Meteorological instrumentation

'Ngwá ọrụ ihu igwe' (ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ ihu igwe), gụnyere Ihe mmetụta ihu igwe (ihe mmetụta ihu igwe), bụ ngwá ọrụ eji achọta ọnọdụ ikuku n'otu oge. Sayensị ọ bụla nwere usoro nke ya pụrụ iche nke ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nyocha. Meteorology, Otú ọ dị, bụ sayensị nke na-ejighị ọtụtụ ngwá ọrụ ụlọ nyocha ma na-adabere na nyocha na ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ. Na sayensị, nchọpụta, ma ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụ anya, bụ echiche na-enweghị atụ nke enwere ike ịlele na nke enwere ike iwere data. Mmiri ozuzo bụ otu n'ime ọnụọgụ mbụ a tụrụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Ihe abụọ ọzọ a tụrụ nke ọma metụtara ihu igwe bụ ifufe na iru mmiri. E mere ọtụtụ mgbalị tupu narị afọ nke iri na ise iji wuo ngwá ọrụ zuru oke iji tụọ mgbanwe ikuku.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ngwa ndị e ji atụ ihe nlegharị anya ihu igwe n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 bụ igwe mmiri ozuzo, anemometer, na hygrometer. Narị afọ nke 17 hụrụ mmepe nke barometer na temometa Galileo ebe narị afọ nke 18 hụrụ mmepe nke temometa na akpịrịkpa Fahrenheit na Celsius. Narị afọ nke 20 mepụtara ngwaọrụ ọhụụ dịpụrụ adịpụ, dị ka radar ihu igwe, satịlaịtị ihu igwe na ndị na-ahụ maka ikuku, nke na-enye nlele kacha mma ma mpaghara ma n'ụwa niile. Ngwa ihe nlere anya na-anakọta data site na ihe omume ihu igwe dị anya site na ngwa ma na-echekwa data ebe akụrụngwa dị ma na-ebufekarị data n'oge akọwapụtara na etiti data etiti.

N'afọ 1441, nwa Eze Sejong, Prince Munjong, mepụtara ihe mbụ a na-ahụ maka mmiri ozuzo. E zigara ndị a n'oge niile Joseon Dynasty nke South Korea dị ka ngwá ọrụ gọọmentị iji nyochaa ụtụ isi ala dabere na ihe ubi onye ọrụ ugbo nwere ike inweta. ^[1]'afọ 1450, Leone Battista Alberti mepụtara Annemometer na-agbagharị agbagharị, a makwaara ya dị ka anemometer mbụ. N'afọ 1607, Galileo Galili rụrụ thermoscope. N'afọ 1643, Evangelista Torricelli mepụtara mercury barometer. ^[1] N'afọ 1662, Sir Christopher Wren mepụtara ihe na-arụ ọrụ, nke na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị n'otu, nke na'ime bọket mmiri ozuzo. ^[2]'afọ 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit mepụtara ihe a pụrụ ịdabere na ya maka ịlele okpomọkụ na ụdị thermometer mercury. ^[3]'afọ 1742, Celsius" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius, onye Sweden na-enyocha mbara igwe, tụrụ aro akara okpomọkụ 'centigrade', onye bu ụzọ na akara Celsius ugbu a. N'afọ 1783, Horace-Bénédict de Saussure gosipụtara hygrometer ntutu mbụ. ^[4]'afọ 1806, Francis Beaufort webatara usoro ya maka ịhazi ọsọ ifufe. Nbudata nke Eprel 1960 nke satellite ihu igwe mbụ gara nke ọma, TIROS-1, gosipụtara mmalite nke oge ebe ozi ihu igwe dị n'ụwa niile.

A na-ejikwa nke a tụọ okpomọkụ nke ikuku gbara ya gburugburu.

Ụdị

Thermometer na-atụle okpomọkụ ikuku, ma ọ bụ ike kinetic nke molecules n'ime ikuku. Barometer na-atụle nrụgide ikuku, ma ọ bụ nrụgide nke ịdị arọ nke ikuku ụwa n'elu otu ebe. Anemometer na-atụle ọsọ ifufe na ebe ifufe na-esi na ya na-efe n'ebe a na-etinye ya. A hygrometer na-atụle iru mmiri dị n'otu ebe, nke a nwere ike iji gbakọọ Ebe igirigi. Radiosondes na-atụle ọtụtụ n'ime ọnụọgụ ndị a, ma e wezụga ifufe, nke a na-ekpebi site na iji antenna ma ọ bụ Theodolite nyochaa mgbaàmà radiosonde. N'ịgbakwunye radiosondes, World Meteorological Organization (WMO) na-ahazi netwọk nke nchịkọta ụgbọ elu, nke na-ejikwa ngwá ọrụ ndị a kọọ ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ebe ha. Rocket na-ada ụda ma ọ bụ rocketsonde, mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ rocket nyocha, bụ rocket na-ebu ngwá ọrụ e mere iji tụọ ma mee nnwale sayensị n'oge ọ na-efe n'okpuru mbara igwe.

pyranometer bụ ụdị actinometer nke a na-eji atụ radiance anyanwụ na mbara ala ma bụrụ ihe mmetụta nke e mere iji tụọ radiation flux density (na watts kwa square mita) site na mpaghara ọhụụ nke ogo 180. ceilometer bụ ngwaọrụ nke na-eji laser ma ọ bụ isi iyi ìhè ọzọ iji chọpụta ịdị elu nke igwe ojii. A pụkwara iji Cekilometers tụọ oke aerosol n'ime ikuku. Ndị na-ahụ maka ihu igwe na-eji balloon elu ụlọ iji chọpụta ịdị elu nke ala igwe ojii n'elu ala n'oge ehihie. Ụkpụrụ dị n'azụ balloon n'uko bụ balloon nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ịrị elu amara (otú ọ na-esi arị elu) na ikpebi ogologo oge balloon na-ebili ruo mgbe ọ ga-apụ n'anya n'ígwé ojii. Ọnụego oge mgbago mgbago na-ewepụta elu ụlọ. Disdrometer bụ ngwa eji atụ nkesa nha nha nha na ọsọ nke hydrometer na-ada. A na-eji nlele mmiri ozuzo tụọ oke mmiri ozuzo nke na-ada n'oge ọ bụla na mbara ala ụwa.

Mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ, dị ka a na-eji ya eme ihe na meteorology, bụ echiche nke ịnakọta data sitere na ihe omume ihu igwe dịpụrụ adịpụrụ ma mepụta ozi ihu igwe. Ngwá ọrụ ọ bụla na-ahụ ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ na-anakọta data gbasara ikuku site na ebe dịpụrụ adịpụrụ ma, na-echekwa data ebe ngwá ọrụ ahụ dị. Ụdị mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ kachasị bụ Radar, Lidar, na Satellite (nakwa photogrammetry). Isi ihe eji radar eme bụ ịnakọta ozi gbasara mkpuchi na njirimara nke mmiri ozuzo na ifufe. A na-ejikarị Satellite eme ihe iji chọpụta igwe ojii kpuchie, yana ifufe. <A class="mw-RD cx-link" data-linkid="99" href="./SO" id="mwVg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="SODAR">ỌDAR (SOnic Detection And Ranging) bụ ngwá ọrụ ihu igwe dị ka otu ụdị nke ikuku, nke na-atụle mgbasa nke ebili mmiri site na ikuku ikuku. A na-eji usoro Sodar atụ ọsọ ifufe n'ebe dị iche iche n'elu ala, na usoro thermodynamic nke ala ikuku. Radar lidar abụghị ihe na-agafe agafe n'ihi na ha abụọ na-eji radieshon electromagnetic eme ihe iji mee ka otu akụkụ nke ikuku dị ọcha. Satellite ihu igwe yana satellites ndị na-ahụ ụwa na-agba ụwa gburugburu n'ebe dị iche iche aghọwo ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa maka ịmụ ihe dịgasị iche iche site na ọkụ ọhịa ruo El Niño.

Ebe ihu igwe na-anọ

Ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe bụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere ngwá ọrụ na akụrụngwa iji mee nyocha nke ọnọdụ ikuku iji nye ozi iji mee amụma ihu igwe na iji mụọ ihu igwe na ihu igwe. Ntụle ndị a nụrụ gụnyere okpomọkụ, nrụgide barometric, iru mmiri, ọsọ ikuku, ntụzịaka ifufe, na oke mmiri ozuzo. A na-ewere nha ikuku n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ndị ọzọ dị ka o kwere mee, ebe a na-echekwa nha okpomọkụ na iru mmiri pụọ na radieshon anyanwụ kpọmkwem, ma ọ bụ mkpuchi. A na-ewere nleba anya n'aka opekata mpe otu ugboro kwa ụbọchị, ebe a na-elele nlele akpaaka opekata mpe otu elekere.

Nnyocha ihu igwe n'elu ala

Nleba anya ihu igwe dị n'elu bụ data bụ isi nke ejiri maka nchekwa yana ihe kpatara ihu igwe iji tụọ amụma ihu igwe na inye ịdọ aka ná ntị n'ụwa niile. atụmatụ ngwakọ na-eji ndị na-ekiri ihu igwe na-abawanye ọdụ ihu igwe na-akpaghị aka. The ICAO na-akọwa International Standard Atmosphere, nke bụ ihe nlereanya nke ọkọlọtọ mgbanwe nke nrụgide, okpomọkụ, njupụta, na viscosity na elu na mbara ikuku nke Ụwa, na-eji iji belata a ọdụ ụgbọ ka nrụgide larịị oké osimiri.Enwere ike izipu ihe ndị a hụrụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu n'ụwa niile site na iji koodu METAR. Ụlọ ọrụ ihu igwe nke onwe ^[5] na-ahụ ihe n'onwe ha nwere ike izipu data ha na United States mesonet site na iji Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP), ma ọ bụ mba ụwa site na saịtị Weather Underground Internet. na-eji nkezi afọ iri atọ nke nchọpụta ihu igwe nke ebe iji chọpụta ihu igwe nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.

Hụkwa

Mesomeric
Balọndụ ihu igwe
Netwọk sensọ wireless

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Jacobson (June 2005). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, 2nd, New York: Cambridge University Press, 828. ISBN 978-0-521-54865-6.
↑ Grigull, U., Fahrenheit, a Pioneer of Exact Thermometry. Heat Transfer, 1966, The Proceedings of the 8th International Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, 1966, Vol. 1.
↑ Beckman, Olof, History of the Celsius temperature scale., translated, Anders Celsius (Elementa,84:4,2001); English
↑ Bill Giles O.B.E. (2009). Beaufort Scale. BBC. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.
↑ Weather Underground. Personal Weather Station. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.

[Jacobson-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Jacobson (June 2005). Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling, 2nd, New York: Cambridge University Press, 828. ISBN 978-0-521-54865-6.

[2] Grigull, U., Fahrenheit, a Pioneer of Exact Thermometry. Heat Transfer, 1966, The Proceedings of the 8th International Heat Transfer Conference, San Francisco, 1966, Vol. 1.

[3] Beckman, Olof, History of the Celsius temperature scale., translated, Anders Celsius (Elementa,84:4,2001); English

[4] Bill Giles O.B.E. (2009). Beaufort Scale. BBC. Retrieved on 2009-05-12.

[WU-5] Weather Underground. Personal Weather Station. Retrieved on 2008-03-09.

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