Military use of schools

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Military use of schools
ihu nkeụlọ akwukwọ, ndị agha Dezie

Ojiji ndị agha na-eji ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ okwu eji eme ihe iji zoo aka na ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị agha mba na ndị agha na-abụghị nke steeti na-arụ n'ime na gburugburu ụlọ akwụkwọ, mahadum, na ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, iji kwado mbọ ndị agha ha.[1] Ihe atụ nke a gụnyere iji ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ mahadum dị ka ogige ma ọ bụ ntọala, maka mwakpo ma ọ bụ nchebe, maka ịchekwa ngwá agha ma ọ bụ mgbọ, maka ọzụzụ ndị agha nke ndị agha, dị ka ebe nlele, na dị ka ụlọ mkpọrọ.

Kọmitii Nchebe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu agbaala mba niile ume ka ha mee ihe ndị siri ike iji gbochie ndị agha iji ụlọ akwụkwọ dị otú ahụ. "[2]

Dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke otú UN si kwuo: "Ojiji nke ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ebumnuche agha na-etinye ụmụaka n'ihe ize ndụ nke mwakpo ma na-egbochi ikike ụmụaka agụmakwụkwọ... Ojiji ụlọ akwụkwọ dị otú ahụ abụghị naanị na ọ na-eme ka ndebanye aha belata na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke nkwụsị, ọkachasị n'etiti ụmụagbọghọ, kamakwa ọ nwere ike ime ka a na-ewere ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ ziri ezi maka mwakpo. "[3]

Mba na otu ndị na-etinye aka na iji ụlọ akwụkwọ eme ihe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack si kwuo, n'agbata afọ 2005 nakwa afọ 2015 enwere oge ndị agha jiri ụlọ akwụkwọ na mba Afghanistan, mba Burma / Myanmar, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Israel / Occupied Palestinian Territory, Kenya, Libya, Mali, Myanmar, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Syria, mba Thailand, Uganda, Ukraine, mba Yemen nakwa mba Zimbabwe.[4][5]

Akụkọ afọ 2016 nke otú UN Secretary-General's Children and Armed Conflict dere ojiji ndị agha na-eji ụlọ akwụkwọ na mba iri na anọ site na ọ dịkarịa ala ndị agha mba iri na ọtụtụ ndị agha. Dị ka akụkọ ahụ si kwuo, ndị otu na-esonụ jiri ụlọ akwụkwọ mee ihe maka ebumnuche agha n'oge afọ 2015: Afghan National Defence and Security Forces yana ndị Taliban na otu ISIL na Afghanistan; ndị bụbu ndị otu Séléka na Central African Republic; ndị agha Colombia na FARC-EP na mba Colombia; ndị agha Congo na ndị agha na mba Democratic Republic of the Congo; ndị agha nchekwa mba Iraq na ISIL na Iraq; Darnah Mujahideen Shura Council na Libya; ndị agha na mba Mali; Tatmadaw (ndị agha gọọmentị) na mba Myanmar; ndị agha nchekwa Nigeria na Boko Haram na mba Nigeria; ndị agha nke Philippines na ndị agha, na Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters na mba Philippines; ndị agha mba Somalia; ndị agha Sudan People's Liberation Army na ndị ọzọ na Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement / Army in Opposition na South Sudan; ndị agha gọọmentị na mba South Sudan; ndị agha mba Houthi, kọmitii a ma ama, na mba Yemen.[6]

Ọrụ nke otu Nchekwa nke United Nations Security Council[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'okpuru United Nations Security Council Resolution 1998 n'afọ 2011, Security Council gbara "ndị otu na-alụ agha ume ka ha zere ime ihe ndị na-egbochi ụmụaka ịnweta agụmakwụkwọ," ma rịọ ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke UN "na-enyocha ma na-akọ ... banyere iji ụlọ akwụkwọ eme ihe n'ụzọ megidere iwu enyemaka mba ụwa...".[7]

N'okpuru mkpebi nke afọ 2143 nke United Nations Security Council n'afọ 2014, Security Council gosipụtara "nchegbu miri emi na iji ụlọ akwụkwọ eme ihe n'ụzọ megidere iwu mba ụwa, na-aghọta na ojiji dị otú ahụ nwere ike ime ka ụlọ akwụkwọ bụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ziri ezi nke mwakpo, si otú a na-etinye nchekwa ụmụaka na ndị nkụzi yana agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka n'ihe ize ndụ. "[8] Ọzọkwa, Kansụl Nchebe gbara "ndị niile nọ n'agha ume ka ha kwanyere àgwà ndị nkịtị nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ùgwù dịka iwu enyemaka mba ụwa si dị;" gbara ndị otu mba ume ka ha tụlee ihe ndị doro anya iji gbochie ndị agha na ndị agha na-abụghị ndị agha iji ụlọ akwụkwọ eme ihe megidere iwu mba ụwa na-emetụta;" gbara ndị otu mba ume ka ha hụ na a na-enyocha mwakpo ụlọ akwụkwọ na-emegide iwu enyemaka mba ụwa ma na-ekpe ndị na-ahụ maka ya ikpe n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị;" ma kpọọ ndị ọrụ mba United Nations ka ha meziwanye nlekota na ịkọ akụkọ banyere iji ụlọ akwụkwọ eme ihe. "[8]

N'afọ 2015, Kansụl Nchebe wusiri asụsụ ya ike ma na Mkpebi afọ 2225 gbara ndị niile "Member States ume ka ha mee ihe ndị doro anya iji gbochie ndị agha na ndị agha iji ụlọ akwụkwọ dị otú ahụ. "[2]

Iwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Iwu nke iji ụlọ akwụkwọ eme ihe n'agha na-achịkwa ngwakọta nke iwu enyemaka mba ụwa (nke a makwaara na "iwu nke agha"), iwu ruuru mmadụ nke mba ụwa, na iwu obodo.[9]

Iwu Mba Niile nke Ndị Mmadụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-egbochi iji ụlọ akwụkwọ eme ihe ndị agha, mana ọ bụghị mgbe niile, site na iwu enyemaka mba ụwa. A chọrọ ndị otu agha agha, ruo n'ókè kachasị ekwe omume, iji a) zere ịchọta ebumnuche ndị agha n'ime ma ọ bụ na nso ebe ndị mmadụ bi, gụnyere ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum nwere ike ịdị; b) gbalịsie ike iwepụ ndị nkịtị, ndị nkịtị n'otu n'otu na ihe ndị nkịtị nọ n'okpuru njikwa ha site na nso ebumnuche ndị agha; na c) mee nlezianya ndị ọzọ dị mkpa iji chebe ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum ndị ahụ dị n'okpuru njikwa ha megide ihe ize ndụ sitere na ọrụ ndị agha.[10][11][12][13]

Dị ka onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche nke otú UN na odeakwụkwọ ukwu na-ahụ maka ụmụaka na agha si kwuo: "Iwu enyemaka mba ụwa machibidoro ndị agha na ndị otu iji ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe ụmụaka na ndị nkụzi na-eji ha eme ihe maka agụmakwụkwọ. "[14] Dịkwa ka Human Rights Watch si kwuo, ọ bụ "iwu na-akwadoghị iji ụlọ akwụkwọ n'otu oge dị ka ebe e wusiri ike na ebe agụmakwụkwọ."[15]

N'okpuru nkwekọrịta mba Geneva nke anọ, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'oge agha mba ụwa, ike na-achị ga-eji, site na mmekorita nke ndị ọchịchị mba na nke obodo, "na-eme ka ụlọ ọrụ niile na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma maka nlekọta na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka. "[16]

N'okpuru Mgbakwunye Protocol II, nke na-emetụta n'oge agha agha na-abụghị nke mba ụwa, ọ bụ "nkwado bụ isi" na ụmụaka ga-enweta agụmakwụkwọ, n'ikwekọ na ọchịchọ nke ndị mụrụ ha.[17]

Nkwekọrịta Roerich na-ekwu na "[E]ducational ... ụlọ ọrụ ga-ewere dị ka ndị na-anọpụ iche ma dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ na-akwanyere ùgwù ma na-echebe site n'aka ndị na-alụ ọgụ ... A ga-enye otu nkwanye ùgwù na nchedo ... ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ... n'oge udo yana n'agha. "[18]

Iwu ruuru mmadụ nke mba ụwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Iwu ruuru mmadụ nke mba ụwa na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ, ndị nkụzi, na ndị ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ikike ibi ndụ, nnwere onwe, na nchekwa.[19] A na-achọkwa steeti iji hụ na ndụ na mmepe nke ụmụaka ruo n'ókè o kwere mee.[20]

Ọzọkwa, onye ọ bụla nwere ikike agụmakwụkwọ.[20][21] N'iburu n'uche iji nweta mmezu zuru oke nke ikike a, steeti ga-eme ka agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị bụrụ iwu ma dịrị mmadụ niile n'efu; agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị dị n'ozuzu ya ma nwee ike ịnweta mmadụ niile; na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu n'otu aka ahụ maka mmadụ niile dabere na ikike.[20][21] N'okpuru Convention on the Rights of the Child, a chọrọ ka steeti mee ihe iji gbaa ụmụaka ume ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ mgbe niile na ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụaka na-ahapụ akwụkwọ.[20]

N'ịkọwa ikike agụmakwụkwọ nke ọgbụgba ndụ mba ụwa maka ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị, Kọmitii otu UN na-ahụ maka ikike akụ na ụba, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị ekwuola na "E nwere echiche siri ike nke enweghị ikike nke ihe ọ bụla na-alaghachi azụ e mere n'ihe gbasara ikike agụmakwụkwọ... Ọ bụrụ na e mee ihe ọ bụla a kpachaara anya na-alaghachi azụ, ndị otu Steeti nwere ibu ọrụ nke igosi na e webatara ha mgbe ha tụlechara nlezianya nke ọma ihe ndị ọzọ niile nakwa na ha ziri ezi site n'izo aka na ikike niile e nyere na ọgbụgba ndụ ahụ na n'ọnọdụ nke iji ihe onwunwe kachasị dị na ya mee ihe n'ụzọ zuru oke. "

Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikike nke nwatakịrị, otu ndị ọkachamara nọọrọ onwe ha na-enyocha njigide mba na nkwekọrịta maka ikike nke nwatakịrị, azaghachila ihe akaebe nke iji ụlọ akwụkwọ eme ihe site n'ịkpọ oku ka a kwụsị ya, nyocha na ikpe na-adịghị ele mmadụ anya n'ihu nke ndị na-ahụ maka ya,; maka mmebi ọ bụla e weghachiri ngwa ngwa na n'ụzọ zuru ezu. na maka mmachibido iji ụlọ akwụkwọ eme ihe n'iwu obodo.[22][23][24][25][22][26][27][28]

Kọmitii na-ahụ maka iwepụ ịkpa ókè megide ụmụ nwanyị, otu ndị ọkachamara nọọrọ onwe ha na-enyocha mba na-agbaso nkwekọrịta mba ụwa maka ikpochapụ ụdị ịkpa ókè niile megide ụmụnwanyị, akpọwokwa oku ka ndị ọrụ nchekwa machibido ụlọ akwụkwọ na mpaghara ndị agha metụtara, na nzaghachi maka ihe akaebe nke iyi egwu mmekọahụ nke ụmụ agbọghọ na ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ndị ọrụ nchekwa n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na maka mmachibido iji ụlọ akwụkwọ eme ihe agha na iwu ụlọ.[29]

Iwu ime ụlọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mba ụfọdụ anabatala iwu machibidoro ma ọ bụ gbochie iji ụlọ akwụkwọ na / ma ọ bụ mahadum eme ihe. Ụfọdụ ndị agha mba na ndị agha na-abụghị nke steeti amachibidoro ma ọ bụ chịkwaa omume ahụ, site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka ndị agha ma ọ bụ iwu n'ozuzu.[30] Ka ọ dịgodị, ụlọ ikpe obodo akpọkuola ndị agha mba ka ha hapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ.[9]

Ihe atụ nke iwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Iwu agụmakwụkwọ ka elu nke Argentina (1995): "Ndị agha ọha na eze enweghị ike ịbanye na mahadum mba ahụ n'enweghị iwu edere site n'aka ụlọ ikpe ruru eru ma ọ bụ arịrịọ sitere n'aka ndị isi mahadum iwu kwadoro."[31]

Central African Republic's Child Protection Code (2020): "A machibidoro ọrụ ọ bụla ... nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ... iwu. A na-ata onye ọ bụla ... nọrọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ... ahụhụ site na ịtụ mkpọrọ afọ iri (10) ruo afọ iri abụọ (20) na / ma ọ bụ ụgwọ nke 5,000,000 ruo 20,000,000 francs. '[32]

Iwu agụmakwụkwọ ka elu nke Ecuador (2010): "Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke mahadum na polytechnics enweghị ike imebi... Mgbe nchebe nke ndị agha ọha na eze dị mkpa, onye nnọchi anya iwu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ga-arịọ enyemaka dị mkpa... A ga-akwado ndị na-emebi ogige ndị a dịka iwu si dị. "[33]

India's Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act (1952): "[N]o property or part thereof ... exclusively used ... as a school, ... or for the purpose of accommodation of persons connected with the management of ... such school, ... shall be requisitioned."[34]

Iwu Nchebe nke Ireland (1954): "Ọ dịghị ihe dị na ngalaba a [na mmegharị ndị agha] ga-enye ikike ... ịbanye ma ọ bụ ntinye aka na (ma e wezụga ruo n'ókè nke iji okporo ụzọ ọ bụla) ụlọ akwụkwọ ... ọ bụla ... [ma ọ bụ] ala jikọtara na ụlọ akwụkwọ ... ọ bụla ...""[35]

Iwu Philippines nke na-enye ihe mgbochi siri ike na nchebe pụrụ iche megide mmegbu ụmụaka, mmegbu, na ịkpa ókè (1992): "A gaghị eji akụrụngwa ọha na eze dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ... mee ihe maka ebumnuche ndị agha dị ka ebe ndị isi, ogige ndị agha, ndị otu, na ebe nchekwa ihe ... "[36]

Philippines, Special Protection of Children in Situations of Armed Conflict Act (2019): "Onye ọ bụla a mara ikpe maka ime [ọrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ọgba aghara nke ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ] ... ga-ata ahụhụ nke ịtụ mkpọrọ nke na-erughị afọ iri na anọ (14) ma ọ bụghị ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ (20) na ụgwọ nke na-erughị otu nde pesos (P 1,000,000.00) ma ọ bụghị ihe karịrị nde pesos abụọ pesos (P2,000,000.00). "[37]

Mba Poland's Armed Forces of Poland Accommodation Act (1995): "Ụdị ezigbo ihe onwunwe ndị a adịghị n'okpuru nkwụsịtụ nwa oge: ... ezigbo ihe onwunwe nke ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ka elu ...""[38]

Ihe atụ nke akwụkwọ ntuziaka ndị agha na iwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Colombia, General Commander of the Military Forces order of 6 July 2010: "N'ịtụle ụkpụrụ iwu mba ụwa, a na-ewere ya dị ka mmebi doro anya nke Ụkpụrụ nke Ọdịiche na Ụkpụrụ nke ịkpachara anya na mwakpo, ya mere nnukwu mmejọ, eziokwu ahụ bụ na onye ọchịagha na-anọ ma ọ bụ na-enye ndị agha ya ohere ka ndị agha ya weghara ya, nke ... ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze dị ka ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ... "[39]

Mba New Zealand, Manual of Armed Forces Law, 2019: "[New Zealand Defence Forces] ndị ọchịagha ga-eme ihe niile dị irè iji chebe ikike ụmụaka agụmakwụkwọ. Ojiji na ọrụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ doro anya na-egbochi iji ikike a eme ihe, a ga-ezere ya ebe ọ bụla o kwere mee. Ebe, n'ihi ihe ndị agha, ọ dị mkpa ka ndị agha jiri ụlọ ọrụ dị otú ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ maka ịnabata ndị ọrụ, ịchekwa ihe onwunwe ma ọ bụ dịka akụkụ nke ọnọdụ nchebe, a ghaghị ime ihe niile nwere ike ime, na mkparịta ụka ya na ndị ọchịchị obodo, iji hụ na a na-ebelata ọgba aghara na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụaka dịka o kwere mee. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye ịchọpụta ma mee ka ojiji nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ebumnuche ndị dị otú ahụ... Ndị otu NZDF agaghị eji ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ maka ebumnuche agha ọ gwụla ma ọ dị mkpa. "[40]

Philippines, Armed Forces of the Philippines Letter Directive No. 34, 24 Nọvemba 2009: "Iji mezuo ebumnuche a, ndị ọrụ niile [Ndị agha nke Philippines] ga-agbaso ma na-akwanyere ihe ndị a ùgwù: ... A gaghị eji akụrụngwa ndị dị mkpa dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ... mee ihe maka ebumnuche ndị agha dị ka ebe ndị isi, ogige ndị agha, ndị otu, na ebe nchekwa ihe nkesa. "[39]

South Sudan, Order from Deputy Chief of General Staff for Moral Orientation, 16 Eprel n'afọ 2012: "Ọrụ a nke ọrụ [nke ụlọ akwụkwọ site n'aka ndị agha anyị] bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya ma ọ bụ [na] imebi iwu ala anyị. E wezụga nke ahụ, ị na-anapụ ụmụ anyị agụmakwụkwọ dị mkpa... Ana m enye gị iwu ka ị gbapụ ngwa ngwa ... ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha nọ n'okpuru iwu gị kpọmkwem... Ịghara ịpụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu ga-eduga n'omume ịdọ aka ná ntị siri ike na omume ahụ bụ mmebi iwu nke ala anyị nke ga-enwe mmetụta dị mwute ...""[41]

United Kingdom Joint Service Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict (2004): "[T] echiche ka mma bụ na iwu ahụ machibidoro: ... iji ihe onwunwe ọdịbendị maka ebumnuche nke nwere ike ikpughe ya na mbibi ma ọ bụ mmebi na agha agha, ọ gwụla ma ọ nweghị ihe ọzọ ga-ekwe omume iji mee ihe dị otú ahụ ... Ihe onwunwe ọdịbendị gụnyere ... ụlọ ọrụ raara onwe ha nye ... Ụlọ Akwụkwọ ... agụmakwụkwọ ... "[42]

Akwụkwọ mba United States Field Manual 27-10 (1956): "United States na ụfọdụ n'ime American Republics bụ ndị so na nkwekọrịta a na-akpọ [Roerich], nke na-enye ọnọdụ na-anọpụ iche ma na-echebe ... ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ... ma ọ bụrụ na agha dị n'etiti mba ndị dị otú ahụ. "[43]

Ihe atụ nke mkpebi ikpe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ụlọ ikpe iwu nke mba Colombia, Yenys Osuna Montes v. Mayor of Zambrano Municipality: "[T] onye isi obodo kwesịrị igbochi ndị otu ndị ọrụ nchekwa Steeti ịbanye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji mee omume, ọzụzụ ma ọ bụ iji bulie ngwá agha, mgbọ ma ọ bụ tinye ndị ọrụ agha, n'ihi na nke a ga-eme ka ihe ize ndụ dị n'obodo ụmụakwụkwọ. "[44]

Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke India, Mmegbu nke Ụmụaka na Orphanages na Steeti Tamil Nadu v. Union of India na ndị ọzọ: "[I]t kwesịrị ijide n'aka na ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ nkwari akụ anaghị ekwe ka ndị agha ma ọ bụ ndị ọrụ nchekwa nọrọ n'ọdịnihu maka nzube ọ bụla ...""[45]

Omume nke ndị agha na-abụghị nke steeti[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Iwu enyemaka mba ụwa na-ejikọta ndị agha na-abụghị nke steeti na-alụ ọgụ. Iji chịkwaa omume nke ndị agha ha, ọtụtụ ndị otu dị otú ahụ na-enye iwu, ntụziaka, ụkpụrụ, iwu, ma ọ bụ kwupụta ebumnuche ha ịgbaso ụkpụrụ ụfọdụ.

The Free Syrian Army, Syria: "[O]ccupation [nke ụlọ akwụkwọ] site n'aka ndị agha na-anọchite anya mmebi iwu nke obodo na nke mba ụwa... [T] ndị agha mba Siria nweere onwe ha taa na-ekwu ọnọdụ ya na-amachibido agha nke ụlọ akwụkwọ na... ma ga-agbanwe Nkwupụta Ụkpụrụ ya iji gosipụta otu ihe ahụ. A ga-ekesa nkwupụta a n'etiti ndị agha anyị niile ma duzie omume nke ndị otu anyị. A ga-aza onye ọ bụla a hụrụ na ọ na-emebi ụkpụrụ ndị edepụtara na nkwupụta anyị ajụjụ, dịka iwu mba ụwa si dị. - Nkwupụta nke onye isi oche nke Njikọ Ndị Mmegide Siria na onye isi ndị ọrụ nke Supreme Military Council, Free Syrian Army, n'ọnwa Eprel 30, 2014 bịanyere aka na ya[46]

National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces, Syria: "Anyị na-akwado ọrụ anyị ịsọpụrụ Iwu Mba Nile nke Ndị Mmadụ n'oge niile gụnyere ... ibu ọrụ ... [ịkwanyere ma chebe ụlọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ ọgwụ, ma zere iji ha na-akwado mgbalị ndị agha, gụnyere site na ịchọta ebumnuche ndị agha n'ime ma ọ bụ na nso ha. " - National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces, Declaration of Commitment on Compliance with IHL and the Facilitation of Humanitarian Assistance, 2014[46]

Ndị ọrụ iri na atọ na-abụghị ndị steeti bịanyere aka na "Deed of Commitment for the Protection of Children from the Effects of Armed Conflict" nke nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị Geneva Call mepụtara, nke gụnyere ndokwa: "Anyị ga ... zere iji ụlọ akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ ogige ụmụaka na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ebumnuche ndị agha. ".[47] Ka ọ na-erule Machị 23, 2015, ndị otu na-esonụ bịanyere aka na ngwá ọrụ a: Chin National Front / Army (CNF / CNA) [Burma / Myanmar]; Karen National Union / Karen National Liberation Army (KNU / KNLA) [Burman / Myanmar]; Karenni National Progressive Party / Karenni Army (KNPP / KA) [Burma / Myanmar] ; New Mon State Party / Mon National Liberation Army (NMSP / MNLA) [Burma / Myanmar]; Pa'O National Liberation Organization / Pa-o National Liberation Army (PNLO / PNLA) [Burma / Myanmar]; National Socialist Council of Nagaland (Khole-Kitovi) (NSCN-KK) [India]; Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI) [Iran]; Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan (KPIK) [Iran], Komala Party of Kurdistan (KPK) [Iran], Komalah-The Kurdistan Organization of the Communist Party[48]

Nduzi maka ichebe ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum site na iji ndị agha eme ihe n'oge agha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Site n'ụbọchị 26–28 nke ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2012, ndị ọkachamara si gburugburu ụwa zutere na mba Lucens Castle na steeti Lucens, nke Switzerland, iji kwurịta ịmepụta ụkpụrụ nduzi mba ụwa iji chebe ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum nke ọma site na iji ndị agha.[49] A maara akwụkwọ a dị ka Draft Lucens Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict . Onye dere Draft Lucens Guidelines bụ Prọfesọ Steven Haines, Onye isi oche nke Iwu Mba Nile na Mahadum Greenwich nakwa nke London onye jere ozi ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ dị ka onye ọrụ na ndị agha Britain. N'ime usoro nhazi ahụ, ihe karịrị steeti iri atọ (30) na òtù mba ụwa kwuru okwu n'ihu ọha iji kwado atụmatụ ahụ.

N'ọnwa Juun nke afọ 2014, Norway kwupụtara na ọ ga-eduga usoro iji mezue Nduzi ma kwalite nkwado na mmejuputa ha.[50]

E kpughere ntuziaka ikpeazụ maka ichebe ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum site na iji ndị agha eme ihe n'oge agha agha n'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2014 na mba Geneva na nzukọ nke Norway na Argentina haziri.[51] Nduzi ndị ahụ na-agba ndị agha ume ka ha ghara iji ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum maka nzube ọ bụla iji kwado mbọ agha ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-ekweta na ụfọdụ ojiji agaghị emegide iwu nke agha agha, Nduzi ahụ na-akọwapụta ihe ndị a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka nduzi maka omume kwesịrị ekwesị maka ndị niile na-alụ ọgụ iji zere imetụta nchekwa na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ akwụkwọ. E mepụtara Nkwupụta Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nchebe site na mkparịta ụka nke Norway na Argentina duziri n'ime ọkara mbụ nke afọ 2015. Nkwupụta ahụ na-enye Steeti ohere igosipụta nkwado ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị sara mbara maka nchebe na ịga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ na agha agha, na maka mmejuputa Nduzi. E mepere Nkwupụta Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nchebe maka nkwado na ogbako mba ụwa na Oslo na Mee 29, 2015.[52]

N'ime akụkọ ya kwa afọ 2014 nye otu UN Human Rights Council, Leila Zerrougui, onye nnọchi anya pụrụ iche nke odeakwụkwọ ukwu maka ụmụaka na agha agha, nabatara ntọhapụ nke Nduzi maka ichebe ụlọ akwụkwọ na mahadum site na iji ndị agha eme ihe n'oge agha ma gbaa mba ndị otu ume ịnakwere ha. "[53]

Ebensidee[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Leekwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  • Ụbọchị mba ụwa iji chebe agụmakwụkwọ pụọ na mwakpo
  • Nkwupụta ụlọ akwụkwọ nchekwa
  1. ↑ Lessons in War: Military Use of Schools and other Education Institutions during Armed Conflict. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attach. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Resolution 2225 (2015). United Nations Security Council. Retrieved on 11 January 2016.
  3. ↑ Report of the Secretary-General: Children and Armed Conflict 2013. United Nations. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  4. ↑ Lessons in War - 2015: Military Use of Schools and Other Education Institutions during Conflict. Archived from the original on 4 June 2023. Retrieved on 16 June 2015.
  5. ↑ Education under Attack 2014. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  6. ↑ "Report of the Secretary-General: Children and Armed Conflict," 20 April 2016, United Nations General Assembly, Retrieved 06 July 2016.
  7. ↑ Resolution 1998 (2011). United Nations Security Council. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Resolution 2143 (2014). United Nations Security Council. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Sheppard (2012). "Taking Armed Conflict Out of the Classroom: International and Domestic Legal Protections for Students When Combatants Use Schools". Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 2 (2): 281–324. DOI:10.1163/18781527-00202001. 
  10. ↑ Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  11. ↑ Customary International Law, rule 22. International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  12. ↑ Customary International Law, rule 23. International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  13. ↑ Customary International Law, rule 24. International Committee of the Red Cross. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  14. ↑ Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, A/68/267, 5 August 2013, para. 16.
  15. ↑ Sabotaged Schooling: Naxalite Attacks and Police Occupation of Schools in India's Bihar and Jharkhand States. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  16. ↑ Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. Geneva, 12 August 1949. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  17. ↑ Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II), 8 June 1977.. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  18. ↑ Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments (Roerich Pact). Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  19. ↑ International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. G.A. res. 2200A (XXI), 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (1966), 999 U.N.T.S. 171, entered into force Mar. 23, 1976. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Convention on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Concluding observations: Colombia (2010). Committee on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  23. ↑ Concluding Observations: Syria (2012). Committee on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  24. ↑ Concluding Observations: Israel (2013). Committee on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  25. ↑ Concluding Observations: Thailand (2012). Committee on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  26. ↑ Concluding Observations: India (2014). Committee on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  27. ↑ Concluding Observations: Sri Lanka (2010). Committee on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  28. ↑ Concluding Observations: Yemen (2014). Committee on the Rights of the Child. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  29. ↑ Concluding Observations: India (2014). Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  30. ↑ Sheppard (August 2019). "Keeping schools safe from the battlefield: Why global legal and policy efforts to deter the military use of schools matter" (in en). International Review of the Red Cross 101 (911): 665–684. DOI:10.1017/S1816383119000584. ISSN 1816-3831. 
  31. ↑ Ley de Education Superior, Ley 24.521 (1995). Archived from the original on 27 November 2012. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  32. ↑ Central African Republic, Code de Protection de l'Enfant, 2020, art. 180.
  33. ↑ Ley Orgánica de Educación (2010). Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  34. ↑ Requisitioning and Acquisition of Immovable Property Act. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  35. ↑ "Defence Act (1954)". Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  36. ↑ Act Providing for Stronger Deterrence and Special Protection against Child Abuse, Exploitation, and Discrimination, Providing Penalties for its Violation and Other Purposes, RA 7610 (1992). Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  37. ↑ Republic Act No. 11188, An Act Providing for the Special Protection of Children in Situations of Armed Conflict and Providing Penalties for Violations Thereof (January 10, 2019). Archived from the original on January 23, 2022.
  38. ↑ Ustawa o zakwaterowaniu Sił Zbrojnych Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (1995). Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Schools and Armed Conflict: A Global Survey of Domestic Laws and State Practice Protecting Schools from Attack and Military Use. Human Rights Watch. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  40. ↑ New Zealand Defence Force, Manual of Armed Forces Law: Law of Armed Conflict, DM 69 (2 ed), Volume 4 (January 8, 2019).
  41. ↑ Mete. Order from the Office of the Deputy Chief of General Staff for Political Military Operations, 16 April 2012. Sudan People's Liberation Army. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  42. ↑ (2004) Joint Service Manual of the Law of Armed Conflict. United Kingdom Ministry of Defence. Retrieved on 23 March 2015. 
  43. ↑ Field Manual 27-10: The Law of Land Warfare (1956). Department of the Army Field Manual. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  44. ↑ Yenys Osuna Montes v. the Mayor of Zambrano Municipality, SU-256/99. Constitutional Court of Colombia. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  45. ↑ Exploitation of Children in Orphanages in the State of Tamil Nadu v. Union of India and others, W.P. (Criminal) No. 102 of 2007, order of September 1, 2010. Supreme Court of India. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Military Use of Schools: Examples of Domestic Law, Guidance and Practice. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  47. ↑ Deed of Commitment for the Protection of Children from the Effects of Armed Conflict. Geneva Call. Archived from the original on 17 January 2015. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  48. ↑ Geneva Call, List of Signatories of Deeds of Commitment. Archived from the original on 14 March 2015. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  49. ↑ Draft Lucens Guidelines for Protecting Schools and Universities from Military Use during Armed Conflict,
  50. ↑ Norway: Leading the Way to End Military Use of Schools. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack, 13 June 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  51. ↑ New International Guidelines Address an Insidious Gap in Protecting Education during War. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack, 16 December 2014. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
  52. ↑ 37 Countries Start Process of Protecting Schools and Universities during Conflict. Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack, 29 May 2015. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved on 16 June 2015.
  53. ↑ Annual report of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict, 29 December 2014. Retrieved on 23 March 2015.
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