Mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo

Mgbatị ọrụ ugbo bụ itinye nyocha sayensị na ihe ọmụma ọhụrụ na omume ọrụ ugbo site na agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ngalaba 'extension' ugbu a na-agụnye usoro nkwurịta okwu na mmụta dị iche iche ahaziri maka ndị ime obodo site n'aka ndị nkuzi sitere na ngalaba dị iche iche, gụnyere ọrụ ugbo, ịzụ ahịa ugbo, ahụike na ọmụmụ azụmahịa..

Enwere ike ịhụ ndị na-eme mgbatị ahụ n'ụwa niile, na-arụkarị ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị. Ndị otu ọkachamara, netwọkụ na akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi na-anọchi anya ha.

Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi ugbo na Mba ndị na-emepe emepe na-enweta nkwado dị ukwuu site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ mmepe mba ụwa dị ka World Bank na Food and Agriculture Organization nke United Nations.

Okwu mmụba

Ojiji nke okwu 'mgbasawanye' malitere na england na 1866. Mgbasawanye nke oge a malitere na Dublin, Ireland na 1847 na ndị nkuzi na-agagharị agagharị nke Lord Clarendon n'oge nnukwu ụnwụ nri ahụ.^[1] Ọ gbasaa na Germany n'Afọ 1850, site n'aka ndị nkuzi ọrụ ugbo na-agagharị agagharị Wanderlehrer ma mesịa na USA site na usoro mmụba nke Smith-Lever Act nyere ikike na 1914. E mechara nabata okwu ahụ na United States of America, ebe na Britain, e ji "ọrụ ndụmọdụ" dochie ya na narị afọ nke 20. A na-eji ọtụtụ okwu ndị ọzọ eme ihe n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ụwa iji kọwaa otu echiche ahụ ma ọ bụ yiri ya:

Arabic: Al-Ershad ("onye nduzi")
Bengali: киң (shomprosharon 'mgbasawanye') ^[2]
Dutch: Voorlichting ("ịkpali ụzọ")
German: Beratung ("ọrụ ndụmọdụ")
French: Vulgarisation ("ịdị ka ihe a ma ama")
Italian: Assistenza técnica e divulgazione agricolaNnyocha teknụzụ na mgbasa ozi ugbo
Spanish: Capacitación ("Ọzụzụ", "iwu ikike")
Thai, Lao: Song-Suem ("ịkwalite")
Persian: Tarvij & Gostaresh ("ịkwalite na ịgbasa") -
Hindi: vistaar ("ịgbasa") - n'etiti
Somali: hormarin & ballaarin' ("ịkwalite na ịgbasa"')

Na US, onye na-agbatị bụ onye ọrụ mahadum nke na-emepe ma na-enye mmemme agụmakwụkwọ iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka na mmepe akụ na ụba na obodo, idu ndú, nsogbu ezinụlọ, ọrụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mpaghara mmemme ọzọ nke ndị ọrụ ndọtị nyere bụ 4-H na ọrụ ndị ntorobịa. Ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ mgbatị na-arụ ọrụ maka mmemme mgbatị ọrụ na mahadum na-enye ala. A na-akpọ ha ógbè ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ obodo, ma ọ bụ ndị nkuzi ndọtị. A na-ejikarị ndị ọrụ Extension, ndị ọkachamara Extension bụ ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka isiokwu na-ejikọkarị dịka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị prọfesọ mahadum na ngalaba dị iche iche na usoro mahadum na-enye ala. Isiokwu sitere na ọrụ ugbo, sayensị ndụ, akụ na ụba, injinia, nchekwa nri, njikwa ahụhụ, ọgwụ anụmanụ, na ọzụzụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Ndị ọkachamara na isiokwu ndị a na-arụ ọrụ na ndị ọrụ (na-emekarị na steeti ma ọ bụ mpaghara mpaghara) iji kwado mmemme n'ime usoro ndọtị mmekọrịta.

Nkọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme

Ihe atụ ndị e nyere n'okpuru ebe a sitere n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara ndọtị e bipụtara n'ime ihe karịrị afọ 50.

1949: Ọrụ bụ isi nke ịgbasawanye bụ inyere ezinụlọ ndị dị n'ime ime obodo aka inyere onwe ha aka site na itinye sayensị, ma ọ bụ nke anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ọrụ ugbo kwa ụbọchị, ime ụlọ, na ndụ ezinụlọ na obodo.^[3]
1965: A kọwawo ndọtị ọrụ ugbo dị ka usoro agụmakwụkwọ na-abụghị nke ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ndị bi n'ime ime obodo.^[4]
1966: Ndị ọrụ mgbatị ahụ nwere ọrụ nke iweta ihe ọmụma sayensị nye ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ugbo na ụlọ. Ebumnuche nke ọrụ a bụ imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke ọrụ ugbo.
1973: Mgbasawanye bụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ usoro nke na-enyere ndị ọrụ ugbo aka, site na usoro agụmakwụkwọ, n'imeziwanye usoro na usoro ọrụ ugbo, na-eme ka arụmọrụ na ego ha na-enweta dịkwuo mma, na-emekwa ka ọnọdụ ndụ ha dị mma ma na-ebuli ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta na agụmakwụkwọ.
1974: Mgbasawanye na-agụnye iji nkwurịta okwu nke ozi mee ihe iji nyere ndị mmadụ aka ịmepụta echiche ziri ezi ma mee mkpebi dị mma.
1982: Mgbasawanye Ọrụ Ugbo: Enyemaka nye ndị ọrụ ugbo iji nyere ha aka ịchọpụta ma nyochaa nsogbu mmepụta ha ma mara ohere maka imeziwanye.
1988: Mgbasawanye bụ ntinye aka nkwurịta okwu ọkachamara nke ụlọ ọrụ na-etinye iji mee ka mgbanwe na omume afọ ofufo na-eche na ọ bara uru ọha na eze ma ọ bụ nke otu.
1997: Mgbasawanye bụ mgbanwe a haziri ahazi nke ozi na ịkpachara anya nyefee nkà.
1999: Isi ihe nke ịgbatị ọrụ ugbo bụ ime ka mmekọrịta dị mfe ma zụlite njikọ aka n'ime usoro ozi zuru oke nke gụnyere nyocha ọrụ ugbo, agụmakwụkwọ ọrụ ugbo na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ozi.
2004: Mgbasawanye bụ usoro ntinye aka nkwurịta okwu nke a na-ezube, n'etiti ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị ọzọ, ịzụlite na / ma ọ bụ mee ka ihe ọhụrụ nke na-enyere aka idozi (na-abụkarị ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri) ọnọdụ nsogbu.
2006: Mgbasawanye bụ usoro nke ime ka mgbanwe dị n'otu n'otu, obodo na ụlọ ọrụ ndị metụtara ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ isi na njikwa akụ.^[5]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Mmalite nke mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo

A maghị ebe ma ọ bụ mgbe ọrụ ndọtị mbụ mere. Otú ọ dị, a maara na ndị ọrụ China na-emepụta ụkpụrụ ọrụ ugbo, na-edekọ ihe ọmụma bara uru, ma na-ekesa ndụmọdụ nye ndị ọrụ ugbo ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 2,000 gara aga. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihe dị ka 800 BC, minista na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo n'okpuru otu n'ime ndị eze ukwu Zhou haziri nkuzi nke mgbanwe ihe ọkụkụ na drainage nye ndị ọrụ ugbo. Minista ahụ nyekwara ndị ọrụ ugbo ngwá ọrụ, wuo ụlọ ahịa ọka ma nye nri n'efu n'oge ụnwụ nri.^[6]

A na-ekwu na ọmụmụ nke ọrụ mgbatị nke oge a sitere na ihe omume ndị mere na Ireland n'etiti narị afọ nke 19. ^[7] N'agbata afọ 1845 na afọ 1951, ọrịa fungal bibiri ihe ọkụkụ poteto Irish ma nwee oke ụnwụ nri. Gọọmentị Britain mere ndokwa maka "ndị nkuzi bara uru" ka ha gaa n'ime ime obodo ma kụziere ndị ọrụ ugbo otu esi akụ ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Atụmatụ a dọtara uche ndị ọrụ gọọmentị na Germany, bụ ndị haziri usoro nke ha nke ndị nkuzi na-eme njem. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, echiche ahụ agbasaala na Denmark, Netherlands, Italy, na France.

Mahadum Cambridge na Oxford jiri okwu ahụ bụ "mgbatị mahadum" mee ihe na 1867 iji kọwaa ọrụ nkuzi nke gbatịpụrụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ karịa ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a na-amalite amalite enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na ọrụ ugbo. Ọ bụghị ruo na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20, mgbe kọleji dị na United States malitere ịme ngagharị iwe na ihe ngosi ọrụ ugbo ma na-enye nkuzi na klọb ndị ọrụ ugbo, na a na-etinye okwu ahụ bụ "ọrụ mgbatị" maka ụdị ọrụ anyị na-amata ugbu a site na aha ahụ.

In the United States, the Hatch Act of 1887 established a system of agricultural experiment stations in conjunction with each state's land-grant university, and the Smith-Lever Act of 1914 created a system of cooperative extension to be operated by those universities in order to inform people about current developments in agriculture, home economics, and related subjects.

N'afọ 1966, e guzobere National Sea Grant College Program na Bill Wick mepụtara Marine Advisory Program mbụ na Oregon site na iji ihe nlereanya Extension. Onye ọrụ Marine Extension mbụ bụ Bob Jacobsen, a makwaara ya dị ka "onye ọrụ ugbo na hip-boots".[1]

Ọgbọ anọ nke mmụba na Eshia

Mmepe nke ọrụ mgbatị na Eshia nke oge a dị iche site na mba ruo mba. N'agbanyeghị ọdịiche ndị ahụ, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịchọpụta usoro nke oge anọ ma ọ bụ "ọgbọ": ^[8]

Ọrụ ugbo nke ndị na-achị ala ọzọ: Ndị na-achị mba ahụ guzobere ụlọ ọrụ nnwale n'ọtụtụ mba Eshia. A na-elekwasịkarị anya na ihe ọkụkụ ndị na-ebupụ mba ọzọ dị ka rọba, tii, ogho, na shuga. E nyere ndị njikwa ubi na ndị nwe ala buru ibu ndụmọdụ teknụzụ. Enyemaka nye obere ndị ọrụ ugbo na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ dị ụkọ, ma e wezụga n'oge nsogbu.
Mgbatị dị iche iche site n'elu ruo n'ala: Mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị, ọrụ mgbatị dabere na ngwaahịa sitere na ihe fọdụrụ na usoro ọchịchị, yana ebumnuche mmepụta nke e guzobere dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ mmepe afọ ise. Na mgbakwunye, a malitere atụmatụ dị iche iche iji gboo mkpa nke obere ndị ọrụ ugbo, na nkwado sitere n'aka ndị na-enye onyinye si mba ọzọ.
Mgbatị dị n'elu ala: N'ime afọ 1970 na 1980, World Bank webatara usoro Ọzụzụ na Nleta (T&V). E jikọtara òtù ndị dị ugbu a n'otu ọrụ mba. A na-ezigara ìgwè ndị ọrụ ugbo ozi mgbe niile, na-akwalite nnabata nke teknụzụ "Green Revolution".
Mgbatị dị iche iche: Mgbe ego nke World Bank bịara na njedebe, usoro T&V dara n'ọtụtụ mba, na-ahapụ usoro mmemme na ọrụ ndị sitere na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Mbelata nke atụmatụ etiti, tinyere nchegbu na-arịwanye elu maka nkwado na ikpe ziri ezi, emeela ka usoro itinye aka jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie ụzọ dị n'elu.

The fourth generation is well established in some countries, while it has only just begun in other places. While it seems likely that participatory approaches will continue to spread in the next few years, it is impossible to predict the long-term future of extension. Compared to 20 years agoÀtụ:Clarify timeframe, agricultural extension now receives considerably less support from donor agencies. Among academics working in this field, some have recently argued that agricultural extension needs to be reinvented as a professional practice. Other authors have abandoned the idea of extension as a distinct concept and prefer to think in terms of "knowledge systems" in which farmers are seen as experts rather than adopters.

Akụkụ nke agụmakwụkwọ n'ọdịnihu:

Ọganihu nke usoro ịgbatị na arụmọrụ nke ụzọ
Mgbasawanye agụmakwụkwọ n'ọdịnihu
Ntinye aka kọleji nke ndị ọrụ ugbo
Mgbasa ozi teknụzụ na-enyere aka na weebụ
Ịmepụta ikpe dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka mgbasa ozi teknụzụ
Ọrụ ugbo dị ka ọrụ bara uru
Mmụba nke mkpokọta otu
Nkwalite nke Obere ụlọ ọrụ

Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ọhụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ndị bịara na nzaghachi maka adịghị ike na nyocha ọha na eze na usoro ịgbatị enyewo ihe ngosi zuru ezu banyere mpụta nke usoro ihe ọhụrụ ọrụ ugbo na India. Nke a emeela ka ókèala ụlọ ọrụ doro anya dị n'etiti nyocha, ndọtị, ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị ọrụ ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ onwe. Mgbasawanye kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ nke ime ka ohere na nnyefe nke ihe ọmụma dị n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na-etinye aka na usoro ihe ọhụrụ ma mepụta usoro ụlọ ọrụ ruru eru iji melite arụmọrụ zuru oke nke usoro ihe ọhụrụ ahụ. Enweghị ike ịrụ ọrụ a dị mkpa ga-eme ka mbọ mgbatị ahụ ghara ịdị.

Usoro nkwurịta okwu

A na-eji okwu ahụ bụ "mgbatị" kpuchie usoro nkwurịta okwu dịgasị iche iche. Okwu abụọ pụrụ iche na-enyere aka ịkọwa ụdị ndọtị: otu nkwurịta okwu si eme, na ihe mere o ji mee.^[8]

Akụkụ metụtara ma dị iche iche nke nkwurịta okwu ugbo apụtawo iji nye aka na nyocha miri emi nke usoro nkwurịta Okwu n'etiti ndị ọrụ dị iche iche n'ime na n'èzí usoro ọrụ ugbo. Ubi a na-ezo aka n'ihe nlereanya ndọtị na-ekere òkè dị ka ụdị nkwurịta okwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze dabere na nkwanye ùgwù, nghọta, na mmetụta n'etiti nzukọ na ndị metụtara ya.

Nkwurịta okwu ugbo nwere ike ịnwe ụzọ atọ - ọzụzụ ihu na ihu, ọzụzụ "ngwa" dịka akwụkwọ ntuziaka na vidiyo, ma ọ bụ teknụzụ ozi na nkwukọrịta (ICTs), dịka redio na usoro ozi dị mkpirikpi (SMS). Usoro kachasị dị irè na-eme ka nkwurịta okwu abụọ dị mfe ma na-ejikọkarị ụzọ dị iche iche.

Ụkpụrụ anọ nke mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo

Enwere ike ịkọwa usoro ndọtị ọ bụla n'ụdị nzikọrịta ozi na ihe kpatara o ji eme. Ọ bụghị ikpe na usoro nna na-eme ka mmadụ kwenye mgbe niile, ọ bụghịkwa na ọrụ ntinye aka na-abụkarị agụmakwụkwọ. Kama nke ahụ, e nwere ngwakọta anọ nwere ike ime, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-anọchite anya ụdị ndọtị dị iche, dị ka ndị a:: ^[8]

Mbufe teknụzụ (nkwenye + nna): Ụdị a jupụtara n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị ma pụta ọzọ na 1970s na 1980s mgbe e guzobere usoro "Ọzụzụ na Nleta" gafee Eshia. Mbufe teknụzụ na-agụnye usoro elu-ala nke na-enye ndị ọrụ ugbo ndụmọdụ ụfọdụ gbasara omume ha kwesịrị ịnakwere.
Ọrụ ndụmọdụ (nkwado + ntinye aka): A pụrụ ịhụ usoro a taa ebe ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ onwe onye na-azaghachi ajụjụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na ntụziaka teknụzụ. Ọ na-ejikwa ụdị ọrụ ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-enye onyinye na NGO na-eji usoro ntinye aka iji kwalite ngwugwu teknụzụ a kara aka.
Mmepe nke akụ na ụba mmadụ (agụmakwụkwọ + nna): Ụdị a na-achịkwa ụbọchị ndị mbụ nke ịgbatị na Europe na North America, mgbe mahadum nyere ọzụzụ maka ndị bi n'ime ime obodo bụ ndị dara ogbenye nke ukwuu ịga ọmụmụ oge niile. Ọ na-aga n'ihu taa na ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke kọleji gburugburu ụwa. A na-eji usoro nkuzi site n'elu ruo n'ala, mana a na-atụ anya ka ụmụ akwụkwọ mee mkpebi nke ha banyere otu esi eji ihe ọmụma ha nwetara.
Nkwado maka inye ikike (agụmakwụkwọ + itinye aka): Usoro a na-agụnye usoro dịka mmụta ahụmahụ na mgbanwe onye ọrụ ugbo na onye ọrụ ugbe. A na-enweta ihe ọmụma site na usoro mmekọrịta ma na-agba ndị sonyere ume ime mkpebi nke ha. Ihe atụ a ma ama na Eshia bụ ọrụ ndị na-eji Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ọhịa (FFS) ma ọ bụ mmepe teknụzụ (PTD).

Enwere ụfọdụ nghọtahie gbasara ma echiche na aha 'extension' nwere n'ezie ma ọ bụ na ọ metụtaghị ụkpụrụ anọ niile. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkachamara kwenyere na a ga-ejedebe okwu ahụ na ụzọ ndị na-ekwenye ekwenye, ebe ndị ọzọ kwenyere na a ga-eji ya mee ihe nanị maka mmemme agụmakwụkwọ. Paulo Freire ekwuola na okwu 'mgbatị' na 'mmekọrịta' na-emegiderịta onwe ya. Enwere ihe kpatara nghọtahie ndị a. Otú ọ dị, site n'echiche bara uru, a na-ahazi usoro nzikọrịta ozi nke kwekọrọ na nke ọ bụla n'ime ụkpụrụ anọ a ugbu a n'okpuru aha ndọtị n'otu akụkụ nke ụwa ma ọ bụ ọzọ. N'ụzọ doro anya, ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị n'echiche, a na-ewere ọrụ ndị a niile ka a na-anọchi anya ya na mgbatị ọrụ ugbo..

Hụkwa

Ọrụ mmụba nke imekọ ihe ọnụ
Mgbasawanye nke ihe ọhụrụ
Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi
Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo
Kọmitii Nnyocha Ndị Ọrụ Ugbo
Klọb ndị na-eme ihe ngosi n'ụlọ
Mmepe teknụzụ na-ekere òkè
Vidio na-ekere òkè
Spore (akwụkwọ ọrụ ugbo)
Krishi Vigyan Kendra

Ebem si dee

↑ Jones (1997). Chapter 1 - The history, development, and future of agricultural extension. Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-104007-9.
↑ কৃষি সম্প্রসারণ অধিদপ্তর.
↑ Brunner, E. and Hsin Pao Yang, E. (1949) Rural America and the Extension Service, Columbia University
↑ Saville, A. H. (1965) Extension in Rural Communities: A Manual for Agricultural and Home Extension technician Workers. Oxford University Press.
↑ State Extension Leaders Network (SELN) 2006 'Enabling Change in Rural and Regional Australia: The role of extension in achieving sustainable and productive futures', online resource: www.seln.org.au.
↑ Trager, J. (1996) The Food Chronology, Aurum Press, London
↑ Jones, G.E. and Garforth, C. (1997) The history, development, and future of agricultural extension in Swanson, B. “Improving Agricultural Extension: A Reference Manual (3rd Edition)” FAO
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 NAFES (2005) Consolidating Extension in the Lao PDR, National Agricultural and Forestry Extension Service, Vientiane

[1] Jones (1997). Chapter 1 - The history, development, and future of agricultural extension. Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-104007-9.

[2] কৃষি সম্প্রসারণ অধিদপ্তর.

[3] Brunner, E. and Hsin Pao Yang, E. (1949) Rural America and the Extension Service, Columbia University

[4] Saville, A. H. (1965) Extension in Rural Communities: A Manual for Agricultural and Home Extension technician Workers. Oxford University Press.

[5] State Extension Leaders Network (SELN) 2006 'Enabling Change in Rural and Regional Australia: The role of extension in achieving sustainable and productive futures', online resource: www.seln.org.au.

[6] Trager, J. (1996) The Food Chronology, Aurum Press, London

[7] Jones, G.E. and Garforth, C. (1997) The history, development, and future of agricultural extension in Swanson, B. “Improving Agricultural Extension: A Reference Manual (3rd Edition)” FAO

[NAFES05-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 NAFES (2005) Consolidating Extension in the Lao PDR, National Agricultural and Forestry Extension Service, Vientiane

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