Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda
Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda |
|---|
Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda (c. 1941 – February 1, 2014) bụ onye Cameroonian akwụkwọ akụkọ, kemist, na onye isi nke ndị Ewondo na Bene.[1][2] Ná mmalite ndụ, Ahanda rụrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Chemistry nke Mahadum Yaoundé. O mechara kwaga Republic of the Congo na di ya Jean Baptiste Assiga Ahanda, wee were dee. Mgbe ha laghachiri na Cameroon, Ahanda ghọrọ onye nnọchiteanya a họpụtara ahọpụta na National Assembly of Cameroon, ọkwá ọ nọ na ya site na 1983 ruo 1988. Ahanda ghọrọ onyeisi ndị isi Ewondo na 1999.[3] Na Disemba 2000, ọ malitere ịrụzigharị ụlọ nna ya na Efoulan, Yaoundé, ọrụ nke furu ihe dị ka franc 150,000,000 CFA.[4] Ahanda bụ ada Charles Atangana—onye isi ndị Ewondo na Bene n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị Germany na ndị France—nke nwunye ya nke abụọ, Julienne Ngonoa.. [1]
Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda (a mụrụ Marie-Thérèse Atangana) ka a zụlitere dị ka ada eze na nwanne ya nwoke, Prince René Grégoire Atangana, na Yaoundé, Cameroon. O nwekwara otu nwanne nne, Catherine Edzimbi Atangana, na otu nne nne, Jean Ndengue Atangana. Ụmụnne ya abụọ sitere na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ nna ya na Marie Biloa, a mụrụ ha ihe dị ka afọ iri anọ tupu ọ mụọ.[5] Ọ bụ ada Julienne (Yuliana) Ngonoa na Charles Antangana, onye isi ndị Ewondo na Bene.[1]
Nna Ahanda, Charles Atangana, nke a makwaara dị ka Ntsama Atangana (aha ọmụmụ) ma ọ bụ Karl Atangana (aha German), nwụrụ nanị afọ abụọ ka a mụsịrị ya na 1943.[5]. Charles Atangana nọgidere na-enwe mmekọrịta enyi na enyi na ọchịchị German na French. Ekwuru na mkpakọrịta ya na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ Germany na ndị France nyere aka n'ọganihu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya. Ọ bụkwa onye na-akwado maka ọdịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Yaoundé na omenala ndị Cameroon.[5][6] A katọrọ ọchịchị ya ma jaa ya mma n'ụwa niile. Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda na-akọwa ihe nketa nna ya na obere akụkọ ndụ o dere na ya,[7] ma na-emetụkwa isiokwu nke colonization na Cameroon na ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ edere, (lee Ọrụ na mbipụta n'okpuru). [2][1]
Ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ Ahanda mere na Europe tupu afọ 1950.[8] Dịka adaeze, o nwetara ohere agụmakwụkwọ nke nyere ya ohere inyocha usoro mmụta dị iche iche. Ọ bụ site na nna ya na-eguzosi ike n'ihe nye ndị ọchịchị colonial, na ike o nwetara site na ya, mere ka o jiri ohere ndị a too. Ukpepn̄kpọ nte mbon Edem Usoputịn oro ẹkebọde ama enen̄ede otụk n̄wed esie n̄ko. [3]
Ndụ onwe onye
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Na mbido 1970s, ọ lụrụ Jean Baptiste Assiga Ahanda, onye njikwa ego sitere na Yaoundé onye mechara nwee ọkwa ama ama na Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale (BEAC; Bekee: Bank of Central African States).[8] [10] ] Ya na ya kwagara Congo ruo ọtụtụ afọ tupu ya alaghachi Cameroon ebe ha biri ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2014.[1] Ọ lụrụ Jean Baptiste ihe dị ka afọ 40, ha nwekwara ụmụ anọ na ọtụtụ ụmụ ụmụ.[1] [2] Ọ bụ ezie na ha nọkọrọ ọnụ ruo ogologo oge, alụmdi na nwunye ha kpataara ọtụtụ ndị esemokwu.[8] Jean Baptiste sitere na nnukwu ezinụlọ Etoudi, bụ nke na-abụghị nke ezinụlọ ya. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'esemokwu a metụtara alụmdi na nwunye ha dabeere n'ajụjụ ndị a jụrụ banyere ihe mere ha ji lụọ di na nwunye na ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere mkpali ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ uru ọ bụla.[4]
Ndụ ọrụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda banyere n'ọtụtụ nkuzi mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Europe ma laghachi Yaoundé. O buru ụzọ rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ọgwụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata tupu ya etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ ole na ole na Mahadum Yaoundé na ngalaba sayensị maka ọrụ ya na kemịkalụ.[5]
Onye dere ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ kemịkalụ ruo afọ ole na ole, Ahanda malitere ide akwụkwọ na isiokwu. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya dị ka onye edemede bụ ime ka akara ya pụta ìhè n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.[6] Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ya ndị e bipụtara gụnyere:
- Ndị Afrịka na 'High Society': Obere ethnologie nke arrivism (1978)
- Abụ m onye na-akpa ókè agbụrụ (1982)
- "Turbulences" na Okwu Pluriels (1999)
E bipụtara ọrụ ndị a mgbe Cameroon nweere onwe ya na 1960. [7][8] Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sociétés africaines et 'High Society': Petite ethnologie de l'arrivisme na-emetụta isiokwu nke westernization na colonialism. Ọ bụ maka di na nwunye na-eto eto, Mathilde na Vincent, ndị bi na mba ọzọ ma nweta agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ. Mgbe ha laghachiri n'ala nna ha, mmetụta nke ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na-achị, dị ka nrụrụ aka na-esote ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị. Ha mechara nwee mmasị n'ike ma hụ onwe ha n'ime usoro ahụ.[5] Ahanda jikwa Mathilde mee ihe iji nweta isiokwu nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ. Mathilde, ọgụgụ isi nke onye isi nwanyị ahụ bụ nke ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nwere ikike na-eleghara anya. [5] [3] A na-ekwu na nke a na-eme ka mmegbu ọha na eze ma ọ bụ nke usoro nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu, iji kpalie ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ya ka ha melite ọnọdụ ha.[9]
Akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-egosikwa mkpa nke onye ọ bụla na ikike onye ọ bụla n'ịlụso Ọchịchị ọhụrụ ọgụ.[10] Otú ọ dị, echiche nke onye ọ bụla nwere ike isite na mmetụta nke echiche nke ọdịda anyanwụ nke onye ọ bụ onye ọ bụla, n'adịghị ka mkpokọta a hụrụ na usoro obodo ọdịnala. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, site n'ihe odide ya, ọ na-eji mmetụta nke ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na-achị achị iji lụso ọchịchị ọhụrụ ọgụ.[10]
Onye nnọchi anya Nzukọ nke Mba
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbe o bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ abụọ mbụ ya, Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda laghachiri Cameroon. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya National Assembly of Cameroon ruo afọ ise, n'etiti afọ 1983 na 1988. [5] [4][11] Dị ka onye na-emepụta ọgwụ na onye edemede n'oge gara aga, nke a bụ ahụmahụ mbụ ya nke itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-abụghị ọrụ nke ịbụ nwa eze. Otú ọ dị, ọ ghọtara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nrụrụ aka, na akụkọ ihe mere eme site na nyocha ọ mere maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Sociétés africaines et 'High Society': Petite ethnologie de l'arrivisme .[9] Onye isi ala Cameroon bụ Ahmadou Ahidjo gbara arụkwaghịm n'afọ 1982, Paul Biya, praịm minista n'oge ahụ, weghaara ya. Ahanda na-enyekarị aka n'ime mkpebi gbasara ndị isi, ma ọ bụ usoro ndị isi.[1]
Afọ ole na ole tupu a mụọ Ahanda, tupu ndị ọchịchị ọ bụla abịa n'ógbè ahụ nke Cameroon, onyeisi obodo Etoa Meki (Yaoundé ugbu a) bụ Essono Ela.[4] Mgbe ọchịchị ndị Germany batara, ha họpụtara Charles Atangana dị ka onye isi kachasị elu, ma tụọ Essono Ela mkpọrọ n'ihu ndị ya. A na-ewere Essono Ela dị ka onye nnupụisi n'anya ndị ọchịchị na-achị ala ahụ.[4] Nwa nwanne Essono Ela, Fouda Anaba, ghọrọ onye dị ike ma nwee mmetụta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ya na onye isi ala Ahmadou Ahidjo nwere mmekọrịta siri ike, a na-ekwukwa na ọ mere ka ụfọdụ mkpebi ya kwenye. Fouda Anaba kwadoro ka e wepụ ọnọdụ onye isi dị elu nke ndị Ewondo na Bene ka ọ na-eche na ọ bụ nchịkwa nke ndị Germany na-achị achị mere ka ọnọdụ a dịghachi. Nkwado ya rụrụ ọrụ, a chụpụkwara ọnọdụ a, tinyere ọtụtụ usoro ọdịnala ndị ọzọ.[4]
N'afọ 1977 mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, iwu iwu #77/609 kpọrọ oku ka e weghachite usoro ọdịnala ndị a n'akụkụ usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ugbu a.[12] N'oge ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya, Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda lụrụ ọgụ maka iweghachi ọnọdụ a na ịgbaso iwu iwu #77/609. [13][4] Ọ bụrụ na emee nke a, a ga-eme ya ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ndị Ewondo na Bene, ebe ọ bụ ikike ọbara ọdịnala ya.[14] O nwetara mmeghachi omume dị ukwuu site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị Ewondo, ọ bụghị n'ihi njikọ ya na nna ya, kama ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ nwanyị.[4] Ọ bụghị omenala n'etiti ndị Ewondo ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ọkwá dị elu dị otú ahụ. Alụmdi na nwunye ya kpatara esemokwu ebe ọ bụ na ọ lụrụ di na nwunye n'èzí ezinụlọ ya. N'ihi akụkụ abụọ a, ọtụtụ ndị Ewondo, gụnyere ụfọdụ ndị ezinụlọ ya katọrọ aha ya.[4]
Ọchịchị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Mgbe e mere iwu #77/609 n'ụzọ gara nke ọma n'afọ ndị 1990, ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị na Cameroon eguzobewo ọchịchị. E nwere ọkwa atọ nke ndị isi a kọwara na iwu iwu.[12][14] Ndị isi nke atọ bụ ndị nnọchi anya mpaghara ha dị iche iche na mpaghara ọ bụla. Ndị isi nke abụọ bụ ndị nnọchi anya otu ndị agbata obi n'otu mpaghara. Ndị isi nke mbụ bụ ndị nnọchi anya mpaghara dum (nke a maara dị ka Ndị isi kachasị elu). [14] Na Yaoundé, e nwere ihe dị ka ndị isi 350 nke atọ, ndị isi 7 nke abụọ, na otu onye isi nke mbụ.[12]
N'afọ 1999, Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda bụ nwanyị mbụ e mere onyeisi ndị Ewondo na Bene - aha gọọmentị nke onye isi nke Yaoundé. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke ndị Ewondo na Bene nke Yaoundé ruo afọ iri na ise (1999-2014). [5] [3][11] Ememe okpueze ya mere na Yaoundé ma were ọtụtụ awa.[15] O jupụtara na arụmọrụ, ihe ịchọ mma, na omume sitere na mmetụta Cameroon na Europe. A kpọrọ ọtụtụ narị ndị ọbịa ka ha bịa ihe omume ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha gbakwara na TV na redio dị n'ógbè ahụ iji hụ ya na ndụ.
E nwere ọtụtụ esemokwu banyere nhọpụta ya n'ọkwa a, karịsịa n'ihi nchegbu ọdịnala, nwoke na nwanyị, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ chere na ọ gaghị eru maka ọnọdụ ahụ n'ihi alụmdi na nwunye ya yana ọnọdụ ya dị ka nwanyị.[4] Ọ lụrụ ọgụ maka ikike ya ịnọ n'ocheeze, ebe ọ na-efunahụ nkwado dị ukwuu ọ bụghị naanị site n'aka ndị mmadụ, kamakwa site n'ezinụlọ.[4]
Enweghị onye nọchiri ya ugbu a maka utu aha onye isi nke ndị Ewondo na Bene. [13][4]
Ọnwụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ahanda nwụrụ na Febụwarị 1, 2014, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na abụọ. [13][4] A na-ekwu na ahụike ya na-ebelata n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya. Ọ pụtara obere n'ihu ọha, ma nyefee ọtụtụ n'ime ihe onwunwe ya maka imezigharị obí nna ya na Yaoundé dị ka ihe ịrịba ama.[16] A na-ekwu na ọnwụ ya bụ nke udo, agbanyeghị na enyeghị ọha na eze nkọwa zuru ezu banyere ya ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme n'ụlọ eze n'oge ahụ. A chọpụtara na ọ bụ onye nzuzo n'onwe ya.[13][4]
Ọrụ na akwụkwọ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Sociétés africaines na 'High Society': Petite ethnologie de l'arrivisme (1978).
- Abụ m onye na-akpa ókè agbụrụ (1982)
- "Turbulences" na Mots Pluriels (1999). ISSN 1327-6220
Ihe edeturu na ntụaka
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Bonaberi.com : A la découverte de Charles Atangana", Bonaberi.com. Retrieved on 2018-05-14. (in fr) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":7" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Bonaberi.com : A la découverte de Charles Atangana (fr). Bonaberi.com. Archived from the original on 2023-02-26. Retrieved on 2024-02-10.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Brière (March 2016). "Writing in Cameroon, the first hundred years". Tydskrif vir Letterkunde 53 (1): 51–65. DOI:10.4314/tvl.v53i1.4. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":12" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 Nécrologie: La reine des Ewondo est décédée (fr). www.cameroon-info.net. Archived from the original on 2018-05-04. Retrieved on 2018-05-14. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":8" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda. aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au. Retrieved on 2018-05-14. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":9" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ D'Almeida (Summer 1995). "Review of: Romancières africaines d'expression française: le sud du Sahara by Beverley Ormerod and Jean-Marie Volet". Research in African Literatures 26: 199–202.
- ↑ DeLancey (2010). Historical Dictionary of the Republic of Cameroon. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, xxxii. ISBN 978-0-8108-7399-5.
- ↑ Nkwi (2010). Voicing the Voiceless: Contributions to Closing Gaps in Cameroon. Bamenda, Cameroon: Langaa Research & Publishing Common Initiative Group, 172. ISBN 978-9956-616-40-4.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Dehon (Spring 1996). "Women in Black African Novels Written in French". NWSA Journal 8: 110–123. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 10.0 10.1 Arnold (1998). Critical Perspectives on Mongo Beti. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 305–314. ISBN 0-89410-586-8.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Eva. "Marie-Thérèse Assiga Atangana - Le blog de Eva Hendrickx", Le blog de Eva Hendrickx. Retrieved on 2018-05-14. (in fr-FR) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":11" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 (2002) Diagnostic de la délinquance urbaine à Yaoundé, United Nations Human Settlements Programme., UNDP., Cameroon., Nairobi: [UN-HABITAT]. ISBN 9212310478. OCLC 84305318. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":13" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 "La reine Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda est décédée - Journal du Cameroun", Journal du Cameroun, 2014-02-03. Retrieved on 2018-05-14. (in fr-FR) Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":10" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Chieftaincy Law: Organizing Chiefdoms in Cameroon. nanjecreativethinking.blogspot.com (2012-08-29). Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved on 2018-06-10. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:3 - ↑ Le château Charles Atangana sera enfin sauvé (fr). www.cameroon-info.net. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved on 2018-06-10.