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M na-eme ihe

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Ihe oyiri obibi Acjachemen dị na mgbago nke Mission San Juan Capistrano (Foto e sere na 2008

Acjacheme ("obo nke ihe nkiri") [1] bụ obodo Acjachemen nke dị nso na nne obodo Putuidem na nke ugbu a San Juan Capistrano, California .  Ndị ozi ala ọzọ Spen ndị Mission San Juan Capistrano ihe na- kpara yaadị 60 site n’obodo nta ahụ na 1776. Acjachemen bụ otutu okwu nke Acjacheme, wee bụrụ onye moniker maka ndị mmadụ n'ozuzu mgbe oge ozi ahụ mma [1] [2] [3]

[4]A na-akpọkwa obodo a Akhachmai, Ahachmai, Akagchemem, Acágcheme , na Axatcme .  [1] [2] [3] Achọpụtala akwụkwọ obodo ahụ dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị dị n'ịmaka malite nke ozi site n'aka José de Grácia Cruz, onye bụ otu n'ime ụmụ amaala ikpeazụ a na ozi ahụ na  1840s.  [1] [2] A na-akpọ Ahachmai dị ka olumba ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche nke Acjachemen, a na- ike ya, ọ bụ ebe na ọ na- obere obere, na-ezo aka na ndị mmadụ n'  ozuzu ya [5]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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[6]Mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ụka nkume dara na 1812 San Juan Capistrano ala ọma jijiji .  Egburu ndị Acjachemen iri atɔ na, ​​iri atọ na otu n'ime ha bụ ụmụ anụmanụ

Gerónimo Boscana kwuru na “onye ikwu ya a na-akpọ Choqual mechara chịrị obodo ahụ,” onye bụkwa onye isi Putuidem .  Akpọrọ obodo ebe a Atoum-pumcaxque, nke bụ obodo Ahachmai.  Choqual bụ onye ikwu Chief Oyaison, onye si Sejat, na ada ya anya Coronne[3] [7]

Nzukọ ndị ọchịchị

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[8] [3]Njem Portolá zutere obodo ahụ na 1769. Site na nguzobe nke Mission San Juan Capistrano na 1778 na-esote obodo, ozi ahụ dabere na ndị obodo ime obodo maka ọrụ.

... ndị India, mgbe ha laghachiri n'ụlọ, bịarutere ma nọrọ n'abalị n'otu ebe a na-akpọ Acagchemen, nke dị anya site na ebe ozi ahụ dị ugbu a nanị ihe dị ka yadi iri isii. Site n'oge a, ógbè ọhụrụ ahụ weere aha kwekọrọ na ebe ahụ. Acagchemen na-egosi ụdị pyramidal nke ihe ọ bụla na-agagharị, dị ka anthill ma ọ bụ ebe ezumike maka ụmụ ahụhụ ndị ọzọ. [3]

Mission San Juan Capistrano

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Eserese nke José de Grácia Cruz, onye bụ onye na-akụ mgbịrịgba na San Juan Capistrano Mission (June 1909), bụ onye ihe ebe obodo ahụ dị.  Isi akụkọ: Mahadum Southern California.  Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na California Historical Society.

[6]O nwere ike ịbụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị Acjacheme agbadala mgbe e guzobechara Mission San Juan Capistrano na 1776. O nwere ike ịbụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị obodo ahụ sere ndị obere oge ka e guzobechara ozi ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1810, e nwere mmadụ 1,138 ndị a ịkpọra na ozi ahụ. / Ala ọmajiji San Juan Capistrano nke 1812 dara otu ụlọ ụka nke "neophytes" wuru, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nwụrụ anwụ bụ ụmụ anọ Acjachemen, ikike site na obodo nta dị nso.

[9]Ka ọ na-erule n’oge a na-edobe ozi ala ọzọ na 1833, e mewo 4,317 Acjachemen na ndị obodo ọzọ baptizim na ozi ahụ (ndịndụrụ okenye 1,689 na-ede 2,628).  Ozi ndị die na ozi ahụ bụ 3,158 - Device anya ọ bụ Acjachemen.  Ndị lanarịrọ ibi na ozi ahụ na-ebikarị na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu, nkiri nkiri Acjacheme

Nchọpụta ọzọ

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José de Gracia Cruz onye bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ sitere na Mission San Juan Capistrano (amụrụ na 1840s), chọpụtara na saịtị obodo dị ka ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ozi ahụ. [2]

N'afọ 1980, ndị obodo ka na-achọta ụfọdụ ihe ndị dị n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ, gụnyere "olulu ọkụ ma ọ bụ mgbanaka, ụfọdụ ihe ndị e ji nkume wuo, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke shei." Ndị edemede abụọ nke nyocha 1980 kwuru na saịtị a bụ, n'ihi ya, chọrọ nchọpụta ihe ochie. [3]

Omenala ama ama

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[10]Honsading (nakwa, Aknutl, Hoonselton, Hoonsolton, Hun-sa-tung, Loonsolton, Oka-no, na Okahno ) bụ ebe obibi mbụ Hupa na Humboldt County, California .  [1] Ọ dị n'ụdị aka nri nke ịdị Atọ n'Ime Otu dị nso na ihe Hupa;  A maghị kpọmkwem ebe ọ nọ.

Hụkwa

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  • Ụmụ amaala California

Obodo amụrụ amị amị dị na Orange County, California :

  • Acjacheme
  • Ahunx
  • Alauna
  • Genga
  • Ntụk
  • Lupukngna
  • Moyongna
  • Pajbenga
  • Panhe
  • Puhú
  • Piwiva
  • Totpavit

Saịtị nke ozi ndị ọzọ na-achị Spanish n'ime ala nna ndị dị n'akụkụ:

  • Achooykomenga (saịtị nke Mission San Fernando )
  • Toviscanga (saịtị nke Mission San Gabriel )
  • Yaanga (saịtị Pueblo de Los Ángeles )

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Woodward, Lisa Louise (2007). The Acjachemen of San Juan Capistrano: The History, Language and Politics of an Indigenous California Community. University of California, Davis. pp. 3, 8.
  2. 1 2 Brigandi, Phil. "Indian Villages". OC Historyland (in Bekee ndị America). Retrieved 2022-12-15.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 O'Neil, Stephen (1980). "Notes on Historical Juaneno Villages and Geographical Features". UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. 2 (2): 226–232.
  4. ↑ Golla, Victor (2022). California Indian languages. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-0-520-38967-0. OCLC 1273667539.
  5. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1 at line 2548: attempt to call field 'is_valid_date' (a nil value).
  6. 1 2 Vélez, Karin (2017-10-02). "Stones and Bones: Catholic Responses to the 1812 Collapse of the Mission Church of Capistrano". Material Religion (in Bekee). 13 (4): 437–460. doi:10.1080/17432200.2017.1379375. ISSN 1743-2200.
  7. ↑ White, Raymon C. (1963). LUISENO SOCIAL ORGANIZATION. p. 108.
  8. ↑ Lua error in Module:Citation/CS1 at line 2548: attempt to call field 'is_valid_date' (a nil value).
  9. ↑ Handbook of American Indians north of Mexico. Volume III, N to S. Frederick Webb Hodge. Scituate, MA: Digital Scanning. 2003. pp. 445–446. ISBN 978-1-58218-755-6. OCLC 647873186.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  10. ↑ Cordier, Mary Hurlbut (1989). Peoples of the American West : historical perspectives through children's literature. María A. Pérez-Stable. Metuchen, N.J. pp. 23, 187. ISBN 0-8108-2240-7. OCLC 19845881.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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