Land defender

Shí Wikipedia, njikotá édémédé nke onyobulạ

 

Land defender
avocation
obere ụdị nkeenvironmentalist, activist, Environmental defender Dezie
2016 "Stand with Standing Rock" ngagharị. Okwu ndị a gụnyere "Anyị nọ ebe a iji chebe" na "Gbachitere ala."

Onye na-agbachitere ala, onye na-echebe ala, ma ọ bụ onye na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi bụ onye na-eme ihe ike nke na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike mmadụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi dị mma.[1][2][3] Ọtụtụ mgbe, ndị na-agbachitere bụ ndị otu obodo ndị na-echebe ala ndị nna nna site na mmetọ, ịda mbà, ma ọ bụ mbibi.[1][4]

Ala na akụ ya nwere ike iwere dị ka ihe dị nsọ site n'aka ndị obodo, a na-ewerekwa ilekọta ala dị ka ọrụ na-asọpụrụ ndị nna nna, ndị nọ ugbu a, na ọgbọ ndị ga-abịa n'ihu.[5]

Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-eche mkpagbu siri ike site na njikọ aka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụlọ ọrụ dị ike nke na-erite uru site na mmịpụta akụ. United Nations Human Rights Council kpebiri na ndị na-agbachitere ala bụ "n'etiti ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ bụ ndị kachasị pụta ìhè na ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ."[1]

Mbido[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na-agbachitere ala na mmiri nke Standing Rock Indian Reservation na 2016.

N'oge ngagharị iwe Dakota Access Pipeline nke afọ 2016, ndị otu Standing Rock Indian Reservation gbochiri iwu pipeline ahụ iji chebe ala na mmiri nke ebe ahụ. Mgbalị azụmaahịa a mere ka ọtụtụ narị mmadụ jide ha na esemokwu ha na ndị uwe ojii na ndị agha National Guard. Isiokwu ndị na-adịghị mma kọwara ndị na-agbachitere ala dị ka "ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe," okwu nke ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi katọrọ.

Onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Dallas Goldtooth nke Indigenous Environmental Network akatọla okwu ahụ bụ "onye na-eme ngagharị iwe", na-ekwu na okwu ahụ bụ "onye na-eme ngagharị iwe" adịghị mma ma na-egosi na ndị obodo na-ewe iwe, ime ihe ike, ma ọ bụ na-echebe ihe onwunwe.[6]

Kama nke ahụ, ndị otu a na-akpọ onwe ha "ndị na-agbachitere ala", okwu nke na-ekwusi ike na pacifism na ibu ọrụ ilekọta ala ndị nna nna nke nwere ike ịbụ akụkụ nke ihe nketa onye na-agbachitere.[7]

Onye na-echebe ala Inuit Labrador Denise Cole ekwuola, "Abụ m onye kwere ekwe mgbe m na-aṅụ ọgwụ m, mgbe m na-ewere drum m, ihe iwu ndị ọchịchị ga-akpọ ngagharị iwe bụ nnọọ ihe m na-ewere dị ka emume. "[8]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Esemokwu ala na-egbu egbu na Honduras malitere na mmalite afọ 1990.[9]

Ọrụ na ihe omume[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-arụ ọrụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-arịwanye elu na omume ndị e bu n'obi ichebe, ịsọpụrụ, ma mee ka a hụ mkpa ala. Enwere njikọ siri ike n'etiti ndị na-echebe mmiri, ndị na-agbachitere ala, na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.[10][11] Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-eguzogide ntinye nke paịpụ, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala, mbibi nke ókèala maka mmepe dịka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ụlọ, na ọrụ mmịpụta akụ dị ka fracking n'ihi na omume ndị a nwere ike ibute mmebi nke ala, mbibi nke ọhịa, na ọgba aghara nke ebe obibi.[12][13][14] Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-eguzogide ọrụ ndị na-emerụ ala ahụ, ọkachasị n'ofe mpaghara ụmụ amaala na ọrụ ha jikọtara ya na ikike mmadụ.[15] Yazzie na-ezo aka na usoro nguzogide nke ndị na-agbachitere ala Diné na mmegide ha na-emegide ndị isi ala na mmegide mmepe na mmịpụta akụ dị ka ndị nwere njikọ dị ukwuu na ọdịnala ogologo oge nke nguzogide Diné.[16]

Ọrụ nwere ike ịbịa n'ụdị ịmepụta ihe mgbochi na ala nchekwa ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọdịnala iji gbochie ụlọ ọrụ site na ọrụ mmịpụta akụ.[17][18][19] Ndị na-echebe mmiri na ala na-ewukwa ogige dị ka ụzọ isi weghara mpaghara ọdịnala ma mee ka mmekọrịta ọdịbendị sie ike. Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-arụkwa ọrụ site na usoro iwu dịka usoro ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị na mgbalị iji chịkwaa ókèala ọdịnala.[5][20] Omume nnupuisi obodo nke ndị na-agbachitere ala na-eme, na-abụkarị mpụ ma ụfọdụ na-arụ ụka na ndị uwe ojii na ime ihe ike dị arọ.[21][22]

Ụmụnwanyị sonyekeara na ndị na ihe ndị dị mkpa na ihe ịga nke ọma nke mmegharị ahụ, ebe ha na-abụkarị ndị na-agbachitere ala a na-ahụ anya n'ihu mgbochi na ngagharị iwe.

Ihe ize ndụ ndị na-eche ndị na-agbachitere ala ihu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Global Witness kọrọ na ogbugb ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ruru otu puku, narị itoolu, iri abụọ na abụọ (1,922) nke ndị na-agbachitere ala na mba iri ise na asaa (57) n'etiti afọ 2002 na afọ 2019. 40% nke ndị ahụ metụtara bụ ụmụ amaala, n'agbanyeghị na ha mejupụtara 6% nke ndị bi n'ụwa.[1][23][24] Ihe ndekọ nke ime ihe ike a ezughị ezu.

N'afọ 2020, ogbugbu nke ndị na-agbachitere ala ruru ihe ndekọ dị elu nke 227.[25]

Onye na-ahụ maka akụkọ pụrụ iche nke UN bụ David R. Boyd ajụọla, "Olee otú anyị ga-esi chebe ụdị ndụ dị iche iche n'ụwa ma ọ bụrụ na anyị enweghị ike ichebe ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi?"[26] Ọ gakwara n'ihu kwuo na ihe ruru otu narị ndị na-agbachitere ala na-atụ egwu, jide ma ọ bụ na-enye nsogbu maka onye ọ bụla e gburu.[1]

Ndị na-agbachitere ala na-echekarị ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ ihu na-emegide ikike steeti, ụlọ ọrụ akụ na ụba dịka gas ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-egwupụta ihe, ndị ọzọ na-achọ ịzụlite ala ma ọ bụ kpochapụ ikike ala ụmụ amaala.[27][28] Onye America na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi bụ Bill McKibben ekwuola, "[Ndị na-agbachitere nọ] n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi na ha na-ahụ onwe ha na-ebi ma ọ bụ na nso ihe ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-achọ. Ọchịchọ ahụ - ọchịchọ maka uru kachasị elu, oge kachasị ngwa ngwa, ọrụ kachasị ọnụ ala - yiri ka ọ na-asụgharị n'ikpeazụ n'ime nghọta, n'otu ebe, na onye na-akpata nsogbu ga-aga. "[29]

Middeldorp na Le Billon ekwuola ihe ize ndụ ndị na-agbachitere ala na-eche ihu, ọkachasị na ọchịchị aka ike. N'isiokwu ha nke afọ 2018 banyere isiokwu a, ihe na-ekwu maka igbu ọtụtụ ndị na-agbachitere ala na Honduras.[27] N'ebe ahụ, e zigara ndị agha na ndagwurugwu Aguán ka ha banye ma gbuo ndị isi na-akwado ikike ala iji mebie mbọ ndị otu.[30] Otu nwere ike ijikọ mmegbu nke ikike ala ụmụ amaala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iyi egwu, usoro ime ihe ike na igbu ọchụ megide ndị na-agbachitere ala na mmepe akụ na ụba na "nchịkwa ala" na steeti mba ndị ọchịchị.

Ndị uwe ojii mba Canada, RCMP, dị njikere iji ike na-egbu egbu megide ndị na-agbachitere ala na ngagharị iwe 2019 na British Columbia.[31]

Dunlop jikọtara omume ime ihe ike megide ndị na-agbachitere ala na mba ndị dị ka Mexico dị ka mmegwara maka iguzogide mmepe akụ na ụba na mmịpụta akụ.[32]

Òtù na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ bụ Global Witness kọrọ na e gburu ndị na-agbachitere ala 164 n'afọ 2018 na mba ndị dị ka Philippines, Brazil, India, na Guatemala.[33] Otu akụkọ a kwuru na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị nwụrụ, merụrụ ahụ, ma yie egwu bụ ụmụ amaala.[33] Le Billon na Lujala na-akọ na ọ dịkarịa ala 1734 ndị na-agbachitere gburugburu ebe obibi na ala gburu n'etiti afọ 2002 na afọ 2018 nakwa na ụmụ amaala nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị na-agbachitere ala gburu.[34] UN ekwuola na ọtụtụ ndị na-echebe ala na-akpọ ndị na-eyi ọha egwu site n'aka gọọmentị steeti na mgbalị iji kwatuo nkwupụta ha.[35] Akara dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịmepụta ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ iji chebe ikike ala.[35]

Yale Environment 360 kọrọ na ọ dịkarịa ala, e gburu ndị na-eme mkpọsa gburugburu ebe obibi 212 na ndị na-agbachitere ala n'afọ 2019.[36] Ihe karịrị ọkara nke ogbugbu a kọrọ na 2019 mere na Colombia na Philippines.[36][37]

Amnesty International akpọọla uche na ihe ize ndụ ndị na-achọ ichebe ụwa, mmiri, na obodo, na-eche ihu, na-akpọ Latin America ebe kachasị dị ize ndụ maka ndị na-agbachitere ala.[38][39] Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ekwuola na e gbuola ihe karịrị ndị na-agbachitere 1700 na ihe na-erughị pasent 10 nke ndị na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi.[40] The Extinction Rebellion (XR) arụla ọrụ iji mee ka a mara ọnọdụ nke ndị na-agbachitere ala ma kwanyere ndị e gburu ùgwù na ọrụ nke ndị na-agbachitere ala jikọtara ya na atụmatụ ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe dịka Climate Strike Canada .[41][42]

Ndị na-agbachitere ala ndị e gburu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Berta Isabel Cáceres Flores (4 Machị 1971 - 2 Machị 2016) Onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi nke Honduras, onye ndu obodo
  • Paulo Paulino Guajajara, Brazil, gburu n'afọ 2019 site n'aka ndị na-egbu osisi na-akwadoghị na mpaghara Amazon.[43][44]
  • Chico Mendes, Brazil, Environmentalist na onye na-eme ihe ike.
  • Hernán Bedoya, Afro-Colombian land rights activist.
  • Julián Carrillo, onye isi obodo Rarámuri, Mexico, gburu 24 Ọktoba 2018.[45][46][47]
  • Datu Kaylo Bontolan, onye isi agbụrụ Manobo, onye otu National Council of Leaders of Katribu, Northern Mindanao, Philippines, gburu 7 Eprel 2019.[48][49]
  • Omar Guasiruma, onye isi ụmụ amaala, Colombia, gburu Machị 2020.[48]
  • Ernesto Guasiruma, onye isi ụmụ amaala, Colombia, gburu Machị 2020.[48]
  • Simón Pedro Pérez, onye ndu ụmụ amaala, gburu July 6, 2021, Chiapas, Mexico.[50][51]
  • Javiera Rojas, onye Chile na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na onye na-eme ihe ike, nwụrụ na Nọvemba 2021.[52]

Leekwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ngagharị iwe 2020 na ụgbọ okporo ígwè Canada
  • Nsogbu Oka
  • Ogige Unistʼotʼen
  • Onye na-echebe mmiri

Ịgụgụ ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ebenside[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Larsen, Billon, Menton, Aylwin, Balsiger, Boyd, Forst, Lambrick, Santos, Storey, Wilding (2021). "Understanding and responding to the environmental human rights defenders crisis: The case for conservation action". Conservation Letters 14 (3). DOI:10.1111/conl.12777. 
  2. ↑ Ducklow (10 January 2019). Judy Wilson's Message for Canadians: 'The Land Defenders Are Doing This for Everybody' (English). The Tyee. Retrieved on 20 January 2020.
  3. ↑ Protesters? Or land protectors? (en-US). The Indy (28 October 2016). Retrieved on 15 January 2020.
  4. ↑ IWGIA. Land defence and defenders.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Illegal protest or protecting the land? An Indigenous woman gets ready to face a Canadian court - APTN News (en-US). aptnnews.ca (18 September 2018). Retrieved on 12 January 2019.
  6. ↑ Standing Rock activists: Don't call us protesters. We're water protectors. (en). The World from PRX. Retrieved on 2022-04-13.
  7. ↑ We Are Land Protectors, Not Protesters.
  8. ↑ Moore (2018-09-18). Illegal protest or protecting the land? An Indigenous woman gets ready to face a Canadian court (en-US). APTN News. Retrieved on 2022-04-13.
  9. ↑ OlsonNovember 6 2021. In Honduras Land Battles, Paramilitaries Infiltrate Local Groups — Then Kill Their Leaders (en). The Intercept. Retrieved on 2022-04-14.
  10. ↑ Meet Josephine Mandamin (Anishinaabekwe), The "Water Walker" (en-US). Indigenous Rising (25 September 2014). Retrieved on 10 January 2019.
  11. ↑ Maial Panhpunu Paiakan Kaiapó. "Opinion: The devastation of my Amazon homeland has accelerated during the pandemic", The Globe and Mail, October 24, 2020. Retrieved on 2021-02-11.
  12. ↑ Mi'kmaq water protectors blocking fossil fuel infrastructure in Nova Scotia | rabble.ca. rabble.ca. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved on 10 January 2019.
  13. ↑ McKenzie-Sutter. "Indigenous land occupants in Caledonia appeal injunction", Toronto Sun, November 27, 2020. Retrieved on 2021-02-11. (in en-CA)
  14. ↑ Kestler-D'Amours. 'RCMP off Wet'suwet'en land': Solidarity grows for land defenders (en). www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved on 2021-02-11.
  15. ↑ Beatings, Imprisonment, Murder: The World's Environmental Defenders Are Being Terrorized (en). Global Citizen. Retrieved on 15 January 2020.
  16. ↑ Yazzie (2018). "Decolonizing Development in Diné Bikeyah: Resource Extraction, Anti-Capitalism, and Relational Futures". Environment and Society 9: 25–39. DOI:10.3167/ares.2018.090103. ISSN 2150-6779. 
  17. ↑ Standing Rock activists: Don't call us protesters. We're water protectors. (en). Public Radio International. Retrieved on 10 January 2019.
  18. ↑ "Barricades up in Caledonia after attempted arrest of land defender", The Hamilton Spectator, 2020-10-05. Retrieved on 2021-02-11. (in en)
  19. ↑ "Caledonia land occupation criminal cases move through courts", The Hamilton Spectator, 2020-11-25. Retrieved on 2021-02-11. (in en)
  20. ↑ Beatings, Imprisonment, Murder: The World's Environmental Defenders Are Being Terrorized (en). Global Citizen. Retrieved on 15 January 2020.
  21. ↑ Simpson (2021-02-01). "Reconciling violence: Policing the politics of recognition" (in en-ca). Geoforum 119: 111–121. DOI:10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.12.023. ISSN 0016-7185. 
  22. ↑ Spiegel (2021-01-01). "Climate injustice, criminalisation of land protection and anti-colonial solidarity: Courtroom ethnography in an age of fossil fuel violence" (in en-ca). Political Geography 84: 102298. DOI:10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102298. ISSN 0962-6298. PMID 33052177. 
  23. ↑ Welle (www.dw.com). 5 deadly countries for environmental defenders | DW | 28.07.2020 (en-GB). DW.COM. Retrieved on 2022-04-14.
  24. ↑ Indigenous Peoples (en). World Bank. Retrieved on 2022-04-14.
  25. ↑ Murders of environment and land defenders hit record high (en). the Guardian (2021-09-12). Retrieved on 2022-04-13.
  26. ↑ Menton (2021-06-24). Environmental Defenders: Deadly Struggles for Life and Territory (in en). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-40221-6. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Middeldorp (2019-03-04). "Deadly Environmental Governance: Authoritarianism, Eco-populism, and the Repression of Environmental and Land Defenders" (in en). Annals of the American Association of Geographers 109 (2): 324–337. DOI:10.1080/24694452.2018.1530586. ISSN 2469-4452. 
  28. ↑ Land Defenders Keep Getting Killed in Colombia (en). www.vice.com. Retrieved on 2021-02-11.
  29. ↑ OWP (2021-10-08). Record Number Of Environmental Activists Killed In The Past Year (en-US). The Organization for World Peace. Retrieved on 2022-04-14.
  30. ↑ OlsonNovember 6 2021. In Honduras Land Battles, Paramilitaries Infiltrate Local Groups — Then Kill Their Leaders (en). The Intercept. Retrieved on 2022-04-14.
  31. ↑ Parrish. "Exclusive: Canada police prepared to shoot Indigenous activists, documents show", The Guardian, 20 December 2019. Retrieved on 15 January 2020. (in en-GB)
  32. ↑ Dunlap (2020-04-15). "The Politics of Ecocide, Genocide and Megaprojects: Interrogating Natural Resource Extraction, Identity and the Normalization of Erasure" (in en-ca). Journal of Genocide Research 23 (2): 212–235. DOI:10.1080/14623528.2020.1754051. ISSN 1462-3528. 
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 164 land defenders murdered in 2018, Global Witness reports (en). Climate Home News (30 July 2019). Retrieved on 15 January 2020.
  34. ↑ Le Billon (2020-11-11). "Environmental and land defenders: Global patterns and determinants of repression" (in en-ca). Global Environmental Change 65: 102163. DOI:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102163. ISSN 0959-3780. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Brown (30 July 2019). More Than 160 Environmental Defenders Were Killed in 2018, and Many Others Labeled Terrorists and Criminals (en-US). The Intercept. Retrieved on 15 January 2020.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 More Than 200 Environmental Activists and Land Defenders Murdered in 2019 (en-US). Yale E360. Retrieved on 2021-07-10.
  37. ↑ Record 212 land and environment activists killed last year (en). the Guardian (2020-07-29). Retrieved on 2021-07-10.
  38. ↑ Earth Land and Water Defenders (en). Amnesty International Canada (2 April 2019). Archived from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved on 15 January 2020.
  39. ↑ Tabary. "One year on, family of murdered Amazon land defender say nothing has changed", Reuters, 2020-11-01. Retrieved on 2021-02-11. (in en)
  40. ↑ Murder in the rainforest: 1700+ defenders killed, but their legacy lives on (en). Environmental Defense Fund. Retrieved on 15 January 2020.
  41. ↑ Extinction Rebellion honours land defenders killed for protecting the environment (en). rabble.ca (10 October 2019). Retrieved on 15 January 2020.
  42. ↑ News (2020-09-17). Climate strikers are trying to trademark Erin O'Toole's 'Take Back Canada' slogan (en). National Observer. Retrieved on 2021-02-11.
  43. ↑ Paulo. "Brazilian 'forest guardian' killed by illegal loggers in ambush", The Guardian, 2 November 2019. Retrieved on 15 January 2020. (in en-GB)
  44. ↑ Brazil Amazon forest defender shot dead by illegal loggers. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved on 15 January 2020.
  45. ↑ Julián Carrillo defended the forest with his life (en). www.amnesty.org (28 November 2018). Retrieved on 15 January 2020.
  46. ↑ Mexico's environmental defenders need justice and protection (en). www.amnesty.org (24 October 2019). Retrieved on 2021-07-10.
  47. ↑ Indigenous rights leader reported slain in northern Mexico (en). AP NEWS (2018-10-25). Retrieved on 2021-07-10.
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Record 212 land and environment activists killed last year (en). the Guardian (2020-07-29). Retrieved on 2021-07-10.
  49. ↑ Datu Kaylo Bontolan (en-GB). HRD Memorial: Celebrating Those Who Were Killed Defending Human Rights. Retrieved on 2021-07-10.
  50. ↑ "Indigenous Land Defender Assassinated in Chiapas", Democracy Now!. Retrieved on 2021-07-08. (in en)
  51. ↑ Mexico rights organizer killed, 3rd activist to die in month (en). AP NEWS (2021-07-06). Retrieved on 2021-07-10.
  52. ↑ Chilean Activist Javiera Rojas, Who Helped Shut Down Dam Projects, Has Been Killed (en). Democracy Now!. Retrieved on 2021-12-06.
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