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Kpakpando

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Anyanwu bu otu kpakpando enwere, ọ bu sọ kpakpando nọ na mbara anyanwụ anyị, nke akpọrọ "solar system"

 [1] Kpakpando bụ plasma ọdika-okirikiri na enwu enwu nke njimike ndọdaala jikọrọ ọnụ.  Kpakpando kacha nso n'ụwa bụ Anyanwu. Ana ejikwa anya nkịtị ahuta kpakpando ndị ọzọ n'abali, òkè ịdị-anya ha site na uwa na eme ka ha dịka ntụpọ n'enwụ ọkụ n'ígwé. E kenyela ọtụtụ kpakpando àmà àmà n'ime nchịkọ-kpakpando ya na asterism, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bu ndị na-enwụ gbaa nwere aha.  Ndị ọkàmbaraígwé achịkọtala katalọgụ ozi nke na enye aka ịkpọpụta kpakpando ndị àmàrà mbụ. Mbaraígwé a na-ahụ anya nwere ngụkọ kpakpando 10²² ruo 10²⁴.  naanị ihe dị ka 4,000 n'ime kpakpando ndịa ka a na-ahụ anya na nkịtị—ha nile nọ na Mbara kpakpando anyị akpọrọ "Milky Way"


Ndụ kpakpando na ebido site na mbibi njimike ndọdaala nke nebula ufere nwere mmejupụta ndịa— haidrojìn, helìò ya na obere mmejụihe nke buru ibu. Mbido ya na njedebe ya na adabere na mgbakọ ibu ya dum. Site na mgbe ọkpụpụtara, kpakpando na achawapu n'ihi njikọ ọkụ-ụmịatọm nke haidrojìn ịnye helìò n'ime ụmị ya. Usoro a na ewepụta ume nke na asụpụta site na ụmị kpakpando a, ma chawapu na mbaraígwé. Na ọgwụgwụ ndụ kpakpando, ụmị ya ga aghọ akpụda kpakpando, kpakpando nịụtrọn maọbu oghéré ojii.


Mkpụpụta-ụmị kpakpando maọbu ihe ha mefọrọ na emepụta mmejụihe kemịkalu nke ka litio ibu. Nkebi ibu kpakpando maọbu ọgbụgba supanova na ebunye etiti kpakpando ihe agbakwunyere kemịkalu. Mmejụihe ndịa ka aga atụghari ka ọ ghọọ kpakpando ọhụrụ. Ndị ọkàmbaraígwé ga amatanwụ njirimara kpakpando dika ibu, nha-afọ̀ , mmejupụta kemịkalu, nhamgbanwe, ịdị ányá ya na ngahari site na ịnyocha nhaonwunwu kpakpando, enyo ya ma mgbanwe ebe ọ nọ na mbaraígwé kwa oge.

Kpakpando na ihe mbaraígwé ndị ọzọ na emepụtakwa nhanhiwe ịgba okirikiri dika mbara-anwu ya na mbara kpakpando nwere kpakpando abụọ maọbu karịa. Kpakpando na esokwa na nhiwe ígwè úkwú dika nchịkọ-kpakpando maọbu mbara kpakpando.

Nleruanya

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N'agbanyeghị na o doro anya na eluigwe adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ndị ọkàmbaraígwé na Chaịna maara na kpakpando ọhụrụ nwere ike ịpụta. N'afọ 185 AD, ha bụ ndị mbụ lere anya wee dee banyere supernova, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka SN 185 . [2] Ihe omume kacha na-egbuke egbuke na akụkọ ihe mere eme e dekọrọ bụ SN 1006 supernova, nke a hụrụ na 1006 nke onye ọkàmbaraígwè Ịjịpt bu Ali ibn Ridwan na ọtụtụ ndị China na-enyocha mbara igwe dere ya. [3] SN 1054 supernova, nke mụrụ Crab Nebula, bụ ndị China na ndị Islam na-enyocha mbara igwe hụkwara. [4] [5] [6]

Ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe Islam nke oge ochie nyere ọtụtụ kpakpando aha ndị a ka na-eji taa ma ha chepụtara ọtụtụ ngwa mbara igwe nwere ike ịgbakọ ọnọdụ kpakpando. Ha wuru nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nyocha nke mbụ, ọkachasị maka imepụta katalọgụ kpakpando Zij . [7] N'ime ndị a, akwụkwọ nke Fixed Stars (964) bụ onye Persian na-enyocha mbara igwe Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi dere, bụ onye hụrụ ọtụtụ kpakpando, ụyọkọ kpakpando (gụnyere Omicron Velorum na Brocchi's Clusters ) na ụyọkọ kpakpando (gụnyere Andromeda Galaxy). ). [8] Dị ka A. Zahoor si kwuo, na narị afọ nke 11, onye ọkà mmụta polymath nke Peasia Abu Rayhan Biruni kọwara ụyọkọ kpakpando Milky Way dị ka ọtụtụ iberibe iberibe nwere ihe onwunwe nke kpakpando nebulous, ma nye latitudes nke kpakpando dị iche iche n'oge chi jiri n'ọnwa na 1019. [9]

Dị ka Josep Puig si kwuo, onye Andalusian na-enyocha mbara igwe Ibn Bajjah tụrụ aro na Milky Way bụ nke nwere ọtụtụ kpakpando ndị fọrọ nke nta ka ha metụ ibe ha aka ma yie ka ọ bụ ihe oyiyi na-aga n'ihu n'ihi mmetụta nke refraction si sublunary ihe, na-ehota ya chọpụtara na njikọ nke njikọ . Jupiter na Mars na 500 AH (1106/1107 AD) dị ka ihe akaebe. Ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe nke Europe oge ochie dị ka Tycho Brahe chọpụtara kpakpando ọhụrụ na mbara igwe abalị (nke e mesịrị kpọọ novae ), na-atụ aro na eluigwe adịghị agbanwe agbanwe. Na 1584, Giordano Bruno tụrụ aro na kpakpando dị ka anyanwụ, ma nwee ike inwe mbara ala ndị ọzọ, ikekwe ọbụnadị ụwa, na-agba gburugburu ha, [10] echiche nke ndị ọkà ihe ọmụma Gris oge ochie, Democritus na Epicurus tụrụ aro na mbụ., [11] na ndị ọkà mmụta mbara igwe Islam nke etiti oge ochie [12] dị ka Fakhr al-Din al-Razi . [13] Ka ọ na-erule narị afọ sochirinụ, echiche nke kpakpando ịdị ka anyanwụ na-erute nkwekọ n'etiti ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe. Iji kọwaa ihe kpatara na kpakpando ndị a na-ejighi ike ndọda ọ bụla na Sistemu Anyanwụ, Isaac Newton tụrụ aro na e kesara kpakpando n'otu aka ahụ n'akụkụ ọ bụla, echiche nke ọkà mmụta okpukpe Richard Bentley kpaliri. [14]

Joseph von Fraunhofer na Angelo Secchi bụ ndị ọsụ ụzọ sayensị nke stellar spectroscopy . Site n'iji ụdị kpakpando dị iche iche dị ka Sirius atụnyere anyanwụ, ha hụrụ ọdịiche dị na ike na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ahịrị mmịpụta ha - ahịrị gbara ọchịchịrị dị na stellar spectra nke ikuku ikuku na-enweta ugboro ugboro. N'afọ 1865, Secchi malitere ikewa kpakpando n'ụdị spectral . [15] Annie J. Cannon mepụtara ụdị ọgbara ọhụrụ nke atụmatụ nhazi ọkwa kpakpando n'oge mmalite 1900s. [16]

Nleta izizi izizi nke anya na kpakpando ( 61 Cygni na afọ 11.4 ìhè ) ka Friedrich Bessel mere na 1838 site na iji usoro parallax . Ntụle Parallax gosipụtara oke nkewa nke kpakpando dị na mbara igwe. [10] Nleba anya nke kpakpando abụọ nwetara mkpa na-abawanye na narị afọ nke 19. N'afọ 1834, Friedrich Bessel hụrụ mgbanwe n'otú kpakpando Sirius si na-eme nke ọma ma kwuo na ọ bụ enyi zoro ezo. Edward Pickering chọtara ọnụọgụ abụọ spectroscopic nke mbụ na 1899 mgbe ọ hụrụ na-ekewa oge nke ahịrị spectral nke kpakpando Mizar n'ime ụbọchị 104. Ndị ọkachamara na-enyocha mbara igwe dị ka Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve na SW Burnham chịkọtara nkọwa zuru ezu nke ọtụtụ sistemụ kpakpando ọnụọgụ abụọ, na-enye ohere ka a chọpụta oke kpakpando site na ngụkọ nke ihe ndị na-efe efe . Ngwọta mbụ maka nsogbu nke ịweta orbit nke kpakpando ọnụọgụ abụọ site na nlele teliskop bụ Felix Savary mere na 1827. [17]

Atụmatụ Ịgụ-aha

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A mara maka nchịkọ kpakpando (constellation) n'oge ndị Babilọn. Ndị n'ele ìgwè chere na kpakpando nwéré ọdịdị ihu, ha chere na ihu ndịa pụtara njirimara okike. Ihu iri na abụọ ndị nọ na mbara eklipsi mere ha ji bụrụ ntọala astrology (Ịgba afa kpakpando). Ọtụtụ kpakpando ndị pụrụ iche bu ndi enyere aha Arabù maọbu Latin.

Ọtụtụ kpakpando dika anyanwụ ya na nchịkọ kpakpando nwéré akụkọ okike so ha. Ndị Grik ochie weere ọtụtụ ọdịkauwa/planet (nke ha kpọrọ kpakpando agbanyeghị na kpakpando na ọdịkauwa dị iche) dika chi ha na efe, ebea ka a si weta aha ọdịkauwa Meekurì (mercury), Venus, Masì (Mars), Jupità (Jupiter) na Satùn (Saturn). Ụranus (Uranus) na Neptun (Neptune) bu aha chi ndị Grik mana onweghi onye ma ọdịkauwa ndịa na mgbe ochie maka na ha anaghị amuke ọfuma.

Na afọ̀ 1600, aha ana enye kpakpando bu aha nchịkọ kpakpando ọ nọ na ya. Ọkàfiziksi onye Alamanya (Germany) bu Johann Bayer kepụtara ọtụtụ nsèrèsè-map kpakpando ma nye ha abidii grik dika njirimara ya. Emechara weputa atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ site na mwego kpakpando ma tinye ya na katalọgu kpakpando nke John Flamsteed nke ọ dere na akwụkwọ ya "Historian coelestis Britannica" (nke 1712). Atụmatụ a ka akpọrọ atụmatụ Flamsteed maọbu ịgụọnụ nke Flamsteed.

Otú mbauwa we ikike ịnye ihe dị na mbaraígwé aha bu International Astronomical Union (IAU) nke ntụgharị ya bu Nzukọ Mbauwa gbasara Mbaraígwé. Ha na achịkwa atụmatụ "Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)" nke ntụgharị ya bu "Nzukọ Ọrụ maka Ịgụ-aha Kpakpando", ọrụ WGSN bu ịdebe ma nye kpakpando aha izugbe.

Ọtụtụ ndị bu ndi na-atu mgbere aha kpakpando nke IAU na ndị ọkambaraìgwé na anabataghị. British Library kpọrọ nkea ụlọ ọrụ ịtụ-mgbere n'ezighị ezi, Ngalaba na ahụ maka Nchekwa Ndị n'àzù ahịa na Ndị Ọrụ na New York dara otu ụlọ ọrụ a nha maka ire ahịa wayo.


Edensibịa

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  1. ↑ Grego (2010). Galileo and 400 Years of Telescopic Astronomy. Springer New York. ISBN 978-1441955920. 
  2. ↑ Zhao (2006). "The Guest Star of AD185 must have been a Supernova". Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 6 (5): 635. DOI:10.1088/1009-9271/6/5/17. 
  3. ↑ Isbell (5 March 2003). Astronomers Peg Brightness of History's Brightest Star. NOIRLab. National Optical Astronomy Observatory. Archived from the original on 2 April 2003. Retrieved on 28 February 2022.
  4. ↑ Frommert (2006-08-30). Supernova 1054 – Creation of the Crab Nebula. SEDS. University of Arizona.
  5. ↑ Duyvendak (April 1942). "Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part I. The Ancient Oriental Chronicles". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 54 (318): 91–94. DOI:10.1086/125409. 

    Mayall (April 1942). "Further Data Bearing on the Identification of the Crab Nebula with the Supernova of 1054 A.D. Part II. The Astronomical Aspects". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 54 (318): 95–104. DOI:10.1086/125410. 
  6. ↑ Brecher (1983). "Ancient records and the Crab Nebula supernova". The Observatory 103: 106–113. 
  7. ↑ Kennedy (1962). "Review: The Observatory in Islam and Its Place in the General History of the Observatory by Aydin Sayili". Isis 53 (2): 237–239. DOI:10.1086/349558. 
  8. ↑ Jones (1991). Messier's nebulae and star clusters. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37079-0. 
  9. ↑ Zahoor (1997). Al-Biruni. Hasanuddin University. Archived from the original on 2008-06-26. Retrieved on 2007-10-21.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Drake (2006-08-17). A Brief History of High-Energy (X-ray & Gamma-Ray) Astronomy. NASA HEASARC. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "he history" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Greskovic (2006-07-24). Exoplanets. ESO. Archived from the original on 10 October 2008. Retrieved on 2012-06-15.
  12. ↑ Ahmad (1995). "The impact of the Qur'anic conception of astronomical phenomena on Islamic civilization". Vistas in Astronomy 39 (4): 395–403 [402]. DOI:10.1016/0083-6656(95)00033-X. 
  13. ↑ Setia (2004). "Fakhr Al-Din Al-Razi on Physics and the Nature of the Physical World: A Preliminary Survey". Islam & Science 2 (2). Retrieved on 26 May 2018. 
  14. ↑ Hoskin (1998). "The Value of Archives in Writing the History of Astronomy". Library and Information Services in Astronomy III 153: 207. Retrieved on 2006-08-24. 
  15. ↑ MacDonnell. Angelo Secchi, S.J. (1818–1878) the Father of Astrophysics. Fairfield University. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved on 2006-10-02.
  16. ↑ Ivan Hubeny (2014). Theory of Stellar Atmospheres: An Introduction to Astrophysical Non-equilibrium Quantitative Spectroscopic Analysis. Princeton University Press, 23. ISBN 978-0-691-16329-1. 
  17. ↑ Aitken (1964). The Binary Stars. New York: Dover Publications Inc.. ISBN 978-0-486-61102-0. 
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