Makhuwa language

Ezinụlọ Makhuwa na Nampula.

Makhuwa language

natural language, modern language

obere ụdị nke	Makua languages
mba/obodo	Mozambique, Tanzania
ụmụ amaala ka	Niassa Province, Nampula Province, Cabo Delgado Province, Zambezia Province
usoro ederede	Latin script
Ọkwa asụsụ Ethnologue	5 Na-etolite

Makhuwa (Emakhuwa; a na-akpọkwa Makua na Macua) bụ asụsụ Bantu nke ugwu Mozambique. Nde mmadụ ano nke Makua na-asụ ya, ndị bi n'ebe ugwu nke Osimiri Zambezi, ọkachasị na mpaghara Nampula Province, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ agbụrụ Makua. Ọ bụ asụsụ ụmụ amaala ana-asụkarị na Mozambique.

Ewezuga asụsụ ndị dị n'otu ìgwè ahụ, eMakhuwa dị iche na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Bantu site na mfu nke consonant + vowel prefixes na-akwado e; jiri epula, "mmiri ozuzo", tụnyere Tswana pula.

Mkpụrụedemede ogologo na mkpụmkpụ na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti àgwà ụdaume ise /i e a o u/, nke dị oke egwu maka asụsụ Bantu:

• Omala - iji mechaa
• omaala - ịrapara, ịrapara
• omela - ka ọ gbutuo, bud
• omeela - ịkekọrịta

Mkpụrụ okwu ndị ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya karị akari: postalveolar tt na tth dị, a na-eji ma p na ph. Ma x (English "sh") na h dị ebe x dị iche na s. Na mpaghara, e nwekwara θ ("th" nke Bekee "thorn"), ð ("th" ya nke Bekee ""seethe"), z na ng. Dịka ọmụmaatụ na eLomwe, nke Makhuwa nwere njikọ chiri anya, a na-anọchite anya tt nke eMakhuwa site na "ch" dịka na "chọọchị" Bekee.

Ọmụmụ ụdaolu

Mkpụrụ okwu

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		ʈ	c	k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		ʈʰ		kʰ
Fricative	voiceless	f		s		ʃ		h
	voiced	v	(θ)~ð	z
Nasal		m		n		ɲ	ŋ
Lateral				l		ʎ
Trill				r
Approximant		w				j

Mkpụrụedemede

	N'ihu	Central	Nlaghachi
N'akụkụ	i iː		u uː
N'etiti	e eː		o oː
Emeghe		a aː

Asụsụ

Aha olumba dịgasị iche iche na isi mmalite dị iche iche. Shibboleth ma ọ bụ ụdị dị iche iche n'asụsụ ndị ahụ bụ ọgwụgwọ nke s:

• vAsụsụ eSamgagi:
• Asụsụ eSangagi: θtiva
• Asụsụ eSaaka: ociva
• Asụsụ eNahara: oziva - ihe niile pụtara "ihe na-atọ ụtọ, ihe na-atọ ọchị"

Maho (2009) depụtara asụsụ ndị a:

• Central Makhuwa (3.1 nde)
• Meetto (Metto) (1.3 nde, gụnyere Ruvuma)
• Chirima (Shirima) (1.5 nde, gụnyere subdialects Kokola, Lolo, Manyawa, Marenje, Takwane)
• Marrevone (Coastal Makhuwa; 460,000 gụnyere eNahara)
• eNahara (Naharra)
• eSaka (Saka, 210,000)
• Ruvuma Makhuwa (Tanzanian Makhuwa, gụnyere subdialects Imithupi, Ikorovere)

Nghọta n'etiti ndị a pere mpe. Central Makhuwa ("Makhuwa-Makhuwana") bụ ntọala nke asụsụ ọkọlọtọ. Ethnologue depụtara Central Makhuwa, MeettońRuvuma, MarrevoneńEnahara, na Esaka dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche, na Chirima dị ka asụsụ isii.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi na ya sitere na Ethnologue maka afọ 2006. Ha na-agụnye nde mmadụ 3.1 na-asụ Central Makhuwa na nde mmadụ 3.5 nke ụdị ndị ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na isiokwu Ethnologue maka Central Makhuwa kpuchiri Marrevone na Enahara, yabụ ndị a nwere ike ịgụta okpukpu abụọ.

Ihe a na-agụ na eMakhuwa

Muluku Onnalavuliha Àn'awe - Ipantte sikosolasiwe sa Biblia ("Chineke na-agwa ụmụ ya okwu" - ihe si n'Akwụkwọ Nsọ maka ụmụaka) Enyemaka na Chọọchị Na-achọ. Mbipụta na Macúa / eMakhuwa) Editorial Verbo Divino, Estella, Navarra, 1997.

Njikọ mpụga

• Oliver Kröger (2005), Akụkọ banyere Nnyocha nke Asụsụ Makua dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri (SIL International)