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Kwagh-Hir

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Kwagh-hir (n'ụzọ nkịtị pụtara ihe anwansiihe anwansi anwanci ma kpọọ kwaa hee) [1] bụ ụdị nka na ewuli elu nke Ndị Tiv nke etiti Naịjirịa nke ghọrọ ihe a ma ama na afọ 1960. Ọ bụ ihe ngosi ọha na eze na-akpali akpali na akọ akụkọ omume ọma nke ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga na nke ugbu a, ma na agụnye ihe ngosi, ihe ngosi, uri, egwu, ịgba egwú na akụkọ na eme ihe nkiri iji gosipụta isiokwu omume ya. Ndị Tiv na eji ya eme ihe iji mee ka nkwenkwe ọdịnala sie ike ma nye akụkọ ụwa ndị ọzọ iji kụziere, mee mkpakọrịta, nye ntụrụndụ ụwa ma dozie nsogbu ọha na eze.[2][3]

Kwagh-hir bụ ụdị nka dị elu nke kwagh alom, omume ochie nke ndị Tiv ebe ndị na akọ akụkọ na emeso ezinụlọ ahụ na oge ịkọ akụkọ, na emekarị n'isi ụtụtụ nke abalị mgbe ọrụ ugbo nke ehihie gasịrị site na ìhè ọnwa.[4]

Ụdị a ma ama nke kwagh-hir dị ka Jonathan Fogel si kwuo nwere ike ịbụ ihe ngosi Punch na Judy, nke ndị a ma ama na akọwa ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe omume dị ugbu a na akụkọ ma na ezo aka n'ọtụtụ omume ọdịbendị.[5]

E debara aha Kwagh-hir na Ndepụta Ndị Nnọchiteanya nke Ihe Nketa Ọdịbendị nke Ụmụ Mmadụ na 2019 site na mkpebi nke Kọmitii Gọọmentị: 14. Ọ bụ iri ka a ga asị na ọ bụ iri ka e si nweta ya. B.27 [3][6]

Mmalite na mmepe

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Akụkọ ifo na ekwu na Adikpo Songo si Akpagher; Mbatyav na mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo Gboko nke Benue State, Nigeria, bụ onye malitere Kwagh-hir. Adikpo Songu, n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Iyorwuese Hagher, onye ọkà mmụta nke kwagh-hir, gbalịrị ịkwado echiche a nke ọtụtụ ndị isi otu kwagh-hir na ndị okenye ama ama na Tivland.

Songu, onye na akwado United Middle Belt Congress (UMBC) kpughere na Disemba 1960 n'oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Tivland nke a maara dị ka Nande-Nande (usoro ọkụ) ebe ndị otu UMBC biliri megide Northern People's Congress (NPC) na achị, na ere ihe onwunwe ha ọkụ, gụnyere nke ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị isi, ọ gbagara Mkar Christian Hospital, nso Gboko, maka ọgwụgwọ ahụike, mana n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi, iji gbanahụ njide, iji gbane ndị uwe ojii.

Mgbe ọ na alọta site na Mkar Christian Hospital, ebe ọ gara ihe dị ka kilomita 12, ọ rutere nso Osimiri Orkoor mgbe ọ nụrụ ụda egwu na adọrọ mmasị na mberede. Ka ọ na eru nso, na ezo n'azụ ahịhịa achara ma na ele anya, ọ hụrụ ìgwè mmadụ abụọ. Ọnọdụ ha dakọtara na ntụziaka nke agbụrụ abụọ, Mbayion na Mbatyav. E welitere ọkọlọtọ ọcha n'etiti ìgwè abụọ ahụ nke nwere otu ndị na akụ ọkpọ, ụmụ agbọghọ na agba egwú na ụmụ bebi na dagbera (ikpo okwu). Mgbe ahụ, ọ ghọtara na ndị na eme ihe nkiri ahụ abụghị mmadụ n'ezie kama adzov (mmụọ).

Ìgwè abụọ ahụ yiri ka ha na etinye aka na asọmpi nke yiri ya ka ọdịnala ịkọ akụkọ nke Tiv a maara dị ka kwagh-alom, mana enwere ọdịiche. N'ọnọdụ a, kama ịbụ onye na-akọ akụkọ, nwoke ga abịa n'etiti ámá egwuregwu ma n'elu olu ya gwa ndị na ege ntị ihe ha na achọ ịhụ. Mgbe ahụ, ndị na eme ihe nkiri ga abanye n'ógbè ahụ ma ọ bụ dị ka anụmanụ na agba egwú ma ọ bụ adzov, na agba egwu iji mesie àgwà ha ike.

Adikpo Songu na ekwu na ọ dara n'ụra na ekiri ihe nkiri ahụ, mgbe ọ tetara n'ụtụtụ echi ya, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla dị nso iji gosi na ihe omume dị otú ahụ mere n'ebe ahụ. Ya mere, o kwubiri na adzov ga akpachara anya họrọ ya maka ebumnuche nke inye ya ọrụ nke iweta kwagh-hir n'aka ndị Tiv, na ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ n'ụdị na ụdị ọ nwere ihe ùgwù ile anya.[7]A

Dị ka Iyorwuese Hagher si kwuo, ndị Tiv achọghị ka ha bụrụ ihe osise. Tiv ga ekwu na ọkwa ọ bụla dị mma bụ amoosu; tsav ma ọ bụ adzov, onye nwere ike ichebe ndị nwere onyinye pụọ na mmerụ ahụ nke Tsav ndị ọzọ. N'ihi ya, ọ ga abụrịrị na ndị Tiv furu efu na ekpe ikpe ya banyere onye malitere kwagh-hir. N'ihi ya, ha nyere onye na ese ihe kwagh-hir (Tor-Kwagh-hir) dị ka onye malitere. Hagher kwubiri na ọ dịghị onye malitere kwagh-hir n'ụdị ya ugbu a.[7]

Otú ọ dị, Gowon Ama Doki na ekwu na ihe nkiri kwagh-hir nke oge a sitere n'aka Adikpo Songu sitere n'ezinụlọ Mbatyav na mpaghara Gboko nke Benue Steeti mgbe o ji ụmụ bebi ya na masquerades ya mee ndị na ege ntị na 1960. [8]

Ka o sina dị, njikọ nke ndị ọkà mmụta kwagh-hirkwagh-hir Doki, bụ na dị ka ihe nkiri ọ bụla ọzọ, a pụghị ijikọta kwagh-ir na otu onye dị ka onye malitere. Kama nke ahụ, ọ bụ ihe okike nke ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ, na agbakọta iji kesaa ahụmịhe. Ọ bụ n'afọ ndị 1960 ka e mere nkwupụta okike pụrụ iche nke kwagh-hir; ijikọta ihe nkiri, egwu, okike na nka iji gbasaa okwu nke onye na akọ akụkọ n'ụdị ihe nkiri dum.[7][8][4][9]

Ụlọ ihe nkiri Nyambuan

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Tupu kwagh-hir, Tiv ahụla ihe nkiri ọzọ a maara dị ka Nyambuan nke a ma ama n'etiti afọ 1934 na 1939. Nyambuan pụtara n'ụzọ nkịtị na anụ ahụ emebiwo. Ọ bụ okwu mmeghe na mmegharị nke e mere iji wepụ ndị Mbatsav (ndị ọjọọ). Ọrụ Nyambuan bịara na mmetụta siri ike nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma chọọ iweghachi usoro site na arụmọrụ cathartic iji kpochapụ alụmdi na nwunye mgbanwe Tiv a maara dị ka yamen-ishe (nke a sụgharịrị dị ka uru azụmaahịa) na iweghachi ọgba aghara ọdịbendị nke usoro ọchịchị na achị ndị Tiv. Egwuregwu ahụ weere ụdị ememe, na ndị na egwu egwu na ndị na'agba egwú mejupụtara akụkụ dị mkpa nke arụmọrụ nke dabeere na ememe. E nwere ọtụtụ njide na njide iwu na akwadoghị nke ndị na eme ihe nkiri Nyambuan. [10][11]

Kwagh-hir, nke mechara pụta ma na eme taa, na ekwusi ike na mkparịta ụka n'ihi obi ọjọọ nke ndị na eme ihe nkiri nke ofufe Nyambuan ji mgbalị jikọtara ndị ozi ala ọzọ na gọọmentị Britain.[12][13]

Nhazi

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Otu kwagh-hir ma ọ bụ ihe omume nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ na nhazi ya. Ọ na agụnye mgbalị ndị otu niile nwere ọrụ dị iche iche ha ga arụ. Otu kwagh-hir, dị ka Iyorwuese Hagher si kwuo, kewara n'ime anọ: njikwa; ndị na eme ihe nkiri; ndị na'egwú na ndị na ese ihe (ndị na-ese). [14]B

Nchịkwa

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A chọpụtala ọtụtụ ọrụ n'otu kwagh-hir nke gụnyere ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa.

  • Ter kwagh-hir (onye isi) - Na enye njirimara maka otu ma hụ na nkwekọrịta dị n'ime otu.
  • Orkyon (onye isi oche nke kọmitii njikwa otu kwagh-hir) - Ọ na abụkarị onye bara ọgaranya n'obodo nke na enye ihe onwunwe maka ọdịmma nke otu ahụ
  • Ordondon (onye isi oche nke kọmitii njikwa otu kwagh-hir) - Na enyere Orkiọn aka na ọdịmma nke otu ahụ.
  • Orngeren (odeakwụkwọ) - Na akpọ nzukọ ma na ewepụta atụmatụ. Ọ na enyekwa nkwupụta site na njikwa gaa na ndị otu
  • Ikpanyar (onye na ahụ maka akụ) - Ọ na ahụkwa maka ego niile na enweta n'òtù ahụ ma na enye otu ihe ahụ.
  • Tor Kwagh-hir (onye nduzi nka) - Onye isi oche nke ndị otu njikwa. Ọ na ahazi ndị otu ahụ dum ma na ahụ maka ọdịmma ha.
  • Torkwase (onye ndú ụmụ nwanyị) - Na ele anya na ọdịmma na mkpa nke ndị na ese ihe nwanyị n'oge mmemme. Ọ bụkwa onye na ahụ maka ịgba egwú nke ụmụ nwanyị niile ma na akụziri ha abụ.
  • Dugeri (onye nche) - Na ahụ na ịdọ aka ná ntị ma dozie obere esemokwu n'etiti ndị otu.
  • Tor Ikyo (onye nche ọhịa) Na eduga ma na eduzi ndị na akpụ osisi n'ime ọhịa.
  • Agum-a-ior (ndị ntorobịa) Na ahụ na nchekwa nke ndị ọbịa, na echebe ihe ndị dị na ya ma na akpali ndị na eme ihe nkiri n'oge mmepụta.

Ndị na eme ihe nkiri

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Onye kwagh-hir na eme n'oge Benue Youth Carnival
Egwuregwu kwagh-hir n'oge Benue Youth Carnival na Makurdi.

E nwere ọtụtụ ndị na eme ihe nkiri n'otu kwagh-hir na ọrụ ha na ekpebi site na akụkọ ha bu n'obi igosipụta. Otú ọ dị, ndepụta dị n'okpuru na egosi ndị na eme ihe nkiri a hụrụ n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu kwagh-hir ọ bụla dị.

  • Ma ọ bụ shurwa (onye na akọ akụkọ) Onye otu kachasị ekwu okwu nke na ahụ maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na ege ntị na ndị na eme ihe nkiri. Ọ na enye ndị na eme ihe nkiri ma na eji ihe ngosi dị mma eme ihe.
  • Mbakuuv (masqueraders) - Ndị nọ n'azụ ihe nkpuchi na uwe ihe nkiri.
  • Ma ọ bụ Iwanger (nwoke na enwu ọkụ) - Onye na ahụ maka ọkụ. Ọ na ebu oriọna dị ka onye nduzi maka mbakuuv n'ọgbọ egwuregwu.
  • Mbanyoron dagbera (ndị na eme ihe nkiri) Ndị na ahụ maka ihe nkiri site n'okpuru ikpo okwu.
  • Ortongon korough (onye na afụ opi ma ọ bụ onye na edebe oge) Oge oge nke ihe ngosi dị iche iche

Ndị na eti egwu

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Ndị na agụ egwú na eduzi site na tor gbande (onye isi na akụ egwú) onye mue-tor gbande na enyere aka. Ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na akụ ọkpọ bụ akụkụ nke òtù ahụ ma na akpọ ụdị ọkpọ dị iche iche a maara dị ka itsorough (Tiv native snare drum), Ngo gbande (Tiv native bass drum), wdg.

Onye na ese ihe

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A naghị ahụkarị onye na ese ihe (ma ọ bụ gban akaa) n'oge arụmọrụ kwagh-hir. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ onye isi nke otu kwagh-hir. N'omume, a na ewere ya dị ka onye edemede na onye nduzi n'ihi na ọ na ekpebi nsụgharị na ịma mma nke arụmọrụ. A na akwụ onye na ese ihe, dabere na ọgụgụ isi ya ụgwọ iji mepụta ụmụ bebi na ihe nkpuchi maka otu.

Ebe a na eme ihe nkiri

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A na ekewa ọkwa Kwagh-hir n'ime mpaghara bụ isi, ọnọdụ ndị ukwe, n'azụ ikpo okwu na ụlọ nzukọ.

Ebe bụ isi bụ nhazi nke ọkara gburugburu na mpaghara arụmọrụ. Nke a bụ ebe ndị na ese ihe na eme ihe kachasị mma ha mgbe ha na agagharị na nsọtụ. Ọnọdụ ndị ukwe dị n'otu akụkụ nke ikpo okwu. Ọ na esonyere ndị na ege ntị na azụ ikpo okwu ma bụrụ nke ndị na agụ egwú na ndị na agba egwú na arụ ọrụ.

Ihe dị n'azụ ikpo okwu na abụkarị azụ ụlọ ndị dị gburugburu. A na ejedebe mpaghara a na ndị otu kwagh-hir. Ụlọ nzukọ ahụ bụ mpaghara gbara nnukwu ámá egwuregwu gburugburu ebe ndị na ege ntị na anọdụ ala.[7]

Ihe ịchọ mma nke Kwagh-hir na ihe ntecha

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Ihe mkpuchi kwagh-hir na egosi na Makurdi, Benue State
Onye kwagh-hir na eme ihe nkiri n'oge Benue Youth Carnival

A na esite na omenala nke ọdịbendị Tiv mara mma nke Kwagh-hir ma gosipụta nghọta Tiv banyere ndụ ha. A na atụle nke a site na iji echiche dịgasị iche iche nke a na etinye n'ụdị dị iche iche iji gosipụta ọrụ ọha na eze. Ihe mkpuchi ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya ma gosipụta ọdịdị mara mma nke ndị Tiv. Ọ na agụnye ụfọdụ egwu mmekọrịta Tiv dị ka swange, gberichul, ihinga, ivom, Iee, Igbe, ibiamegh, girinya na ụdị ndị ọzọ na atọ ọchị.[15]

Ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche nke kwagh-hir niile nwere ụkpụrụ omume. Ụmụ bebi ndị ahụ bụ ihe okike, ihe jọgburu onwe ya na ọbụna ihe ọchị, ma ha niile na egosipụta ajọ mbunobi omume na ntaramahụhụ nke ndị obodo Tiv. A na egosi mmata akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụfọdụ ụmụ bebi nke na anọchite anya ihe omume dịka mgbe nwanyị mbụ pụtara ma ọ bụ mgbe ụdị ejiji nke oge a nke imewe Europe nwetara nnabata mpaghara.[16]

Ụmụ bebi kwagh-hir nwere njirimara mara mma dị ka imi triangular, anya dị ka Nok, obere egbugbere ọnụ na imi trianguular. Agba eji ese ụmụ bebi na egbuke egbuke, n'ihi na ndị na-ese kwagh-hir na eji agba kpọmkwem site na isi iyi. Enweghị mgbalị a kpachapụrụ anya iji mepụta ụda, onyinyo ma ọ bụ ụcha. A na eme ejiji maka masquerade nke ọma ma na acha nnọọ mma.[17]

A na-emepụta ihe nkpuchi na ihe nkpuchi iji gosipụta ihe nnọchianya na mmegharị nke na akọwa akụkụ nke echiche ụwa nke Tiv. Ihe mkpuchi ọ bụla na egosipụta, ma na akọwa eziokwu n'etiti mmadụ, anụmanụ, mmụọ, na gburugburu ebe obibi. Onye ọ bụla na egosi mmetụta miri emi nke egwu, ọchị, iwe, ịhụnanya na ọbụna enweghị mmasị.[18] A na ejikọta onye kwagh-hir ọ bụla na ọdịdị ya ma mepụta ọkwa na adịghị ahụ anya maka ndị na ege ntị.[5]

Ndị nduzi nka a ma ama kwagh-hir

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Ndị na-esonụ bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a ma ama Ator-a-Kwagh-hir (ndị nduzi nka):

  • Apev Akaa
  • Anande Chieshe
  • Chia Gbagir[14]
  • Ayange Gwer
  • Adasu Jirgba
  • Kende Kaase
  • Adikpo Songo

Ihe edeturu

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  1. ↑ New Book: Something Magical - The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv. imodara.com (2018). Retrieved on 19 February 2020.
  2. ↑ Kwagh Hir. raifilm.org.uk (2020). Retrieved on 19 February 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kwagh-Hir theatrical performance. UNESCO. Retrieved on 21 February 2020. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "KWA" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Harper (October 1997). "The Kwagh-hir of the People of Tiv: A Note on Dramatised History Telling and Constructions of Nature among the Tiv of Southern Nigeria". Environment and History 3 (3): 371–376. DOI:10.3197/096734097779555845. Retrieved on 20 February 2020.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "KPH" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bunch (2017). Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv. BFP Publishing. ISBN 978-0-692-98547-2.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "KRB" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ UNESCO lists Kwagh-Hir theatre on heritage roll. thenationonlineng.net (2019). Retrieved on 20 February 2020.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Hagher (2003). The Kwagh-Hir Theatre: A Metaphor of Resistance. Ibadan: Caltop Publications (Nigeria) Ltd., 44–48. ISBN 978-36442-4-6.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "KWH" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Doki (2006). Traditional Theatre in Perspective: Signs and Signification in Igbe, Girinya, and Kwagh-hir. Makurdi: Aboki Publishers. ISBN 978-9-788-09830-0.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "KHI" defined multiple times with different content
  9. ↑ Hagher (1990). The Tiv Kwagh-Hir: A popular Nigerian puppet theatre. Centre for Black and African Arts and Civilisation, 12–61. 
  10. ↑ Ahokegh (2014). "Nyambuan Revolt Of 1939: Tradition Versus Modernity in Tiv Land of Central Nigeria". International Journal of Multidisciplinary Academic Research 2 (2). Retrieved on 25 February 2020. 
  11. ↑ Shii (2013). Christianity in Tivland: A History of the NKST. De Mosty Standard Printing Press. 
  12. ↑ Akinsipe (March 2015). "Dance as a Vehicle of Communication in the Tiv Kwagh-Hir Theater". International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies 1 (4). 
  13. ↑ Iorapuu (2007). "Avant-gradism in African Dances: An Example of the Tiv- Jamaa Dance Group of Ombakor-Lele". The Performer: Ilorin Journal of the Performing Arts 9: 33–51. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Hagher (2014). The Kwagh-hir Theater: A Weapon for Social Action. Lanham, Maryland: University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-6250-5.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "TKT" defined multiple times with different content
  15. ↑ Uji (1993). "Tiv Aesthetics: Facts and Misrepresentations" in Ahire, T. P. (ed.) The Tiv in Contemporary Nigeria. Zaria: Tiv Studies Project. 
  16. ↑ Shuaib (2008). "Costume and Make-Up as Indispensable Arts in Theatre Practice: A Historical Survey". The Creative Artist: A Journal of Theatre and Media Studies 2 (1): 138. 
  17. ↑ Agaku (2014). An Adaptation of kwagh-hir puppets to create kinetic paintings. 
  18. ↑ Iyorwuese (2017). Beauty and Meaning in Something Magical: The Kwagh-Hir of the Tiv. BFP Publishing. ISBN 978-0-692-98547-2. 

Njikọ mpụga

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Mgbasa ozi metụtaraKwagh-Hirna Wikimedia Commons

Templeeti:UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity/AFR

Ewepụtara na https://ig.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwagh-Hir&oldid=169134