Mgbukpọ osisi


obere ụdị nke	forestation
atọrọ na gburugburu ebe obibi	Deforested habitats lack seeds of late-successional and large-seeded plant species in tropical montane forests

Ịkụ osisi bụ iguzobe oke ọhịa ma ọ bụ guzoro osisi (oke ọhịa) na mpaghara ebe enweghị mkpuchi osisi na nso nso a. Ọtụtụ ndị gọọmentị na ndị na abụghị ndị gọọmentị na etinye aka ozugbo na mmemme igbu osisi iji mepụta oke ọhịa na ịbawanye njide carbon. Ịkpa oke ọhịa bụ usoro a na achọsiwanye ike iji lụso nsogbu ihu igwe ọgụ, ebe a maara na ọ na abawanye ogo ala na ọkwa carbon organic n'ime ala, na ezere ọzara. A na eme oke ọhịa maka nchekwa na ebumnuche azụmahịa.

Ọnụego mfu nke ụgbụgbọ ọhịa gbadara nke ukwuu n'ime oge 1990-2020 n'ihi mbelata nke igbutu osisi na mba ụfọdụ, gbakwunyere na abawanye na mpaghara ọhịa na ndị ọzọ site n'ịkụ osisi na mgbasawanye nke ọhịa. Nnyocha 2019 gbasara ikike zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mweghachi osisi gosiri na enwere ohere maka opekata mpe 9 nde km2 nke ọhịa ọhụrụ n'ụwa niile, nke bụ mmụba 25% site na ọnọdụ dị ugbu a. Mpaghara a dị oke ọhịa nwere ike ịchekwa ihe ruru gigatons 205 nke carbon ma ọ bụ 25% nke ọdọ mmiri carbon ikuku ugbu a site na ibelata CO2 na ikuku na iwebata O2 ọzọ

Usoro

Usoro ịgba osisi na amalite site na nhọrọ saịtị. A ghaghị nyochaa ọtụtụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere ihu igwe, ala, ahịhịa, na ọrụ mmadụ. Ihe ndị a ga ekpebi ịdị mma nke saịtị ahụ, ụdị ụdị osisi a ga akụ, na usoro ihe ọkụkụ kwesịrị iji.

Mgbe enyochachara ebe ọhịa ahụ, a ghaghị ịkwado ebe ahụ maka ịkụ ihe. Nkwadebe nwere ike ịgụnye ụzọ dị iche iche a na arụ ọrụ ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ, dị ka igbutu, ịkwa akwa, akwa akwa, ọgwụ ahịhịa, na ịgba ọkụ n'usoro. Ozugbo a kwadebere saịtị ahụ, enwere ike ịkụ ihe ọkụkụ. Otu ụzọ a na esi akụ mkpụrụ bụ ịgha mkpụrụ kpọmkwem, nke gụnyere ịgha mkpụrụ n'ime ọhịa. Ihe ọzọ bụ ịkụ mkpụrụ, nke yiri mkpụrụ osisi ozugbo ma e wezụga na seedlings enweelarị usoro mgbọrọgwụ. Ịkụ osisi site na igbutu osisi bụ nhọrọ maka ụdị osisi nwere ike ịmịpụta n'ụzọ mmekọahụ, ebe enwere ike ịkụnye otu mpempe osisi, alaka, mgbọrọgwụ, ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ n'elu ọhịa wee pulite nke ọma. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na eji ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche, dị ka osisi ịkụ osisi, mee ka ịkụ osisi dị mfe na ngwa ngwa

Mba na mpaghara

Australia

Na Adelaide, South Australia (obodo nke nde 1.3 dị ka nke June 2016), Premier Mike Rann (2002 ruo 2011) wepụtara atụmatụ ime obodo mepere emepe na 2003 iji kụọ osisi na osisi 3 nde ala site na 2014 na saịtị ọrụ 300 gafee mpaghara metro. . Ọtụtụ puku ụmụ amaala Adelaide esonyela na ụbọchị ịkụ ihe obodo na saịtị gụnyere ogige ntụrụndụ, ebe nchekwa, okporo ụzọ njem, ụlọ akwụkwọ, nkuzi mmiri na oke osimiri. Naanị osisi ala ka a kụrụ iji hụ na e nwere ezi mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa. O kwuru na ọrụ a bụ ime ka obodo ahụ maa mma ma mee ka ọ dị jụụ ma mee ka ọ dịkwuo ndụ, kwalite ịdị mma ikuku na mmiri, na ibelata ikuku ikuku nke Adelaide site na 600,000 nke CO2 kwa afọ.

Canada

N'afọ 2003, gọọmentị Canada mepụtara ọrụ afọ anọ a na akpọ Forest 2020 Plantation Development and Assessment Initiative, nke gụnyere ịkụ 6000 ha nke oke ọhịa na eto ngwa ngwa n'ala ndị na adịghị oke ọhịa na obodo. A na eji ihe ubi ndị a nyochaa ka ịkọ ọhịa nwere ike isi nye aka n'ịbawanye mmepụta carbon na ibelata ikuku griin haus (GHG) na atụlekwa mma akụ na ụba na itinye ego nke ịkụ osisi. Nsonaazụ nke atụmatụ a gosiri na n'agbanyeghị na enweghị ala zuru oke na Canada iji mebie ikuku GHG nke mba ahụ kpamkpam, igbutu osisi nwere ike bụrụ usoro mbelata bara uru maka imezu ebumnuche ikuku GHG, ọkachasị ruo mgbe na adịgide adịgide, teknụzụ nchekwa carbon dị elu ga adị

Na Disemba 14, 2020, Mịnịsta na ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke Canada Seamus O'Regan kwupụtara ntinye ego nke gọọmentị etiti ijeri $3.16 iji kụọ ijeri osisi abụọ n'ime afọ 10 na abịa. Atụmatụ a bu n'obi ibelata ikuku ikuku griin ha site na ihe ruru megaton iri na abụọ n'afọ 2050.

China

Iwu e wepụtara na 1981 chọrọ ka nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla gaferela afọ iri na otu na akụ osisi opekata mpe otu osisi kwa afọ. N'ihi ya, China nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ oke ọhịa kachasị elu na obodo ma ọ bụ mpaghara ọ bụla n'ụwa, na enwe 47,000 square kilomita na 2008. Otú ọ dị, oke ọhịa maka onye ọ bụla ka dị obere karịa nkezi mba ụwa. Dị ka Carbon Brief si kwuo, China kụrụ oke ọhịa ọhụrụ n'ime obodo ọ bụla n'etiti 1990 na 2015, nke mmemme Grain for Green nke obodo malitere na 1999, site n'itinye ihe karịrị ijeri $ 100 na mmemme ịkụ ọhịa na ịkụ ihe karịrị 35 ijeri osisi. gafee mpaghara 12. N'afọ 2015, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọhịa a kụrụ na China kpuchiri hectare 79

Site na 2011 ruo 2016, obodo Dongying dị na Shandong mpaghara gbara oke ọhịa hectare 13,800 nke ala saline site na Shandong Ecological Afforestation Project, nke ewepụtara site na nkwado sitere na World Bank. Na 2017, Saihanba Afforestation Community meriri UN Champions of the Earth Award inspiration and Action category maka "ịgbanwe ala mebiri emebi ka ọ bụrụ paradaịs mara mma".

Europe

Europe ebibiela ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọhịa ndị mere eme. European Union (EU) akwụwo ndị ọrụ ugbo ụgwọ maka ịkụ osisi kemgbe 1990, na enye onyinye iji mee ka ala ubi ghọọ ọhịa na ịkwụ ụgwọ maka nlekọta nke ọhịa. Mmemme EU, nke na aga n'etiti 2000 na 2006, kpalitere ala karịa 1,000 square (ọnụọgụ ziri ezi adịbeghị). Usoro ọzọ dị otú ahụ malitere na 2007. Oké ọhịa Europe na eto site na 8,000 square kilomita kwa afọ n'ihi mmemme ndị a.

Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ Òtù Na ahụ Maka Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo si kwuo, Spain nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ọhịa nke atọ kachasị ọsọ na Europe na oge 1990-2005, mgbe Iceland na Ireland gasịrị. N'afọ ndị ahụ, ngụkọta nke square kilomita 44,360 ka agbachara ọhịa, na mkpokọta oke ọhịa gbagoro site na hectare 13.5 ruo nde 17.9. Na 1990, oke ohia kpuchiri 26.6% nke ókèala Spain. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2007, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ agbagoro ruo 36.6%. Spain taa nwere mpaghara oke ọhịa nke ise na European Union.

Na Jenụwarị 2013, gọọmentị UK setịpụrụ ebumnuche nke 12% mkpuchi osisi na England site na 2060, site na 10% mgbe ahụ. Na Wales, Mgbakọ Mba maka Wales ewepụtala ebumnuche nke mkpuchi osisi 19%, site na 15%. Ebumnuche ndị gọọmentị na akwado dị ka koodu Carbon Woodland bụ iji kwado ebumnobi a site n'ịgba ụlọ ọrụ na ndị nwe ala ume ka ha mepụta osisi ọhụrụ iji mebie ikuku carbon ha. Otu ndị ọrụ ebere dị ka Trees for Life (Scotland) na atụnyekwa aka n'ịkụkọ osisi na mgbọ osisi na UK.

India

23% nke India na ekpuchi oke ọhịa. Na 2018, mkpokọta oke ohia na osisi na India gbagoro na 24.39% ma ọ bụ 8,020. 88km2. A na achịkọta oke ọhịa nke India n'ime ụdị 5 bụ isi na ụdị 16 dabere na njirisi biophysical. A na ekewa 38% nke oke ọhịa dị ka ebe okpomọkụ na ekpo ọkụ na ekpo ọkụ na 30% dị ka mmiri mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na obere ìgwè ndị ọzọ. Naanị ụdị mpaghara ka a na akụ na mpaghara. A na ahọrọ osisi ndị na amị mkpụrụ n'ebe ọ bụla enwere ike n'ihi ọrụ ha dị ka isi iyi nri.

N'afọ 2019, ndị India kụrụ osisi nde 220 n'otu ụbọchị na steeti India nke Uttar Pradesh.

Na Tọzdee, 29 Ọgọst 2019, Prime Minister nke India Mr. Narendra Modi wepụtara ₹ 47, 436 crores (karịa 6.6 Ijeri USD) na steeti dị iche iche maka ọrụ ịgba osisi. Enwere ike iji ego ahụ maka ọgwụgwọ ebe a na-adọkpụ, enyemaka sitere n'okike, njikwa oke ọhịa, nchebe na njikwa anụ ọhịa, ịkwaga obodo site na ebe echedoro, ijikwa esemokwu mmadụ na anụ ọhịa, ọzụzụ na ịmara, inye ngwaọrụ nchekwa osisi na ihe omume jikọrọ aka. Ịbawanye mkpuchi osisi ga enyere aka n'ịmepụta ikuku carbon ọzọ iji zute onyinye mba a na atụ anya maka mba (INDC) nke 2.5 ijeri tonnes nke carbon dioxide dakọtara site na oke ọhịa na mkpuchi osisi site na 2030 - akụkụ nke mbọ India na agba iji luso mgbanwe ihu igwe ọgụ. Gọọmentị Maharashtra kụrụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 20,000,000 saplings na steeti ahụ dum, ma kwere nkwa ịkụ 30,000,000 ọzọ n'afọ na abịa. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ The Telegraph si kwuo, gọọmenti India ewepụtala ijeri $6.2 maka ịkụ osisi iji mụbaa “osisi dị ka nkwekọrịta e mere ná nnọkọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Paris na 2015.” Gọọmentị India agafekwala iwu CAMPA (Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority), nke ga ekwe ka ihe ruru puku 40 crores rupees (ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri $ 6) ga aga steeti India maka ịkụ osisi

Iran

A na ahụta Iran dị ka mpaghara mkpuchi oke ọhịa dị ala nke ụwa nwere mkpuchi ugbu a ihe dị ka pasent asaa nke mpaghara ala. Nke a bụ ọnụ ahịa e wedara ruo nde hectare isii nke ọhịa na amaghị nwoke, nke gụnyere osisi oak, almond na pistachio. N'ihi ala ala, ọ na esiri ike iru oke ọhịa n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ dị ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ebe ndị ọzọ na ekpo ọkụ na enye ohere na eme nri na obere okwute na ala kpọrọ nkụ. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ kpọmkwem nke Forests, Rangelands na Watershed Management Organisation nke Iran, kwa afọ, na eji usoro kwesịrị ekwesị na ụdị osisi dị iche iche na mpaghara ọ bụla, a na eme ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ, nke mere ka e nwee nkwụsi ike nke okike

Israel

N'ihe karịrị nde osisi 240 a kụrụ, Israel bụ otu n'ime mba abụọ batara na narị afọ nke 21 nwere uru net na ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi, n'ihi nnukwu mbọ ịgba osisi. Ọtụtụ oke ọhịa nke Israel bụ ngwaahịa sitere na nnukwu mkpọsa igbu osisi sitere n'aka ndị Juu National Fund (JNF).

North Africa

Ọtụtụ mba Africa nke dị n'ókè ọzara Sahara na akwado ọrụ Great Green Wall. Ihe oru ngo a ga eji ijeri $8 bu n’obi iweghachi otu narị nde hectare nke ala mebiri emebi ka ọ na erule 2030. Nakwa n’Ebe Ugwu Africa, a tụpụtawo atụmatụ ọrụ ọhịa Sahara yana ụlọ griin haus nke Seawater. Ụfọdụ ọrụ amalitelakwa na mba dịka Senegal iji weghachi ọzara. N'ihe dị ka afọ 2010, ndị isi Africa na ekwurịta maka ijikọta ihe onwunwe mba iji mụbaa arụmọrụ. Na mgbakwunye, ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka Keita Project na Niger amalitela n'oge gara aga, ma nwee ike ịmeghachi ihe mebiri emebi site na ọzara.

United States

Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke United States na ekpuchi n'ime ọhịa anaghị echebe. Ka o sina dị, ebe ndị dị na US nọ n'okpuru nnukwu ihe ọkụkụ. N'afọ 1800 ndị mmadụ na aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ zutere Great Plains ala nwere ala na.eme nri, ọnụ ọgụgụ na eto eto na ọchịchọ osisi mana enwere osisi ole na ole iji weta ya. Ya mere, a kwadoro ịkụ osisi n'akụkụ ebe obibi. Emebere ụbọchị Arbor na 1872 site na Julius Sterling Morton na Nebraska City, Nebraska. Ka ọ na erule n'afọ 1930, ọdachi gburugburu ebe obibi Dust Bowl gosipụtara ihe kpatara nnukwu mkpuchi osisi ọhụrụ. Mmemme ọrụ ọha n'okpuru New Deal hụrụ ka a kụrụ 18,000 kilomita nke ikuku ikuku na agbatị site na North Dakota ruo Texas iji luso mbuze ala ọgụ (lee Great Plains Shelterbelt

Uru

Ịkpa oke ọhịa nwere ọtụtụ uru metụtara ihu igwe. Ọtụtụ nchọpụta ọhụrụ na atụ aro na oke ohia na adọta mmiri ozuzo, nke nwere ike ịkọwa ihe kpatara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ji na emekarị n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụwa dịka ọdịda anyanwụ Africa, ebe osisi na adịchaghị mma. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2017 na enye ihe akaebe mbụ na egosi na oke ọhịa Amazon nke dị n'ebe ndịda na ebute oge mmiri ozuzo nke ya site na iji vepo mmiri sitere na akwụkwọ osisi, nke na emezi ígwé ojii n'elu ya. Nchọpụta ndị a na enyere aka ịkọwa ihe kpatara eji jikọta igbutu osisi na mpaghara a na mbelata mmiri ozuzo. Nnyocha ọmụmụ 2009 na eche na mkpuchi ọhịa na ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịchọpụta mmiri ozuzo karịa ka a ghọtara na mbụ. Ọ na akọwa otú ógbè ndị dị n'oké ọhịa si eme ka mmiri dị ukwuu na asọpụta n'ime ikuku ikuku ma na emesiwanye uru nke ịkụ osisi na mpaghara ụwa ugbu a na adịghị

Ịkụ osisi na enyere aka belata okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ site na ibelata CO2 na ikuku na iwebata O2 ọzọ. Osisi bụ ikuku carbon nke na ewepụ CO2 na ikuku site na photosynthesis ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ biomass.

Ịkpa oke ọhịa na enye abamuru gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ, gụnyere ịbawanye ogo ala na ọkwa carbon organic na ala, na ezere mbuze na ọzara. Ịkụ osisi n'ime obodo mepere emepe nwekwara ike ibelata mmetọ ikuku site na mmịnye na nzacha nke mmetọ nke osisi, gụnyere carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, na ozone, na mgbakwunye na CO2.

Ịkpa oke ọhịa na echebe ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ dị iche iche nke na enye ohere maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na enye ikuku dị ọcha, fatịlaịza ala, wdg.

Nkatọ

Ịkụ osisi n'ala ahịhịa

A na akatọ mkpọsa ịkụ osisi maka mgbe ụfọdụ a na eche ebe ọhịa na agaghị adị, dị ka ala ahịhịa na savanna biomes. Amụma gbasara usoro ịgba osisi nke carbon na echekarị nke ọma mbelata carbon na ala yana ibelata uto osisi ka oge na aga.

Mmetụta na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche

Ịkụ osisi nwere ike imetụta ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ n'ụzọ na adịghị mma site n'ịbawanye nkewa na mmetụta dị n'akụkụ ebe obibi nke fọdụrụ na mpụga ebe a kụrụ. Oghere ọhịa ọhụrụ nwere ike iwebata anụ ndị na eri anụ n'ozuzu nke na agaghị ahụ na ebe obibi mepere emepe n'ime ebe kpuchiri ekpuchi, nke nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ anụ ọhịa n'ụdị ebe ahụ. Nnyocha nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na British Trust for Ornithology mere n'ime mbelata nke ndị bi na Britain nke Eurasian curlew chọpụtara na oke ọhịa emetụtala ndị mmadụ site na nkewa nke ebe obibi ahịhịa ha mepere emepe ma na abawanye na ndị na eri anụ izugbe

Surface albedo

Ajụwokwa ajụjụ n'ime ndị sayensị gbasara etu igbu osisi zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere ike isi metụta ala albedo nke Ụwa. Mkpuchi mkpuchi nke osisi tozuru okè nwere ike ime ka elu albedo gbachie ọchịchịrị, nke na-eme ka a na etinyekwu okpomọkụ, nwere ike iwelie okpomọkụ nke mbara ala. Nke a dị mkpa karịsịa n'akụkụ ụwa nke nwere oke mkpuchi snow, n'ihi ọdịiche dị ịrịba ama na albedo n'etiti snow ọcha na egbuke egbuke na ihe mkpuchi ọhịa na agba ọchịchịrị nke na amịkọrọ ụzarị anyanwụ.

Hụkwa

Sources

This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Global Forest Resources Assessment 2020 Key findings, FAO, FAO. .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}

References

Notes

Bibliography

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