Mgbasa osisi

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Mgbatị osisi - nke a makwaara dị ka ogwe osisi ma ọ bụ ogwe osisi, - bụ usoro nke itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ, ihe na-eguzogide osisi, ma ọ bụ fatịlaịza n'ime anụ ahụ xylem nke osisi na ebumnuche nke ichebe osisi ahụ pụọ na ụmụ ahụhụ, ma ọ bụkwa ịgba ọgwụ na-edozi ahụ iji dozie ụkọ nri.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Usoro a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na ijikọta usoro vascular nke osisi iji gbanwee ma kesaa ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime osisi, okpokoro na mgbọrọgwụ ebe nchebe ma ọ bụ nri na-edozi ahụ dị mkpa.[8]

Mgbatị osisi bụ usoro kachasị ewu ewu ugbu a maka ịchịkwa ụmụ ahụhụ na-emebi ihe, pathogens, na nematodes na nlekọta osisi ala.[9][10][11][12][13][14]

Nkọwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E mepụtara ogwe osisi maka iji ya mee ihe na nnukwu osisi na nso obodo ukwu ebe ala na ikuku na-adịghị mma n'ihi nnukwu ọnwụ ọgwụ ahụhụ ma ọ bụ na-ekwe ka ọ ghara ịdị n'ihi ikpughe mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, isi ihe na-akpali iji ọgwụ osisi eme ihe abụwo mkpa zuru oke maka ịchịkwa ọtụtụ pathogens osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ na-awakpo. Ihe atụ kachasị njọ bụ nke Ophiostoma fungi nke na-akpata Dutch Elm Disease (DED) na ụmụ ahụhụ Emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) nke nwere ihe ndị dị ndụ pụrụ iche nke na-eduga na nnukwu mmebi n'ime osisi ma si otú a nwụọ osisi, nke na-eme ka nlekọta ha sie ike ma ọ bụ ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na usoro itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ.[15][16] A na-ele ọgwụ mgbochi osisi anya dị ka ihe ọzọ dị nchebe na gburugburu ebe obibi maka itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ ebe ọ bụ na a na-ebute compound n'ime osisi ahụ, si otú a na-enye ohere maka ikpughe ihe ọkụkụ.[17] N'ime ala na mpaghara obodo ukwu, injection trunk na-ebelata n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama ikpughe mmiri, ala, ikuku, na anụ ọhịa na ọgwụ ahụhụ na fatịlaịza. N'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ọgwụ osisi na-enweta ume site na mmepe na nnweta nke ngwaọrụ injection ọhụrụ, nke dị irè na ọgwụ injectable na xylem mobile formulations nke pesticides, biopesticides na nutrients.[18]

Mgbakwunye ogwe osisi na-arụ ọrụ site na ịgbakwunye kemịkal na-agbaze mmiri kpọmkwem n'ime ogwe osisi dị ala. [otú?]

Ngwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọtụtụ nje na-emepe emepe na ngwa ngwa na-agbasa na ọrịa ndị na-awakpo ụmụ ahụhụ na ọrịa dịka Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer (PSHB) (Euwallacea spp.), nke nwere ike ibute nje fungus Fusarium euwallaceae, na Sudden Oak Death (SOD) nke Oomycete Phytophthora ramorum kpatara, na-eguzobe ojiji nke ogwe osisi usoro nchebe kachasị mma na ala na ọhịa obodo. [dị ka onye si kwuo?[19][20]]

N'oge gara aga na n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a na-enyocha ọgwụ ahụhụ na ihe na-eguzogide osisi [ịkọwapụta dị mkpa] n'ọrụ ugbo maka ịchịkwa pathogens na ụmụ ahụhụ na-egbu egbu na osisi mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ vaịn. Ndị a na-enyocha nke ọma bụ ọrịa na ihe na-egbu egbu nke avocado, apụl, na mkpụrụ vaịn, dị ka Phytophthora mgbọrọgwụ rot nke avocado Phytophphthora cinnamomi na avocado thrips Scirtothrips perseae, ọkụ Erwinia amylovora na apple scab Venturia inaequalis, oblique banded leaf roller Choristoneura rosaceana na codling moth Cydia pomonella, na mkpụrụvaịn downy mildew Plasmopara viticola na powdery necator.[21][22][23][24][25][26] Osisi apụl na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa dị ka ihe nlereanya nyocha n'ọrụ ugbo ebe ọ bụ na a maara na mmepụta apụl chọrọ usoro mgbasa siri ike maka ịchịkwa fungus pathogenic V. inaequalis na ihe ruru 15-22 sprays nke fungicides kwa oge na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ.[27][28]

A na-ewere ọgwụ ahụhụ dị ka nhọrọ maka nnyefe zuru oke nke ga-ebelata mmetụta na-adịghị mma nke ọgwụ ahụhụ na-efu na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke na-eme mgbe ikuku ma ọ bụ ala gbasịrị ọgwụ ahụhụ.[29][30] E wezụga nsonaazụ ọjọọ nke itinye ọgwụ ahụhụ ugboro ugboro na gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-enyocha ọgwụ mkpụrụ vaịn na viticulture maka ịchịkwa pathogens nwere ihe siri ike nke na-emetụta ma na-ebibi anụ ahụ osisi na nke a na-enweghị ike ịchịkwa nke ọma site na itinye fungicides.[31] Iji mee ka arụmọrụ nke ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ime osisi na osisi vaịn, ihe ndị dị mkpa a na-atụle bụ anatomy nke osisi, ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ala osisi, usoro physiology, nkesa nke oghere na oge nke ihe ndị e tinyere n'ime ya, na ihe ndị dị na kemịkal nke ihe ndị ahụ a na-enye na nhazi.[32][33][34][35]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Aćimović (2014). "Spatial and temporal distribution of trunk-injected imidacloprid in apple tree canopies". Pest Management Science 70 (11): 1751–1760. DOI:10.1002/ps.3747. PMID 24481641. 
  2. ↑ Düker (2011). "Stem injection of prohexadione carboxylic acid to protect blossoms of apple trees from fire blight infection (Erwinia amylovora)". Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 118 (5): 156–160. DOI:10.1007/BF03356398. 
  3. ↑ Dula (2007). "Preliminary trials on treatment of esca-infected grapevines with trunk injection of fungicides". Phytopathologia Mediterranea (46): 91–95. Retrieved on 2014-12-08. 
  4. ↑ Darrieutort (2007). "Evaluation of a trunk injection technique to control grapevine wood diseases". Phytopathologia Mediterranea 46 (1): 50–57. DOI:10.1400/68068. 
  5. ↑ Aćimović (2013). "Control of (Venturia inaequalis) using trunk injection of biopesticides and fungicides in apple trees". Phytopathology 103 (Suppl. 2): S21–S2169. DOI:10.1094/PHYTO-103-6-S2.1. PMID 23676108. 
  6. ↑ Aćimović. Trunk-injected potassium phosphites and acibenzolar-S-methyl induce SAR in apple trees allowing control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora).
  7. ↑ Shaaban (2009). "Injection Fertilization: A Full Nutritional Technique for Fruit Trees Saves 90-95% of Fertilizers and Maintains a Clean Environment". Fruit, Vegetable and Cereal Science and Biotechnology 3 (1): 22–27. 
  8. ↑ Barney (1985). "Control of iron chlorosis in apple trees with injections of ferrous sulfate and ferric citrate and with soil‐applied iron‐sul". Journal of Plant Nutrition 7 (1–5): 313–317. DOI:10.1080/01904168409363198. 
  9. ↑ Doccola (2007). "Efficacy and duration of trunk-injected imidacloprid in the management of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae)". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 33 (1): 12–21. DOI:10.48044/jauf.2007.002. 
  10. ↑ Doccola (2011). "Impact of Systemic Fungicides on Lesions Formed by Inoculation with the Bluestain Fungus (Ophiostoma minus) in Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 37 (6): 288–292. DOI:10.48044/jauf.2011.037. 
  11. ↑ Dal Maso (2014). "Efficacy tests on commercial fungicides against ash dieback in vitro and by trunk injection". Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 13 (4): 697–703. DOI:10.1016/j.ufug.2014.07.005. 
  12. ↑ Viglierchio (1977). "Nematicidal injection: targeted control of plant-parasitic nematodes of trees and vines". Journal of Nematology 9 (4): 307–11. PMID 19305613. 
  13. ↑ Jansson (December 1997). "Curative and Residual Efficacy of Injection Applications of Avermectins for Control of Plant-parasitic Nematodes on Banana". Journal of Nematology 29 (4S): 695–702. PMID 19274271. 
  14. ↑ Takai (2003). "Development and preventative effect against pine wilt disease of a novel liquid formulation of emamectin benzoate". Pest Management Science 59 (3): 365–370. DOI:10.1002/ps.651. PMID 12639056. 
  15. ↑ Clifford (1977). "Distribution and performance of chemicals injected into trees for the control of fungal diseases". Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 83 (S1): 331–337. DOI:10.1007/BF03041448. 
  16. ↑ McCullough (2011). "Evaluation of Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) control provided by emamectin benzoate and two neonicotinoid insecticides, one and two seasons after treatment". Journal of Economic Entomology 104 (5): 1599–612. DOI:10.1603/ec11101. PMID 22066190. 
  17. ↑ Percival (2005). "Evaluation of microcapsule trunk injections for the control of apple scab and powdery mildew". Annals of Applied Biology 147 (1): 119–127. DOI:10.1111/j.1744-7348.2005.00019.x. 
  18. ↑ Marshall. "Garlic injection could tackle tree diseases", BBC News - Science & Environment, 2014. Retrieved on 9 October 2014.
  19. ↑ Eskalen (2020-01-18). Polyphagous Shot Hole Borer. Center for Invasive Species Research. Retrieved on 2021-08-10.
  20. ↑ Freeman (2013). "Fusarium euwallaceae sp. nov. - a symbiotic fungus of Euwallacea sp., an invasive ambrosia beetle in Israel and California". Mycologia 105 (6): 1595–1606. DOI:10.3852/13-066. PMID 23928415. 
  21. ↑ Byrne (2014). "Seasonal timing of neonicotinoid and organophosphate trunk injections to optimize the management of avocado thrips in California avocado groves". Crop Protection 57: 20–26. DOI:10.1016/j.cropro.2013.11.023. 
  22. ↑ Byrne (2012). "Evaluation of neonicotinoid, organophosphate and avermectin trunk injections for the management of avocado thrips in California avocado groves". Pest Management Science 68 (5): 811–817. DOI:10.1002/ps.2337. PMID 22396314. 
  23. ↑ VanWoerkom (2014). "Trunk injection: An alternative technique for pesticide delivery in apples". Crop Protection 65: 173–185. DOI:10.1016/j.cropro.2014.05.017. 
  24. ↑ Aćimović (2013). "Control of fire blight (Erwinia amylovora) with trunk injection of the maximum seasonally allowed doses of SAR inducers and antibiotics in apple trees". Phytopathology 103 (Suppl. 2): S21–S2169. DOI:10.1094/PHYTO-103-6-S2.1. PMID 23676108. 
  25. ↑ Düker (2011). "Stem injection of triazoles for the protection of Vitis vinifera L. ('Riesling') against powdery mildew (Uncinula necator)". Vitis 50 (2): 73–79. Retrieved on 2014-12-08. 
  26. ↑ Düker (2009). "Stem application of metalaxyl for the protection of Vitis vinifera L. ('Riesling') leaves and grapes against downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola)". Vitis 48 (1): 43–48. Retrieved on 2014-12-08. 
  27. ↑ Jamar (2010). "Primary scab control using a "during-infection" spray timing and the effect on fruit quality and yield in organic apple production". Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Société et Environnement 14 (3): 423–439. 
  28. ↑ Holb (2005). "Analysis of summer epidemic progress of apple scab at different apple production systems in the Netherlands and Hungary". Phytopathology 95 (9): 1001–20. DOI:10.1094/phyto-95-1001. PMID 18943298. 
  29. ↑ Pimentel (1986). "Pesticides: Amounts Applied and Amounts Reaching Pests". BioScience 36 (2): 86–91. DOI:10.2307/1310108. 
  30. ↑ Pimentel (1992). "Environmental and Economic Costs of Pesticide Use". BioScience 42 (10): 750–760. DOI:10.2307/1311994. 
  31. ↑ Düker (2006). Stem application of plant protective agents in viticulture. Aachen, Germany: Shaker Verlag GmbH. ISBN 9783832248161. 
  32. ↑ Aćimović (2014). Disease Management in Apples Using Trunk Injection Delivery of Plant Protective Compounds. East Lansing, MI, USA: Michigan State University, 362. 
  33. ↑ Aćimović. Trunk Injection: How To Improve The Efficiency of Injected Compounds In Trees. Michigan Nursery and Landscape Association. Retrieved on 9 October 2014.
  34. ↑ Mota-Sanchez (2009). "Distribution of trunk-injected 14C-imidacloprid in ash trees and effects on emerald ash borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) adults". Crop Protection 28 (8): 655–661. DOI:10.1016/j.cropro.2009.03.012. 
  35. ↑ Doccola (2012). "Treatment Strategies Using Imidacloprid in Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) Infested Eastern Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis Carrière) Trees". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 38 (2): 41–49. DOI:10.48044/jauf.2012.008. 
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