Lusona
Sona ( sing. lusona ) ihe osise bụ omenala echiche a maara n'ofe ọmụmụ Angola, ugwu ike Zambia na mpaghara ndị dị n' nti Democratic Republic of Congo, nke ndị Chokwe na Luchazi na-eme ya. [1] Echiche ndị a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ngwaọrụ mnemonic iji nyere aka icheta ilu, spray ifo, egwuregwu, ilu na anụmanụ, na ibunye ihe nkiri.[1]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Mmalite[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Dị ka ọkà mmụta ethnologist Gerhard Kubik si kwuo, ọdịnala a ga-abụrịrị oge ochie na n'ezie tupu oge ọchịchị, dị ka ndị na-ekiri na-anakọta onwe ha otu ideographs n'etiti ndị mmadụ kewapụrụ ruo ọgbọ. Na mgbakwunye, petroglyph ndị mbụ sitere na mpaghara Upper Zambezi na Angola na Citundu-Hulu na Desert Moçâmedes na-egosipụta myirịta nhazi ya na echiche lusona.[3] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, lusona nke a maara dị ka cingelyengelye, na lusona na-egosi loops jikọtara ọnụ nke a na-akpọ zinkhata, ha abụọ pụtara na nka nkume nke Upper Zambezi nke José Redinha dekọrọ. [3]. [4] [3]
Ihe odide petroglyph ndị ahụ sitere na oge n'etiti eje nke afọ isii BC na ike awụ nke mbụ BC. [5] O kwere omume na petroglyphs na ideographs Sona nwere njikọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ dịghị ihe nri doro anya na nke a bụ ikpe, ma e wezụga myirịta na mpaghara mpaghara.
Post-16 narị afọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Otu n'ime ihe ndị kasị isi lusona, katuva vufwati, mgbe ụfọdụ na-egosi na ihe nke ahia na-ebu ndị mmadụ na ndị Matamba na Ndongo, na anyị nwere ike mgbe ụfọdụ na-ahụ na- anọ site Italian onye ozi ala. ọzọ Antonio Cavazzi de Montecuccolo na watercolor si n'asụsụ ya mere ndị ahụ. . [6] Mgbe e ọdịdị, mgbe awụ nke 20, ndị ọkà Iji dị iche iche na ndị ọchịchị ihe omimi ga-ede na Sona ideographs, otu n'ime ndị mbụ bụ Hermann Baumann na 1935 na akwụkwọ ya "Lunda" [6] [7]
Ojiji[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-eji ideograph Sona eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ihe osise, na ọtụtụ oge na-egbu ya na ájá. Iji mee ha, ịbịaru ndị ọkachamara - mgbe ihichachara ma mee ka ala dị larịị - ga-amasị ntụpọ nha anya ma dọta ahịrị na-aga n'ihu n'etiti ha. Ntụpọ nwere ike na-anọchi anya osisi, mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ, ebe ahịrị nwere ike na-anọchi anya ụzọ, osimiri, ogige, mgbidi, contours nke a ahu, wdg [8] .
Njirimara mgbakọ na mwepụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
80% nke ideographs bụ symmetric na 60% bụ mono-linear. [2] Ha bụ ihe atụ nke iji usoro nhazi na geometric algọridim. [1]
Geometric algọridim[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Enwere ike ịhazi ihe osise Sona site na algọridim ejiri rụọ ọrụ ha. Paulus Gerdes chọpụtara algọridim isii, nke a na-ahụkarị bụ algọridim "plaited-mat", nke yiri ka ọ sitere n'ike akwa akwa. [10]
Chaining iwu na theorems[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nnyocha dị iche iche na-egosi na ndị ọkachamara na-ese ihe maara kpọmkwem iwu nke "ịchịkọta" na "mkpochapụ" metụtara nhazi nhazi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ monolinear. Nnyocha na-egosi na "ndị ọkachamara na-ese ihe" bụ ndị chepụtara iwu ndị a maara ihe mere ha ji dị irè, ma nwee ike igosi n'otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ ọzọ izi ezi nke usoro iwu ndị a na-egosipụta. [3]
Ọ na-esiri ike ịchọta akụkọ gbasara usoro ọmụmụ nke ndị ọkachamara na-ese ihe mepụtara iji chịkọta ụkpụrụ dị iche iche metụtara akụkụ na monolinearity/polylinearity, [2] n'ihi na omenala a bụ ihe nzuzo na ọ na-apụ n'anya mgbe ọ malitere idekọ ya.
[4]Otú ọ dị, ndị nwere mmetụta n'ịse ihe ike mara na a na-enwe aiche bụ isi na-enye ihe osise nwere otu ahịrị. A echiche echiche a site n'izi ahụ bụ na n'ime 30 kacha nta dị ka a na-anọ, 75% na-ekwu n'etiti ike ndị edere. Ọ bụrụ ike ịbụ na ha mara na ọ na ikere square nke ndepụta na lusona nwere ikike ahịrị, lusona ka ga-abụ mono-linear. Ọ dị ka ihe doro anya na ha ejirila njikọla eziokwu a maka square 2 x 2.
Ntụaka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 (1991) "On mathematical elements in the Tchokwe "Sona" tradition Gerdes, Paulus. 1990. For the Learning of Mathematics10(1), 31–34". Historia Mathematica 18 (2): 198. DOI:10.1016/0315-0860(91)90542-6. ISSN 0315-0860. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Elsevier BV 1991 pp. 198–198" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Daniel Ness (12 May 2017). Spatial Intelligence: Why It Matters from Birth through the Lifespan. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-317-53118-0. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "NessFarenga2017" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Gerdes (1994). "On mathematics in the history of Sub-Saharan Africa". Historia Mathematica 21 (3). DOI:10.1006/hmat.1994.1029. ISSN 0315-0860.
- ↑ Chavey. Sona Geometry. Archived from the original on 2018-11-07.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Gerhard Kubik (2006). Tusona: Luchazi Ideographs : a Graphic Tradition of West-Central Africa. LIT Verlag Münster. ISBN 978-3-8258-7601-2.
- Paulus Gerdes (2006). Sona Geometry from Angola: Mathematics of an African Tradition. Polimetrica. ISBN 978-88-7699-055-7.
- Paulus Gerdes (30 September 1999). Geometry from Africa: Mathematical and Educational Explorations. MAA. ISBN 978-0-88385-715-1.
- I. Hodder (12 November 2013). The Meanings of Things: Material Culture and Symbolic Expression. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-76232-4.
- José Redinha (1948). As Gravuras Rupestres Do Alto Zambeze E Primeira Tentativa Da Sua Interpretação. [With Illustrations, Maps and Plans.]..