Marcia Freedman
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Marcia Judith Freedman (Hibru; née Prince; May 17, 1938 September 21, 2021) bụ onye America-Izrel na-eme ihe maka udo, ikike ụmụ nwanyị, na ikike nwoke idina nwoke. N'afọ 1969, ọ gara Israel ebe o nyere aka guzobe ma duzie òtù ụmụ nwanyị n'afọ ndị 1970. Ọ bụ onye otu Knesset site na 1974 ruo 1977.
Akụkọ ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A mụrụ ya na ezinụlọ ndị Juu na Newark, New Jersey na Mee 17, 1938, Freedman nwetara BA na Bennington College na MA na Mahadum New York.[1][2] Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na American Civil Rights Movement n'etiti afọ 1960 na 1967. N'afọ 1969, ọ gara Israel, n'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ banyere n'ọrụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama site na ọchịchọ ya ị gbanwe iwu ite ime ma mee ka a mara ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ.[3]
N'afọ 1973, òtù ụmụ nwanyị kpebiri ị kwado Ratz nke Shulamit Aloni (Movement nke Ikike Obodo), e nyekwara Freedman ọnọdụ nke atọ na Ratz slate. Ọ dọtara uche Shulamit Aloni dabere na mmasị ya, mkpebi ya, na ịnụ ọkụ na obi maka mmegharị ahụ.[4] Aloni gwara Freedman ka ọ bụrụ oche nke atọ na party ahụ.[4] Òtù ahụ meriri oche atọ na ntuli aka ndị ome iwu Israel nke afọ 1973, Freedman ghọrọ onye otu Knesset. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Ratz sonyeere Ya'ad ̊ Civil Rights Movement, mana Freedman na Aryeh Eliav kewara iji guzobe Social-Democratic Faction (nke e mechara kpọwa Independent Socialist Faction). Freedman jere ozi na Knesset site na 1974 ruo 1977.[3] Ọ ghọrọ onye nkwado siri ike maka òtù ndị na-ahụ maka ikike nwoke na nwanyị n'ihi na ọ pụtara dị ka nwanyị na-edina nwanyị n'ebe nwa ya nwanyị nọ na nwa ya nwanyị malitere i kewapụ onwe ya.[3]
Tupu ntuli aka nke afọ 1977, Freedman guzobere Women's Party, ọ bụ ezie na ọ kwụghị dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa ya.[5] Òtù ahụ emeghị ka 1% nke ntuli aka gafee ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na ịdọta nkwado ọha na eze maka nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị. Mgbe ọ bụ onye otu Knesset, Freedman kwuru okwu na ezoghị ọnụ banyere nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị ma mee ka ọha na eze mara okwu ndị a na-ekwukarị n'ihu ọha na Israel, gụnyere ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, ọrịa cancer ara, ndina n'ike, mmekọahụ, na ịgba akwụna ndị ntorobịa. Na mgbakwunye, Freedman na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka banyere udo na ndị Palestine.[4] Otú ọ dị, n'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na 2015 na American Jewish Peace Archive, o kwuru na "a dọtara ya n'ihe m ga-akpọ nsogbu iwu mba ọzọ n'ihi na abụ m onye otu Knesset, nke ahụ bụ ihe mberede na nke a na-atụghị anya ya" (maka itinye aka ya na esemokwu Palestine).[4] Freedman bụ onye mbụ kwadoro ịmepụta steeti nwere onwe ya na Palestine. O tinyere aka na nkwukọrịta ya na Palestinian Liberation Organization ma kwado ihe a maara ugbu a dị ka ngwọta mba abụọ.[4]
Freedman nyere aka mepụta netwọk nkwado na nkwado maka ụmụ nwanyị na Israel. Ọ bụ onye guzobere, ya na Barbara Swersky na ndị ọzọ nke ebe obibi mbụ nke Israel maka ụmụ nwanyị a na-eti ihe, nke e guzobere na 1977 na Haifa. Freedman hapụrụ Israel wee laghachi na United States na 1981. Ọ biri ọzọ na Israel site na 1997 ruo 2002, wee guzobe Community of Learning Women, nke nyere agụmakwụkwọ na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na ịgụ na ide na kọmputa.[5][6][7]
Freedman dere edemede akpọrọ "Feminist Publishing in Israel" maka Women's Studies Newsletter na 1980. Ọ kwuru banyere ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ dị iche iche metụtara akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na Hibru na ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ isii na-enye ohere ka e bipụta ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị. O kwukwara banyere akwụkwọ ole na ole e dere banyere ụmụ nwanyị na Hibru na obere mgbalị e mere iji bipụta akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị.[8]
Freedman dere akwụkwọ ncheta akpọrọ, Exile in the Promised Land, ma raara ya nye nna ya. O kwuru na peeji "onye m gbasoro ihe nlereanya ya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu". Ọ bụkwa onye dere ọtụtụ isiokwu na nyocha.[5]
Freedman bụ onye guzobere onye isi oche nke Brit Tzedek v'Shalom, otu na-akwado Israel na nke na-akwado udo nke jikọtara na J Street na 2010.[5][6][9] Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche gara aga nke San Francisco Jewish Film Festival.[5]
Ọ lụrụ Bill Freedman na 1961, ma nwee otu nwa nwanyị. Freedman nwụrụ na Septemba 21, 2021 mgbe ọ dị afọ 83.[1][9][10] Ka ọ na-eru 2021, ọ ka bụ naanị nwanyị na-edina nwoke n'ihu ọha jere ozi na Knesset.[9]
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Seelye (October 2, 2021). Marcia Freedman, First American Woman in Knesset, Dies at 83. The New York Times. Retrieved on October 4, 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "nyt" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Bio. www.knesset.gov.il. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved on May 15, 2020.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kirshenbaum (November 1990). "Jewish Feminist Visions -- Exile in the Promised Land: A Memoir by Marcia Freedman / Standing Again at Sinai: Judaism from a Feminist Perspective by Judith Plaskow". Ms. 1 (3): 55. Àtụ:ProQuest. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Marcia Freedman – American-Jewish Peace Archive (1967–2017) (en-US). ajpeacearchive.org. Retrieved on May 12, 2017. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Marcia Freedman. Brit Tzedek v'Shalom. Archived from the original on September 13, 2007. Retrieved on February 13, 2008. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Brit" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Marcia Freedman. Famous GLTB People. Matt & Andrej Koymasky (June 16, 2004). Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved on February 13, 2008. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "GLTB" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ The American Jewish woman who brought feminism to Israel - Haaretz - Israel News. Haaretz.com (April 22, 2020). Archived from the original on March 16, 2017. Retrieved on May 15, 2020.
- ↑ Freedman (1980). "Feminist Publishing in Israel". Women's Studies Newsletter 8 (1): 29–30.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Bachner. "US-born ex-MK Marcia Freedman, a pioneer of Israeli women's rights, dies at 83", www.timesofisrael.com, September 23, 2021. Retrieved on September 25, 2021. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "TimesOfIsrael-Obit" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Zaig. "Former Knesset MK Marcia Freedman passes away at 83", The Jerusalem Post, September 23, 2021. Retrieved on September 25, 2021.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Amann (March 23, 2001). Women's studies degree program taking shape at Tel Aviv University. J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Retrieved on February 15, 2008.
- Brozman (October 20, 2005). 15 Minutes with Marcia Freedman. The Atlanta Jewish Times. Archived from the original on October 23, 2008. Retrieved on February 15, 2008.
- Derfner (October 11, 2002). Openly gay Knesset member ripples the establishment. J. The Jewish News of Northern California. Retrieved on February 15, 2008.
- Groves (September 22, 2002). Interview with Marcia Freedman. Feminist Studies. Retrieved on February 15, 2008.
- Irvine (March 12, 2004). At Home and Abroad. The Portland Phoenix. Archived from the original on October 28, 2008. Retrieved on February 15, 2008.
- Kelley (January–February 2005). Brit Tzedek's Marcia Freedman Discusses Role of American Jewish Community. Washington Report on Middle East Affairs 49, 51. Retrieved on February 15, 2008.
- Scherr (January 23, 2007). Pro-Israel Peace Activist Speaks in Piedmont. Berkeley Daily Planet. Retrieved on February 15, 2008.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Akwụkwọ Marcia Freedman nke Robert D. Farber University Archives and Special Collections nwere na Mahadum Brandeis
- Ihe ngosi dijitalụ na akwụkwọ Marcia Freedman nke Robert D. Farber University Archives and Special Collections na Mahadum Brandeis nwere
- Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Brit Tzedek v'Shalom
- Ihe ncheta maka Marcia Freedman Sinai Memorial Chapel, San Francisco