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Kpakpando

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Kpakpando

  . [1]Kpakpando bụ ihe na-egosi mbara igwe nke nwere spheroid na-ahụ nke plasma aha ọnụ site na ike ndoda onwe ya .  Kpakpando kacha nso n'ụwa bụ ihe.  Ọtụtụ ndị mgbasa ozi na-ahụ anya na-agba ɔtɔ n'azụ;  Nnukwu ebe ha dị site n'ụwa na-eme ka ha pụta dị ka ebe a kapịrị ọnụ nke ìhè.  E kewawopá ndị a ma ama n'ime mmị mmua na asterism, ọtụtụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị na-maka ndị nwere ikike kwesịrị aha .  Ndị na-ịhụ mbara igwe achịkọtala katalọgụ Ozi ndị na-amata ndị mmadụ ma ama ma nyekwa aha mmadụ ahaziri hazi.  Eluigwe na Ala a na-ahụ anya nwere akwụkwọ 1022 ruo 1024 akwụkwọ.  naanị ihe dị ka 4,000 n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a ka a na-ahụ anya n'anya ha—ha nile nọ n'ụyọkọ akwụkwọ Milky Way

Ndụ Life na-amalite site na ndòda ndòda nke nebula gaseous nke ihe eri hydrogen, helium, na ihe ndị dị arọ arọ.  Ngụkọta ọnụ ya na-egosi map ya na see ya.  Kpakpando na-enwu maka ihe ka ukwuu n'ime ndụ ya na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihi okwukwe thermonuclear nke hydrogen n'ime helium na isi ya.  Usoro a na-ahụ ike na-agafe n'ime akwụkwọ ma na-amụba n'ime mbara igwe.  N'ọgwụgwọ nke ndụ ndị, isi ya na-aghọ ihe ike nke ike : dwarf ọcha, akwụkwọ neutron, ma ọ bụ - ọ bụrụ na ọ buru oke ibu - oghere ojii .

.Stellar nucleosynthesis na ndị ma ọ bụ ihe ike na ha na-ahụ ihe omume nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile na-ahụ kemịkal dị arọ arọ lithium .  Mfu stellar ma ọ bụ mgbawa supernova na-eweghachi ihe ndị nwere kemịkalụ nwere kemịkalụ gaa na etiti stellar .  A na-abụ ihe ndị a ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ ọhụrụ.  na- na-ekiri mbara igwe ike ihe ndị dị egwu - ndị egwu - afụ, fim mma (ihe ọmụmụ kemịkalụ), , anya, na ebe site na mbara igwe - site n'imepụta ihe ngosi nke ìhè ahụ,  ụdịdị iche iche, na iche n'alụ ya na mbara igwe ka oge na-aga

N'agbanyeghị na o doro anya na eluigwe adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ndị China na-enyocha mbara igwe maara na kpakpando ọhụrụ nwere ike ịpụta. N'afọ 185 AD, ha bụ ndị mbụ lere anya wee dee banyere supernova, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka SN 185 . [2] Ihe omume kacha na-egbuke egbuke na akụkọ ihe mere eme e dekọrọ bụ SN 1006 supernova, nke a hụrụ na 1006 nke onye Ijipt na-enyocha mbara igwe Ali ibn Ridwan na ọtụtụ ndị China na-enyocha mbara igwe dere ya. [3] SN 1054 supernova, nke mụrụ Crab Nebula, bụ ndị China na ndị Islam na-enyocha mbara igwe hụkwara. [4] [5] [6]

Ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe Islam nke oge ochie nyere ọtụtụ kpakpando aha ndị a ka na-eji taa ma ha chepụtara ọtụtụ ngwa mbara igwe nwere ike ịgbakọ ọnọdụ kpakpando. Ha wuru nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke mbụ, ọkachasị maka imepụta katalọgụ kpakpando Zij . [7] N'ime ndị a, akwụkwọ nke Fixed Stars (964) bụ onye Persian na-enyocha mbara igwe Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi dere, bụ onye hụrụ ọtụtụ kpakpando, ụyọkọ kpakpando (gụnyere Omicron Velorum na Brocchi's Clusters ) na ụyọkọ kpakpando (gụnyere Andromeda Galaxy). ). [8] Dị ka A. Zahoor si kwuo, na narị afọ nke 11, onye ọkà mmụta polymath nke Peasia Abu Rayhan Biruni kọwara ụyọkọ kpakpando Milky Way dị ka ọtụtụ iberibe iberibe nwere ihe onwunwe nke kpakpando nebulous, ma nye latitudes nke kpakpando dị iche iche n'oge chi jiri n'ọnwa na 1019. [9]

Dị ka Josep Puig si kwuo, onye Andalusian na-enyocha mbara igwe Ibn Bajjah tụrụ aro na Milky Way bụ nke nwere ọtụtụ kpakpando ndị fọrọ nke nta ka ha metụ ibe ha aka ma yie ka ọ bụ ihe oyiyi na-aga n'ihu n'ihi mmetụta nke refraction si sublunary ihe, na-ehota ya chọpụtara na njikọ nke njikọ . Jupiter na Mars na 500 AH (1106/1107 AD) dị ka ihe akaebe. Ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe nke Europe oge ochie dị ka Tycho Brahe chọpụtara kpakpando ọhụrụ na mbara igwe abalị (nke e mesịrị kpọọ novae ), na-atụ aro na eluigwe adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Na 1584, Giordano Bruno tụrụ aro na kpakpando dị ka anyanwụ, ma nwee ike inwe mbara ala ndị ọzọ, ikekwe ọbụnadị ụwa, na-agba gburugburu ha, [10] echiche nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Gris oge ochie, Democritus na Epicurus tụrụ aro na mbụ., [11] na ndị ọkà mmụta mbara igwe Islam nke etiti oge ochie [12] dị ka Fakhr al-Din al-Razi . [13] Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ sochirinụ, echiche nke kpakpando ịdị ka anyanwụ na-erute nkwekọ n'etiti ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe. Iji kọwaa ihe kpatara na kpakpando ndị a na-ejighi ike ndọda ọ bụla na Sistemu Anyanwụ, Isaac Newton tụrụ aro na e kesara kpakpando n'otu aka ahụ n'akụkụ ọ bụla, echiche nke ọkà mmụta okpukpe Richard Bentley kpaliri. [14]

Joseph von Fraunhofer na Angelo Secchi bụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ sayensị nke stellar spectroscopy . Site n'iji ụdị kpakpando dị iche iche dị ka Sirius atụnyere anyanwụ, ha hụrụ ọdịiche dị na ike na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ahịrị mmịpụta ha - ahịrị gbara ọchịchịrị dị na stellar spectra nke ikuku ikuku na-enweta ugboro ugboro. N'afọ 1865, Secchi malitere ikewa kpakpando n'ụdị spectral . [15] Annie J. Cannon mepụtara ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke atụmatụ nhazi ọkwa kpakpando n'oge mmalite 1900s. [16]

Nleta izizi izizi nke anya na kpakpando ( 61 Cygni na afọ 11.4 ìhè ) ka Friedrich Bessel mere na 1838 site na iji usoro parallax . Ntụle Parallax gosipụtara oke nkewa nke kpakpando dị na mbara igwe. [10] Nleba anya nke kpakpando abụọ nwetara mkpa na-abawanye na narị afọ nke 19. N'afọ 1834, Friedrich Bessel hụrụ mgbanwe n'otú kpakpando Sirius si na-eme nke ọma ma kwuo na ọ bụ enyi zoro ezo. Edward Pickering chọtara ọnụọgụ abụọ spectroscopic nke mbụ na 1899 mgbe ọ hụrụ na-ekewa oge nke ahịrị spectral nke kpakpando Mizar n'ime ụbọchị 104. Ndị ọkachamara na-enyocha mbara igwe dị ka Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve na SW Burnham chịkọtara nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọtụtụ sistemụ kpakpando ọnụọgụ abụọ, na-enye ohere ka a chọpụta oke kpakpando site na ngụkọ nke ihe ndị na-efe efe . Ngwọta mbụ maka nsogbu nke ịweta orbit nke kpakpando ọnụọgụ abụọ site na nlele teliskop bụ Felix Savary mere na 1827. [17]

  1. ↑ Grego (2010). Galileo and 400 Years of Telescopic Astronomy. Springer New York. ISBN 978-1441955920. 
  2. ↑ Zhao (2006). "The Guest Star of AD185 must have been a Supernova". Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 6 (5): 635. DOI:10.1088/1009-9271/6/5/17. 
  3. ↑ Isbell (5 March 2003). Astronomers Peg Brightness of History's Brightest Star. NOIRLab. National Optical Astronomy Observatory. Archived from the original on 2 April 2003. Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
  4. ↑ Frommert (2006-08-30). Supernova 1054 – Creation of the Crab Nebula. SEDS. University of Arizona.
  5. ↑ Duyvendak (April 1942). "Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part I. The Ancient Oriental Chronicles". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 54 (318): 91–94. DOI:10.1086/125409. 

    Mayall (April 1942). "Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part II. The Astronomical Aspects". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 54 (318): 95–104. DOI:10.1086/125410. 
  6. ↑ Brecher (1983). "Ancient records and the Crab Nebula supernova". The Observatory 103: 106–113. 
  7. ↑ Kennedy (1962). "Review: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili". Isis 53 (2): 237–239. DOI:10.1086/349558. 
  8. ↑ Jones (1991). Messier's nebulae and star clusters. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37079-0. 
  9. ↑ Zahoor (1997). Al-Biruni. Hasanuddin University. Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved on 2007-10-21.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Drake (2006-08-17). A Brief History of High-Energy (X-ray & Gamma-Ray) Astronomy. NASA HEASARC. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "he history" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Greskovic (2006-07-24). Exoplanets. ESO. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved on 2012-06-15.
  12. ↑ Ahmad (1995). "The impact of the Qur'anic conception of astronomical phenomena on Islamic civilization". Vistas in Astronomy 39 (4): 395–403 [402]. DOI:10.1016/0083-6656(95)00033-X. 
  13. ↑ Setia (2004). "Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi on Physics and the Nature of the Physical World: A Preliminary Survey". Islam & Science 2 (2). Retrieved on 26 May 2018. 
  14. ↑ Hoskin (1998). "The Value of Archives in Writing the History of Astronomy". Library and Information Services in Astronomy III 153: 207. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. 
  15. ↑ MacDonnell. Angelo Secchi, S.J. (1818–1878) the Father of Astrophysics. Fairfield University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved on 2006-10-02.
  16. ↑ Ivan Hubeny (2014). Theory of Stellar Atmospheres: An Introduction to Astrophysical Non-equilibrium Quantitative Spectroscopic Analysis. Princeton University Press, 23. ISBN 978-0-691-16329-1. 
  17. ↑ Aitken (1964). The Binary Stars. New York: Dover Publications Inc.. ISBN 978-0-486-61102-0. 
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