal of Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved on 2020-11-30.
  4. ↑ Parshad (2007). Industrial Development in Northern India: A Study of Delhi, Punjab and Haryana, 1858-1918. National Book Organisation. ISBN 978-81-87521-20-4. 
  5. ↑ Punjab (India) (2000). Punjab State Gazetteer (in en). Revenue and Rehabilitation Department, Punjab, 299, 566. 
  6. ↑ A. BISWAS. Indian Costumes. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Baden-Powell (1872). Hand-book of the Manufactures & Arts of the Punjab: With a Combined Glossary & Index of Vernacular Trades & Technical Terms ... Forming Vol. Ii to the "Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab" Prepared Under the Orders of Government. Punjab printing Company, 6, 16, 22. 
  8. ↑ Rutnagur (1984). The Indian Textile Journal. Business Press, 139. 
  9. ↑ Industries (1977). Threadlines Pakistan. Ministry of Industries, Government of Pakistan. 
  10. ↑ Askari (1997). Colours of the Indus: Costume and Textiles of Pakistan. M. Holberton, 12, 88, 142. ISBN 978-1-85894-044-1. 
  11. ↑ Gupta (1973). "THE BRITISH IMPACT ON THE INDIGENOUS COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY OF THE PUNJAB 1875 to 1885". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 34: 122–128. ISSN 2249-1937. 
  12. ↑ The Khes of Punjab (en-US). Retrieved on 2020-12-05.
  13. ↑ Askari (1997). Colours of the Indus: Costume and Textiles of Pakistan. M. Holberton, 88. ISBN 978-1-85894-045-8. 
  14. ↑ The Khes of Punjab (en-US). gaatha.com. Retrieved on 2022-10-29.
  15. ↑ Sangrur | How this entrepreneur is helping empower rural women through handicraft (en). Hindustan Times (2022-09-30). Retrieved on 2022-10-29.
  16. ↑ (1994) Arts and Crafts of Pakistan. Export Promotion Bureau, Government of Pakistan, 47. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Pradesh (India) (1959). Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Allahabad. Government of Uttar Pradesh, 133. 
  18. ↑ Punjabi Dressing | Coloursofpunjab (2015-05-03). Archived from the original on 2015-05-03. Retrieved on 2020-12-08.
  19. ↑ Askari (1999). Uncut cloth, Internet Archive, London : Merrell Holberton, 84, 90. ISBN 978-1-85894-083-0. 
  20. ↑ Watt (1903). Indian Art at Delhi, 1903; being the Official Catalogue of the Delhi Exhibition, 1902-1903. Superintendent of Government Printing (Calcutta), 528. 
  21. ↑ (1916) Punjab District and State Gazetteers: Part A.]. Compiled and published under the authority of the Punjab government, 196. 
  22. ↑ (2003) Proceedings - Punjab History Conference, 103. ISBN 978-81-7380-885-2. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 (1911) Gazetteer of the Rampur State. W.C. Abel, Government Press, United Provinces, 34. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Mukhopādhyāẏa (1888). Art-manufactures of India: Specially Compiled for the Glasgow International Exhibition, 1888. Superintendent of Government Printing, 321. 
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Baden-Powell (1872). Hand-book of the Manufactures & Arts of the Punjab: With a Combined Glossary & Index of Vernacular Trades & Technical Terms ... Forming Vol. Ii to the "Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab" Prepared Under the Orders of Government. Punjab printing Company, 16. 
  26. ↑ Harris (2020-09-16). A Companion to Textile Culture. John Wiley & Sons, 176. ISBN 978-1-118-76890-7. 
  27. ↑ Claus (2003). South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka. Taylor & Francis, 394. ISBN 978-0-415-93919-5. 
  28. ↑ Industries (1977). Threadlines Pakistan. Ministry of Industries, Government of Pakistan, 60, 63. 
  29. ↑ (1994) Arts and Crafts of Pakistan. Export Promotion Bureau, Government of Pakistan, 40. 
  30. ↑ (1994) Sind Quarterly. Shah Abdul Latif Cultural Society. 
  31. ↑ (2020) in Fanthorpe: Insight Guides Pakistan, eBook, Apa Publications. ISBN 9781839052583. Retrieved on 4 December 2020. 
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