Mgbawa ugwu Limnic

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Ọdọ Mmiri Nyos, ebe mgbawa ugwu na 1986

Mgbawa limnic, nke a makwaara dị ka ọdọ mmiri, bụ ụdị ọdachi na-adịghị ahụkebe nke carbon dioxide (CO2) gbazere na mberede na-esi na mmiri ọdọ mmiri miri emi pụta, na-eme ígwé ojii nke nwere ike ịkụda anụ ọhịa, anụ ụlọ na ụmụ mmadụ. Mgbawa limnic nwekwara ike ịkpata mbufịt mbufịt ma ọ bụ seiche [ntụgharị chọrọ] ka CO2 na-ebili na-ewepụ mmiri. Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwenyere na ala ọma jijiji, ọrụ mgbawa ugwu, na ihe mgbawa ndị ọzọ nwere ike bụrụ ihe na-akpalite mgbawa limnic. A na-akpọ ọdọ mmiri ndị a na-eme ihe omume dị otú ahụ dị ka ọdọ mmiri na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri na-agbawa agbawa. Ụfọdụ atụmatụ nke ọdọ mmiri na-arụsi ọrụ ike gụnyere:

  • CO2-saturated incoming water
  • Ala ọdọ mmiri dị jụụ na-egosi enweghị mgbawa ugwu na mmiri ọdọ mmiri
  • Elu na ala okpomọkụ nwere CO2 saturations dị iche iche
  • Mpaghara dị nso na mpaghara ndị na-agbọpụta ọkụ

Nnyocha e mere n'Ọdọ Mmiri Monoun na Ọdọ Mmiri Nyos mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kewaa mgbawa limnic dị ka ụdị ọdachi dị iche iche, n'agbanyeghị na enwere ike jikọta ya na mgbawa ugwu.

Ihe mere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  N'ihi ọdịdị a na-adịghị ahụ anya nke ihe kpatara ya (CO2 gas) n'azụ limnic eruptions, ọ na-esiri ike ikpebi ókè eruptions mere n'oge gara aga. Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Rome Plutarch na-akọ na na 406 BC, Ọdọ mmiri Albano gafere n'ugwu ndị gbara ya gburugburu, n'agbanyeghị na enweghị mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ọtụ mmiri na-asọba n'ime ọdọ ahụ maka ịrị elu ọkwa mmiri. Iju mmiri ahụ sochirinụ bibiri ubi na ubi vaịn tupu o mechaa wụba n'oké osimiri. A na-eche na ọ bụ ikuku mgbawa mgbawa kpatara ihe omume a, nke tọrọ na sedimenti na ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ewulite ruo mgbe ọ na-ewepụta na mberede, na-eme ka mmiri na-asọfe.

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme na-adịbeghị anya, a hụla ihe a ugboro abụọ. Mgbawa limnic mbụ e dekọrọ mere na Cameroon n'Ọdọ Mmiri Monoun n'afọ 1984, butere asphyxia na ọnwụ nke mmadụ 37 bi nso. Mgbawa nke abụọ, nke na-egbu egbu mere na Ọdọ Mmiri Nyos gbara agbata obi na 1986, na-ahapụ ihe karịrị nde 80 m3 nke CO2, gburu ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,700 na anụ ụlọ 3,000, ọzọ site na asphyxiation.

Ọdọ mmiri nke atọ, Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu nke buru ibu karịa, dị n'ókè dị n'etiti Democratic Republic of the Congo na Rwanda, ma nwee nnukwu CO2 a gbazere agbaze. Ihe nnwale sediment e si n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ wepụta gosipụtara ihe omume mere ka ihe ndị dị ndụ dị n'ọdọ ahụ pụọ n'anya n'ihe dị ka 1,000 afọ ọ bụla, ma mee ka ahịhịa ndị dị nso laghachi n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Enwere ike ịchọpụta mgbawa Limnic ma kọwaa ya na ọnụọgụ CO2 site na iwere ikuku nke mpaghara ahụ metụtara.[1]

Ọdọ Mmiri Monoun dị na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke Cameroon

Okpokoro olulu Messel nke Messel, Germany, na-egosi ihe mgbawa nke limnic n'ebe ahụ na mmalite Eocene. N'ime ndị ihe ahụ metụtara bụ ụmụ ahụhụ, frogs, nduru, agụ iyi, nnụnụ, anteaters, ụmụ ahụhụ, ndị mbụ primates na paleotheres.

Ihe Ndị Na-akpata ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

   

Ihe osise na-akọwa ihe mere mgbawa Limnic

Maka ọdọ mmiri ka ọ ga-enwe mgbawa limnic, mmiri ga-abụrịrị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ gas. CO2 bụ isi ihe dị na ikpe abụọ a hụrụ (Lake Nyos na Lake Monoun). Na Lake Kivu, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gụnyere onye na-ahụ maka physics n'ọdọ mmiri bụ Alfred Johny Wüest na-echegbu onwe ha banyere oke nke gas methane.[2][3] CO2 nwere ike isi na gas na-agbọpụta ọkụ nke sitere n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ site na ire ure nke ihe ndị dị ndụ. Tupu ọdọ mmiri jupụta, ọ na-akpa àgwà dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ carbonated na-emegheghị (dịka, ihe ọṅụṅụ na-atọ ụtọ): a na-agbaze CO2 na mmiri. Na ọdọ mmiri na ihe ọṅụṅụ na-atọ ụtọ, CO2 na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na nrụgide dị elu (iwu Henry). Nke a bụ ihe mere efere na ite soda ji pụta naanị mgbe emeghere ite ahụ; mgbe a tọhapụrụ nrụgide ahụ, CO2 na-apụta na ngwọta. N'ihe banyere ọdọ mmiri, ala dị na nrụgide dị elu; ka ọ dị omimi, ka nrụgide dị n'ala. Ya mere, enwere ike ịgbaze CO2 buru ibu na ọdọ mmiri miri emi. CO2 na-agbari ngwa ngwa na mmiri dị jụụ, dịka nke a na-ahụ na ala ọdọ mmiri. Obere ịrị elu nke okpomọkụ mmiri nwere ike iduga na mwepụta nke CO2 buru ibu.

Ozugbo ọdọ na-ejupụta na kwuru compound, ọ na-adịghị eguzosi ike na ọ na-enye apụ apụ isi nke rere nsen na egbe ntụ ntụ, ma a mkpalite na-mkpa ka gbanyụọ mgbawa. N'ihe banyere mgbawa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nyos nke 1986, nbibi bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-ebute ya, mana mgbawa ugwu mgbawa, ala ọma jijiji, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ifufe na mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịkpalite ya. Ihe ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata mgbawa limnic bụ saturation gas nke nta nke nta na omimi nke nwere ike ịkpalite mmepe gas na-akpaghị aka. Maka nke ọ bụla n'ime ikpe ndị a, ihe na-akpalite na-akpali ụfọdụ mmiri jupụtara na gas dị elu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ebe nrụgide na-ezughị ezu iji dobe CO2 na ngwọta. Ka egosipụta na-amalite na-akpụ mmiri na-ebuli elu ọbụna elu na ọdọ (buoyancy), ebe ọzọ CO2 na-esi na ngwọta. Usoro a na-etolite kọlụm nke gas, ebe a na-adọta mmiri dị na ala nke kọlụm a site na nsị, ya onwe ya kwa, na-efunahụ CO2 na usoro ịgba ọsọ. Mgbawa a na-ebupụ CO2 n'ikuku ma nwee ike ịkwaga mmiri zuru oke iji mepụta mbufịt mbufịt.

Ozugbo ọdo na-e kwuru na kwuru compound, ọ na-akpa ụkwụsi ike na ọ na-enye apụ apụ isi nke rere nsen na egbe ntụ ntụ, ma a mkpalite na-mkpa ka igodo mgbawa. N'ihe mgbawa n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nyos nke 1986, ndị mmadụ bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo na ọ na-ebute ya, mana mgbawa ugwu mgbawa, ala ọma jijiji, ma ọ bụ egwu ifufe na mmiri ozuzo nwere ike ịhụlite ya. Ihe ọzọ nwere ike iketa mgbawa limnic bụ saturation gas nke nta nke nta na omimi nke nwere ike serelite ike gas na-ama aka. Maka nke ọ blla n'ime ikpe ndị a, ihe na-akpalite na-akpali ụfọdụ mmirika na gas dị elu na ɔdɔ mmiri ahụ, ebe ike na- ezu iji dobe CO2 na akụ. Ka akara na-amalite na-akpụ mmiri na-ebuli elu ọgụ elu na ɔdɔ (buoyancy), ebe ọzọ CO2 na-esi na akwụkwọ. Usoro a na-etolite kọlụm nke gas, ebe a na--ama mmiri dị na ala nke kọlụm a site na mpaghara, ya onwe ya kwa, na-efunahụ CO2 na ịgba ọsọ. Mgbawa a na-ebupụ CO2 n'ikuku ma nwee ike ọkụga mmiri zuru oke iji jide mbufụt mbufụt.

Nsonaazụ ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ehi nwụrụ site na mgbawa ugwu nke 1986 na Lake Nyos

Ozugbo mgbawa ahụ mere, nnukwu ígwé ojii CO2 na-emepụta n'elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ ma gbasaa na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu. N'ihi na CO2 dị arọ karịa ikuku, ọ na-enwekarị ike ịbanye n'ala, n'otu oge na-ewepụ ikuku na-eku ume, na-akpata asphyxia. CO2 nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị n'ahụ mmadụ bụrụ acid nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịkpata nsị CO2. Ka ndị ahụ na-arịa ọrịa na-esi ísì ụtọ maka ikuku, ha na-eme ka asphyxia dị ngwa site na iku ume CO2.

Na Lake Nyos, igwe ojii gas ahụ gbadatara n'ime obodo dị nso ebe ọ kwụsịrị, na-egbu fọrọ nta ka ọ bụrụ onye ọ bụla; a kọrọ na mmadụ nwụrụ ruo 25 (16 mi). [ntụgharị dị mkpa] Mgbanwe na agba akpụkpọ ahụ n'ahụ ụfọdụ mere ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị kwuo na igwe ojii gas nwere ike ịnwe acid a gwakọtara agwakọta dịka hydrogen chloride, ọ bụ ezie na a na-arụ ụka.[4] A chọtara ọtụtụ ndị merụrụ ahụ na blisters na akpụkpọ ahụ ha, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ọnyá nrụgide kpatara ya, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi oke ikuku oxygen dị ala n'ime ndị carbon dioxide na-egbu.[5] Ahịhịa ndị dị nso emetụtaghị ya n'ụzọ dị ukwuu, ma e wezụga ihe ọ bụla na-eto n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ. N'ebe ahụ, ahịhịa mebiri ma ọ bụ mebie site na tsunami dị elu nke 24 m (79 ) nke nnukwu mgbawa kpatara.[6]

Ịchụpụ n'ala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-eme mgbalị iji mepụta ihe ngwọta maka iwepụ gas site na ọdọ mmiri ndị a na iji gbochie mkpokọta nke nwere ike iduga ọdachi ọzọ. Otu ìgwè nke onye ọkà mmụta sayensị French bụ Michel Halbwachs duziri malitere ịnwale na Lake Monoun na Lake Nyos na 1990 site na iji siphons mee ka mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ndị a dị n'ụzọ a na-achịkwa.[7] Ndị otu ahụ debere ọkpọkọ kwụ ọtọ n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ na njedebe ya n'elu mmiri. Mmiri jupụtara na CO2 na-abanye n'ala nke ọkpọkọ ma na-arịgo n'elu. Mmetụta dị ala n'elu na-enye ohere ka gas si na ngwọta pụta. Naanị obere mmiri ga-eji ígwè na-agbapụta na mbụ site na paịpụ iji malite ịba. Ka mmiri jupụtara na ya na-arị elu, CO2 na-apụta na ngwọta ma na-emepụta efere. Mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri nke efere na-adọta mmiri n'elu ọkpọkọ ahụ na nnukwu ọsọ na-akpata isi iyi n'elu. Mmiri na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị n'ime mmiri na-arụ ọrụ dị ka mgbapụta, na-adọta mmiri ọzọ n'ime ala nke ọkpọkọ ahụ, ma na-emepụta mmiri na-akwado onwe ya. Nke a bụ otu usoro ahụ nke na-eduga na mgbawa nke okike, mana n'ọnọdụ a, ọ na-achịkwa site na nha nke ọkpọkọ ahụ.

Paịpụ ọ bụla nwere ikike mgbapụta pere mpe ma a ga-achọ ọtụtụ maka ọdọ mmiri Monoun na ọdọ mmiri Nyos iji mee ka akụkụ dị ukwuu nke mmiri dị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị nchebe. Mmiri dị omimi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ntakịrị acid n'ihi CO2 a gbazere agbaze nke na-akpata corrosion na ọkpọkọ na ngwá electronic, na-achọ mmezi na-aga n'ihu. Enwere nchegbu ụfọdụ na CO2 sitere na paịpụ nwere ike ịdakwasị n'elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-emepụta ikuku na-enweghị ume ma si otú a na-akpata nsogbu maka anụ ọhịa.

N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2001, ndị otu French-Cameroonian tinyere otu ọkpọkọ na Lake Nyos, a rụkwara ọkpọkọ abụọ ọzọ n'afọ 2011 site na nkwado ego sitere na United Nations Development Programme.[8][9] A rụnyere ọkpọkọ na Lake Monoun n'afọ 2003 ma gbakwunye abụọ ọzọ n'afọ 2006.[8][9] A na-eche na ọkpọkọ atọ a zuru ezu iji gbochie mmụba nke ọkwa CO2, na-ewepụ dịka otu gas ahụ na-abanye n'ala ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Na Jenụwarị 2003, a kwadoro ọrụ ọnwa 18 iji mee ka ọdọ mmiri Monoun dị mma, ebe ọ bụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ adịla mma.[10][8]

E nwere ihe akaebe ụfọdụ na Ọdọ Mmiri Michigan dị na United States na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị n'otu n'ụzọ dị obere n'oge ọ bụla.[11]

Ihe ize ndụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Foto Satellite nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu na 2003

Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu abụghị naanị ihe dị ka okpukpu 1,700 karịa Ọdọ Mmị Nyos, kamakwa ọ dị n'ógbè ndị mmadụ jupụtara na ya, nke nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ abụọ bi n'akụkụ osimiri ya, akụkụ dị n'ime Democratic Republic of the Congo bụ ebe esemokwu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ikike dị ala maka gọọmentị DRC. Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu erubeghị ọkwa dị elu nke CO2 saturation; ọ bụrụ na mmiri ahụ ga-abụ nke jupụtara nke ukwuu, mgbawa limnic ga-eweta nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ndụ mmadụ na anụmanụ, nke nwere ike igbu ọtụtụ nde mmadụ.[12]

Mgbanwe abụọ dị ịrịba ama na ọnọdụ anụ ahụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu emeela ka a mara banyere mgbawa limnic nwere ike ime: ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke dissociation methane na okpomọkụ na-arị elu.[13] Nnyocha na-enyocha okpomọkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na nke oge a na-egosi na okpomọkụ dị n'elu ọdọ mmiri Kivu na-abawanye site na ihe dịka 0.12 °C kwa afọ iri.[13] Ọdọ Mmiri Kivu dị nso na ihe ndị nwere ike ịkpata ya: Ugwu Nyiragongo (ugwu na-agbọpụta ọkụ nke gbawara na Jenụwarị 2002 na Mee 2021), mpaghara ala ọma jijiji na-arụ ọrụ, na ugwu ndị ọzọ na-agbawa ọkụ.[14]

Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike ime ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'ụzọ yiri Lake Monoun na Lake Nyos, n'ihi oke ọdọ mmiri Kivu na oke gas ọ nwere, ọrụ dị otú ahụ ga-adị oke ọnụ, na-abanye n'ime ọtụtụ nde dollar. [ntụgharị dị mkpa] Atụmatụ malitere na 2010 iji methane tọrọ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị ka isi iyi mmanụ iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik na Rwanda eme ka ogo nke CO2.[15] N'oge usoro maka iwepụta gas methane na-ere ọkụ nke a na-eji eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik dị n'ụsọ osimiri, a na-ewepụ ụfọdụ CO2 na usoro a maara dị ka catalyst scrubbing. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma a ga-ewepụ gas zuru ezu iji wepụ ihe ize ndụ nke mgbawa limnic na Lake Kivu.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

  • Mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ
  • Mazuku
  • Ọdachi Ndị Na-emere Onwe Ya
  • Tsunami n'ọdọ mmiri

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Wenz (2020). "The danger lurking in an African lake". Knowable Magazine. DOI:10.1146/knowable-100720-1. 
  2. ↑ Jones (September 23, 2021). How Dangerous is Africa's Explosive Lake Kivu?. Nature. Retrieved on January 23, 2023.
  3. ↑ Rosen (April 16, 2015). Lake Kivu's Great Gas Gamble. MIT Technology Review. Retrieved on January 23, 2023.
  4. ↑ Freeth (1989). "Lake Nyos disaster". BMJ 299 (6697): 513. DOI:10.1136/bmj.299.6697.513-a. PMID 2507040. 
  5. ↑ BBC Horizon programme "Killer Lakes"
  6. ↑ Gusiakov (2014). "Tsunami impact on the African continent: historical cases and hazard evaluation", in Ismail-Zadeh, A.: Extreme Natural Hazards, Disaster Risks and Societal Implications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 230. ISBN 978-1-107-03386-3. 
  7. ↑ BBC Cameroons "killer lake" degassed
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Jones (2010). "Battle to degas deadly lakes continues". Nature 466 (7310): 1033. DOI:10.1038/4661033a. PMID 20739980. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Nasr (24 March 2009). How did Lake Nyos suddenly kill 1,700 people?. HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved on 18 April 2013.
  10. ↑ Nicola Jones. "Lake to lose its silent killer", newscientist, 1 February 2003. Retrieved on 2009-08-20.
  11. ↑ Otto (28 April 2017). When Lake Michigan burps. UWMResearch.
  12. ↑ Jones. How dangerous is Africa's explosive Lake Kivu?. Nature. Springer Nature Limited. Retrieved on 11 October 2022.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Katsev (2014). "Recent Warming of Lake Kivu". PLOS ONE 9 (10): e109084. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0109084. PMID 25295730. 
  14. ↑ Schmid (2002). "The volcanic risk - How hazardous is the gas accumulation in Lake Kivu? Arguments for a risk assesment in light of the Nyiragongo Volcano eruption of 2002". Acta Vulcanologica 14 (1–2): 15–122. DOI:10.1400/19084. 
  15. ↑ Rice. "Rwanda harnesses volcanic gases from depths of Lake Kivu", The Guardian, 16 August 2010.

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

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