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Mgbalị megide ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị

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Mgbalị megide ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị bu n'obi ibelata ime ihe ike a na-eme megide ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị oke..

Ihe ngosi nke Bulgaria na-agba ndị mmadụ ume imeghe anya ha banyere ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị
Ihe ncheta na Minto Park, Ottawa, nke ndị nwụrụ na ogbugbu École PolytechniqueMgbukpọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ Polytechnique
Ngagharị iwe iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị

Mmalite na akụkọ ihe mere eme

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbasa ozi na-ezo aka na "ozizi ma ọ bụ omume na-emesi ike kpọmkwem, ime ihe siri ike, karịsịa na nkwado ma ọ bụ imegide otu akụkụ nke esemokwu."[1]. Na activism maka ime ihe ike megide Women (VAW), ebumnobi bụ iji lebara na ịdọrọ ọha anya na okwu nke VAW nakwa dị ka na-achọ na-atụ aro jikoro iji gbochie na ikpochapụ a ime ihe ike.[2] Ọtụtụ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta na-atụ aro na a na-ewere VAW dị ka mmebi nke ikike mmadụ, [3][4] [5] yana okwu ahụike ọha. [1][2][3][4]

Ka mma ịghọta mgbochi ime ihe ike mmegharị megide VAW, e nwere mkpa nakwa ịghọta izugbe akụkọ ihe mere eme ndabere nke feminist mmegharị na a holistic n'ụzọ. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị ekewaala mmegharị ndị a n'ime ebili mmiri atọ[1] dịka nkwenye, atụmatụ na ebumnuche ha dị iche iche siri dị. [5]

Mmalite nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị mbụ, ma ọ bụ nke a na-akpọ "mgbasa mbụ" nke ụmụ nwanyị, malitere na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19 na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 na United States na Europe. N'oge a, òtù ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara n'ihe gbasara mmepụta ihe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwere nnwere onwe, nke kpatara ịrị elu nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-echegbu onwe ha maka inweta ohere na ohere nhata maka ụmụ nwanyị.[6]: 1 Ifufe a na-egosi oge nke "mkpesa, nnwere onwe, ikike nke mba, ọrụ na ịkwụ ụgwọ nhata" maka ụmụ nwanyị.[7]

Ebili nke abụọ nke nwanyị bụ usoro mmegharị site na ngwụcha 1960 ruo mmalite 1970s. Ndị ọkà mmụta feminist chọpụtara na e nwere ike iji ebili mmiri a dị ka oge ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ịrị elu ngalaba nke feminism nke a maara dị ka "radical feminism". Oge mgbe agha gasịrị[1]: 8  n'ime ọha mmadụ, ebe mmegharị ahụ ndị ọzọ na-arụkwa nnukwu ọrụ; dị ka ọmụmaatụ, mmegharị ikike obodo,[2] nke pụtara ịkatọ ikekekete, ọchịchị alaeze ukwu na mmegbu nke ndị mmadụ dabere n'echiche nke agbụrụ, agbụrụ, njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na usoro mmekọahụ. ikike n'ụlọ na n'ebe ọrụ yana ikike mmepe[2] maka ebumnuche nke ndị agbụrụ dị iche iche, agbụrụ, ọnọdụ akụ na ụba na njirimara okike.[7]   [citation needed]

Ugboro nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị bụ oge kachasị ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị, nke ndị na-eto eto na-eduzi, ndị nghọta na ihe gbara ya gburugburu bụ nke usoro ụwa na ọganihu teknụzụ nke bịara na ya. Ifufe a bụ mgbanwe site na ọdịda nke ọchịchị Kọmunist [6]: 17 gaa na nsogbu ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị 'agha' ọhụrụ [ịkọwapụta dị mkpa], egwu, na ime ihe ike.  Mmiri ọhụrụ a "na-anabata mgbagwoju anya" [6] ma na-ewebata usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke 'intersectionality' nke gụnyere okwu agbụrụ, okike, afọ, na klas.: 17 Ewezuga nke ahụ, oge nke atọ na-egosi oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na-emeso ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ yana nsogbu nke ime ihe ike.[8]

Ndị Papua New Guinea na-egosi nkwado ha maka ịkwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ngagharị White Ribbon Day.

A malitere òtù VAW n'afọ ndị 1970 mgbe ụfọdụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị malitere iweta mkparịta ụka banyere okwu ime ihe ike n'ime okwu ụmụ nwanyị [9] nakwa na ọtụtụ ìgwè ndị ọzọ, na mba na mba ụwa, gbalịrị ịmanye ụmụ nwanyị ka mma site na ịmanye ndị ọrụ na ndị nnọchiteanya steeti, na-achọ nzukọ na 'okwu nwoke na nwanyị' [7] wee mee ka ndị VAW mara ndị mmadụ. Ya mere, iji tinye nke a n'ime ihe ndị a na-ekwu, enwere ike ịhazi VAW yana nke abụọ na nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, ka ha na-elekwasị anya na ime ihe ike.   [citation needed]

Òtù ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe VAW na-abịa n'ọtụtụ ụdị, na-arụ ọrụ na mba ụwa, mba na mpaghara [10] ma na-eji ụzọ dị iche iche dabere na usoro ahụike na ikike mmadụ. [11] Mgbalị ndị a sitere n'ihe omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ahụ mkpa ọ dị ịmepụta òtù iji 'kwado' gọọmentị ha iji guzobe "ebe nsọ, ebe mgbaba" na inye ọrụ ndị na-enyere aka ichebe ndị a, nke a na-akpọkwa "ụmụ nwanyị a na-eti ihe", site n'omume ime ihe ike. A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "ụmụ nwanyị a kụrụ akụ" mee ihe n'ọtụtụ òtù VAW ma nwee mgbọrọgwụ ya na mbido nke ịhazi mbọ iji dozie nsogbu nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị n'ọtụtụ mpaghara ụwa dịka Africa, Asia Pacific, Latin America na Caribbean.[12]: 94 Òtù ndị na-eme ihe megide VAW, ma na nkwado nke gọọmentị ha, gbalịrị ịzụlite "mgbalị ọhụrụ" iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị a na-eti ihe aka site n'inye ha ọrụ dịka ebe obibi na ebe obibi; idepụta ma na-eme ka gọọmentị tinye nkwenye na asụsụ nke VAW n'ime iwu mba na Ngwá ọrụ ndị ruuru mmadụ nke mba ụwa; na-akwado ịkwalite mmata nke ndị mmadụ site na oge ọzụzụ; ịmepụta netwọk mba, mpaghara na mba ụwa iji mee ka ndị ọzọ nwee ike ịkwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.[12]: 88-89 Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ okwu ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị dị ka isi ihe na-elekwasị anya na mmegharị ha. Ọtụtụ n'ime ìgwè ndị a na-ewere usoro ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ dị ka usoro zuru oke nke ọrụ ha. Ndị otu VAW ndị a na-ejikwa echiche ahụ bụ na "ikike ụmụ nwanyị bụ ikike mmadụ", na-agbanwe echiche na echiche nke ikike mmadụ, nke a na-ewere dị ka "echiche ọdịda anyanwụ" ma 'me ka ha bụrụ echiche ndị a pụrụ ịghọta na ụlọ ọrụ ha dị n'ógbè ahụ. [13]: 39 

Ihe ngosi megide ụmụaka na alụmdi na nwunye a manyere
Nnukwu ngagharị iwe megide ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na Buenos Aires na 2015

Na mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke mba, òtù VAW dịgasị iche ma dị iche na mmemme atụmatụ ha. Atụmatụ ndị e ji mee ihe n'ọtụtụ n'ime mmegharị ahụ na-elekwasị anya na ọkwa onye ọ bụla na-ekwusi ike na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, mmekọrịta na ezinụlọ. Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ewere 'mgbochi' dị ka ụzọ iji dozie nsogbu ndị dị n'ala site n'ịgba ndị mmadụ ume "ịtụleghachi àgwà na nkwenkwe ha" iji mee ka ma mepụta mgbanwe ndị dị mkpa na "nkwenkwe na omume ndị a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ".[4] N'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na atụmatụ ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ndụ ma nyere ndị na-ekere òkè ogologo oge aka, mmetụta na ọkwa ọha na eze yiri ka ọ na-egbochi ma nwee mmetụta dị nta. Iji mezuo ebumnuche nke òtù ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na ha ga-amalite mgbanwe na àgwà ọdịbendị na ụkpụrụ na ọkwa obodo.[14] Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke ime ihe ike na mpaghara na South Africa. Mgbanwe nke VAW n'ọnọdụ a na-eji usoro nke dabeere na usoro 'mgbochi', nke na-emetụta n'otu n'otu na ọkwa ọha na eze: n'ezinụlọ na obodo. Mgbanwe a na-agba ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na obere ndị mmadụ ume ịtụgharị uche n'àgwà na nkwenkwe ha iji mepụta ohere iji gbanwee nkwenkwe na omume ndị a gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ, nke na-eduga n'omume ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.[15] Ihe atụ ọzọ bụ mmegharị nke mpaghara na East Africa nke na-eji usoro mgbochi, nke na-emetụta na mpaghara obodo. Ha na-akpọ nke a usoro "ịkwalite olu". Usoro a na-eji usoro 'ad hoc' nke enwere ike iji ya mee ihe n'akụkụ usoro onye ọ bụla ebe atụmatụ ahụ bụ ime ka nsogbu ọnọdụ dị njọ na nghọta nke ndị mmadụ na obodo ma guzobe otu ihe na-amasị ha iji kwalite maka mmegharị ahụ, niile n'oge dị mkpirikpi.[15] Na mgbakwunye, na mpaghara ụlọ, o yiri ka e nwere ọtụtụ 'mgbasa ozi na-achị onwe ha.' Enwere ike ịghọta mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị (maka VAW) dị ka "ụdị mmegharị ụmụnwaanyị nke a raara nye ịkwalite ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịmma onwe ya n'enweghị òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na njikọ ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka isi nchegbu ha". [1][1]

Ọtụtụ mpaghara ụwa agbakọtawo iji dozie ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. Na South America, Southern Cone Network Against Domestic Violence arụwo ọrụ nke ukwuu iji dozie ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na ime ihe ike n'ụlọ kemgbe 1989. The Latin American and Caribbean Network Against Domestic and Sexual Violence, nke e guzobere na 1990, gụnyere nnọchiteanya sitere na mba iri abụọ na otu dị iche iche ma bụrụkwa ihe enyemaka n'ịbawanye ọhụụ nke VAW.[12]: 88 Na Septemba 1999, ndị isi steeti nke Southern African Development Community (SADC) zutere ma dee "Nkwụsị na Ikpochapụ nke Ime Ihe Ike megide Ụmụ nwanyị na Ụmụaka," akwụkwọ na-akatọ ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ma kpebie usoro 13 nke ịza ya, iru n'ime iwu; mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba, ọdịbendị, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị; ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụba; na agụmakwụkwọ, ọzụzụ, na ụlọ ọrụ mmata.[16]

Na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ndị na-emegide ime ihe ike na-ejikwa usoro dị iche iche dabere na ọdịbendị na nkwenkwe ha na mpaghara ha. N'ọkwa a, a maara òtù ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe dị ka "network transnational feminist", ma ọ bụ TFNs.[1]:: 556  TFNs nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama, dị ka òtù ndị na-achị onwe ha na ọkwa mba, n'ịkpụzi usoro iwu yana ịmanye maka ịnakwere na itinye asụsụ VAW na usoro ikike mmadụ nke United Nations: nkwekọrịta ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa. [1] Ọrụ ha na-amalite site na ịmanye ndị na-eme iwu; ịhazi ngagharị iwe na mpaghara na mpaghara; ịmepụta nrụgide ụlọ ọrụ nke nwere ike ịmanye mgbanwe na usoro ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa.[1]

N'ọkwa mba ụwa, mmegharị ahụ nke na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na megide VAW bụ ngwakọta nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri si n'ụlọ na mpaghara mpaghara. Ebumnuche nke mmegharị VAW ndị a na-elekwasị anya na "ịmepụta atụmanya nkekọrịta" n'ime ọkwa ụlọ na mpaghara yana "ịkpọkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke obodo obodo" iji mepụta "ụkpụrụ na ọha obodo zuru ụwa ọnụ". iji gbanwee ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbakọ mba ụwa na ogbako na "ogbako na ikike ụmụ nwanyị" site n'ịkwado maka "asụsụ siri ike na nghọta doro anya" nke okwu VAW. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, United Nations na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite na mgbasa ozi maka mmegharị VAW na ọkwa mba ụwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 2008 Secretary General UN Ban Ki-Moon malitere wee malite mgbasa ozi akpọrọ "UNITE iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị". Mgbasa ozi a "na-akpọku gọọmentị, ọha mmadụ, òtù ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-eto eto, ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo, mgbasa ozi na usoro UN dum ka ha jikọọ aka n'ịgbasa ọrịa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị".[2] Ọzọkwa, mkpọsa a na-ekwupụtakwa kwa ụbọchị 25 nke ọnwa ọ bụla ịbụ "Ụbọchị Orange" ma ọ bụ "ụbọchị ime ihe iji kwalite mmata na igbochi ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ.[17]

Ọkwa ọ bụla nke ime ihe ike na-ejikọta ma nwee ebumnuche otu iji kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. Mgbalị na mpaghara nwere ike imetụta mba, mba, na mba ụwa. N'otu edemede ndị ọkà mmụta banyere Ịlụso Ime Ihe Ike megide Ụmụ nwanyị ọgụ, ndị edemede gosipụtara site na nyocha nyocha ha banyere otu ụkpụrụ nke mba ụwa nwere ike isi kpụzie ma metụta ime iwu n'ime ụlọ ma ọ bụ nke mba na vice versa. Ha na-ekwu na e nwere usoro atọ nke nwere mmetụta na ime iwu mba yana nkwekọrịta na nkwekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ: "1) mmetụta nke nkwekọrịta ụwa na akwụkwọ dịka CEDAW na ikike ụmụ nwanyị" na iwu mba, "2) mmetụta nke nkwenye mpaghara na VAW (karịsịa mgbe e ruru ụfọdụ) "na iwu obodo na nkwekọ mba ụwa na "3) mmetụta ngosipụta mpaghara ma ọ bụ nrụgide maka nkwekọrịta e jidere dị ka mgbasa ozi n'ime mpaghara" na ụkpụrụ na nkwekwere mba ụwa.[1]

Mgbasa ozi ndị e mere n'oge gara aga

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Na Nọvemba 2021, Iamhere mba ụwa, otu lekwasịrị anya n'ịbawanye nkwupụta okwu na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, malitere mkpọsa ụbọchị 16 ụdị niile nke ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke, ọkachasị ime ihe ike cyber.[18][19]

Ndị na-ese ihe n'ụwa niile ekwuola maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, na-eme ka ngosipụta pụrụ iche nke ime ihe ike pụta ìhè n'ofe akụkọ ọdịbendị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye na-ese ihe n'Italian nke Argentina Natalia Saurin (2020) na-azaghachi na akwụkwọ akụkọ Ịtali na-eji akụkọ ịhụnanya eme ihe iji kwado igbu ọchụ onye òtù ọlụlụ na usoro mgbasa ozi ya, "Ti Amo Troppo".[20] Na United States, onye na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá Sophie Sandberg na-agba ndị mmadụ ume ịkọ ahụmahụ ha nke iyi egwu n'ebe ha mere.[21] Ihe omuma ihe omuma "Priya's Shakti" na-ekwu maka àgwà ịta ndị mmadụ ụta na India na nzaghachi maka ndina n'ike nke otu ndị Delhi na 2012 nke nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ na kọleji. Site n'iji akụkọ ifo Hindu, "Priya's Shakti" na-akọ akụkọ banyere onye e dinara n'ike n'ọrụ dike na-ese okwu na-akpọ ndị India ka ha tụlee echiche ndị nna ochie.[22] Ihe osise na-ekwu maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na-agafe n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe ma na-eme ka okwu nke ime ihe ike na ụmụ nwanyị pụta ìhè ma na-akpali mgbanwe na iwu na gọọmentị. Na "And So I Stayed" (2021), ihe nkiri na-ekwu maka ndị a tụrụ mkpọrọ n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na United States, ndị nduzi Natalie Pattillo, na Daniel Nelson na-eche enweghị nghọta iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị a na-emegbu ihu.[23] N'ihi ihe nkiri ahụ, Pattillo na Nelson chịkọtara ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi maka ikpe ụlọ ikpe nke Tanisha Davis, onye lanarịrị ime ihe ike n'ụlọ nke na-enweghị ike ịnata ebere maka igbu enyi ya nwoke n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ afọ nke mmetọ anụ ahụ na mmetụta uche.[24] N'afọ 2021, a tọhapụrụ Tanisha Davis n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, n'ihi "Domestic Violence Survivor's Justice Act" na Pattillo na Nelson's nuanced portrait of Davis site na obere ihe nkiri ha.[25]

" Ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị art Map " bịara mpụta na 2021 dị ka akụkụ nke nyocha nyocha nke Mahadum Pennsylvania nke Lauren Stetz mere iji jiri anya nke uche hụ nzaghachi ndị nka na-aza maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị. N'igosipụta ndị nka 24 n'ụwa niile, maapụ ahụ na-akọwapụta ụzọ dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị si enweta ime ihe ike n'ihi njirimara, omenala, na akụkọ ihe mere eme. Emepụtara maapụ dijitalụ mmekọrịta site na usoro nyocha nke dabere na nka, na-eji ajụjụ ọnụ ndị nka na ihe osise ha. Site na eserese anya, ndị na-ese ihe na-ekwu okwu banyere ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị site na ọrụ ha jikọtara na mba ọzọ maka ebumnuche nke imekọ ihe ọnụ.[26]

Nsogbu mmekọahụ nke abụọ (SOSH)

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

beNsogbu mmekọahụ nke abụọ (SOSH) bụ nsogbu nke ndị na-eguzo ma na-akwado ndị a na-eme ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị.[27] Idozi ụdị iyi egwu mmekọahụ a dị mkpa iji chebe ndị na-eme ihe ike. Dabere na ihe akaebe sayensị, atụmatụ kachasị dị irè maka idozi ime ihe ike nwoke na nwanyị na-agụnye ịkwalite ntinye aka nke ndị na-agafe agafe, [28] na-eme ka mkpa ọ dị ichebe ndị na-enye nkwado maka ndị ahụ.[29] Iji nye ndị merụrụ ahụ ikike ịkọ akụkọ ma belata mmetụta nke ịnọpụ iche ha, ọha mmadụ ga-ahụ maka nchebe nke ndị na-akwado ha n'ịgbachi nkịtị.[30] E nwere iwu ndị ọsụ ụzọ n'ụwa gbasara okwu iwu. N'afọ 2020, ndị omeiwu Katalan wepụtara iwu mbụ n'ụwa megide ụdị ime ihe ike a n'okpuru aha nke Second-Order Violence. [31] N'afọ 2013, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke UN wepụtara mkpebi mbụ ya na-akpọ maka nchebe nke ndị na-agbachitere ikike ụmụ nwanyị. [32] Mkpebi ahụ na-agba steeti ume ka ha tinye iwu na ụkpụrụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị maka ichebe ndị na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ ụmụ nwanyị na iji hụ na ndị na- ịgbachitere onwe ha na-etinye aka na imepụta na mmejuputa usoro ndị a ma na-akpọ steeti ka ha chebe ndị na na-agbachite ikike mmadụ ụmụ agbọghọ pụọ na mmegwara maka imekọ ihe ọnụ na UN na iji hụ n'enweghị ihe mgbochi ha na nkwurịta okwu na ndị otu na ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa.[33] Ihe mgbaru ọsọ 5 nke United Nations Sustainable Development bụkwa atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ebumnuche ya bụ iwepụ ụdị ime ihe ike niile megide ụmụ nwanyị. [34]

Ebem si dee

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Htun (August 2012). "The civic origins of progressive policy change: combating violence against women in global perspective, 1975–2005". American Political Science Review 106 (3): 548–569. DOI:10.1017/S0003055412000226.  Pdf. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Htun&Weldon" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ Carraway (July 1991). "Violence against women of color". Stanford Law Review 43 (6): 1301–1309. DOI:10.2307/1229040. 
  3. ↑ Robinson (July–December 2006). "Origins of the International Day for the Elimination of Violence against Women: The Caribbean contribution". Caribbean Studies 34 (2): 141–161. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Michau (March 2007). "Approaching old problems in new ways: community mobilisation as a primary prevention strategy to combat violence against women". Gender & Development 15 (1): 95–109. DOI:10.1080/13552070601179144.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Michau, L. 2007 95–109" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Rupp (Winter 1999). "Forging feminist identity in an international movement: a collective identity approach to twentieth-century feminism". Signs 24 (2): 363–386. DOI:10.1086/495344. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Kroløkke (2006). "Three waves of feminism: from suffragettes to grrls", in Kroløkke: Gender communication theories & analyses: from silence to performance. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications, 1–23. ISBN 9780761929185.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Kroløkke&Sørensen" defined multiple times with different content
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Prügl (2 December 2013). Violence Against Women. Gender and International Affairs Class 2013. Geneva, Switzerland: Lecture conducted from The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID). Retrieved on 27 December 2017.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Prügl, E. December 2013" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ Lind (2 December 2013). Gender and International Affairs 2013: International Feminist Movements. Geneva, Switzerland: Lecture conducted from The Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID). Retrieved on 29 March 2020. 
  9. ↑ Eng (August 2005). Stopping the violence against women: the movement from intervention to prevention, A Safety Program Report. New York: Ms. Foundation for Women. Retrieved on 3 December 2013. 
  10. ↑ Youngs (Summer 2003). "Private pain/public peace: women's rights as human rights and Amnesty International's report on violence against women". Signs 28 (4): 1209–1229. DOI:10.1086/368325. 
  11. ↑ Miller (2004). "Sexuality, violence against women, and human rights: women make demands and ladies get protection". Health and Human Rights 7 (2): 16–47. DOI:10.2307/4065347. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Fried (2003). "Violence against women". Health and Human Rights 6 (2): 88–111. DOI:10.2307/4065431.  Pdf. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Fried" defined multiple times with different content
  13. ↑ Merry (March 2006). "Transnational human rights and local activism: mapping the middle". American Anthropologist 108 (1): 38–51. DOI:10.1525/aa.2006.108.1.38. 
  14. ↑ Heise (December 1999). "Ending violence against women". Population Reports L (11). 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Michau (March 2007). "Approaching old problems in new ways: community mobilisation as a primary prevention strategy to combat violence against women". Gender & Development 15 (1): 95–109. DOI:10.1080/13552070601179144. 
  16. ↑ SADC (September 1999). "The prevention and eradication of violence against women and children". Review of African Political Economy 26 (81): 415–417. DOI:10.1080/03056249908704404. 
  17. ↑ UNiTE (2013). Take action to Orange your day. UN Women. Archived from the original on 20 December 2013. Retrieved on 20 December 2013.
  18. ↑ I am Here International calls for an end to all forms of gender-based violence and that includes cyber violence!. Facebook (26 November 2021).
  19. ↑ Raise your voice against gender-based cyberviolence. iamhere international (11 November 2021). Retrieved on 26 November 2021.
  20. ↑ Saurin. Ti amo troppo [mixed media postcards]. Natalie Saurin. Retrieved on 25 March 2022.
  21. ↑ Sophie Sandberg. Retrieved on 25 March 2022.
  22. ↑ Priya Shakti.
  23. ↑ Pattillo. And So I Stayed. Retrieved on 25 March 2022.
  24. ↑ Ryzik. "A film tries to make a difference for domestic violence survivors", The New York Times, 11 June 2021.
  25. ↑ The Domestic Violence Survivors Justice Act (DVSJA). Sanctuary for Families.
  26. ↑ Violence Against Women Art Map.
  27. ↑ Flecha (2021). "Second-Order Sexual Harassment: Violence Against the Silence Breakers Who Support the Victims". Violence Against Women 27 (11): 1980–1999. DOI:10.1177/1077801220975495. PMID 33635745. 
  28. ↑ Powers (2018). "Bar Training for Active Bystanders: Evaluation of a Community-Based Bystander Intervention Program". Violence Against Women 24 (13): 1614–1634. DOI:10.1177/1077801217741219. PMID 29332525. 
  29. ↑ Kania (2021). "Preventing Sexual Violence Through Bystander Intervention: Attitudes, Behaviors, Missed Opportunities, and Barriers to Intervention Among Australian University Students". Journal of Interpersonal Violence 36 (5–6): 2816–2840. DOI:10.1177/0886260518764395. PMID 29557711. 
  30. ↑ Vidu, A., Valls, R., Puigvert, L., Melgar, P., & Joanpere, M. (2017). Second order of sexual harassment—SOSH. Multidisciplinary Journal of Educational Research, 7(1), 1–26.
  31. ↑ Law 17/2020, of 22 December, amending Law 5/2008, on the right of women to eradicate gender-based violence
  32. ↑ NRK. "Protection of women human rights defenders", The Norway Post, 30 November 2013. Retrieved on 6 August 2014.
  33. ↑ UN adopts landmark resolution on Protecting Women Human Rights Defenders. Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID) (28 November 2013). Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved on 6 August 2014.
  34. ↑ Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality (en). UN Women. Retrieved on 2020-09-23.
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