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Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ

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Mmiri ọñụnụ nke a na-enye site na mgbata ( mmiri mgbata ).

Mmiri ọṅụṅụ ma ọ bụ mmiri a na-aṅụ aṅụ bụ mmiri dị mma maka ọṅụṅụ, ma mgbe a na-aṅụ ya ozugbo n'ụdị mmiri mmiri ma i ji ya rie nri na-apụtaghị ìhè site na nkwadebe nri.  A na-enyekarị ya ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile site na ọkpọkọ, nke a na-akpọkwa ya mmiri mgbata.  Dịkarịa ala na mba ndị mepere emepe, mmiri pọmpụ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ịdị mma nke mmiri ọñụñụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ naanị ntakịrị oke ka a na-aṅụ ma ọ bụ jiri ya na-akwadebe nri.  Ihe ndị ọzọ a na-ejikarị eme mmiri mgbata gụnyere ịsa ahụ, ụlọ mposi, na ịgba mmiri.  A pụkwara iji mmiri isi awọ mee ụlọ mposi ma ọ bụ ịgba mmiri.  Ojiji ya maka ogbugba mmiri n'ubi nwere ike jikọta ya na ihe egwu [1]

Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ chọrọ iji nọgide na-enwe ezi ahụ ike dịgasị iche iche, ma dabere na ọkwa mgbatị ahụ, afọ, okwu metụtara ahụike, na ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi. [2] [3] Maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe ruru lita iri na isii, Ọba US anọ mara abụọ otu ụbọchị nwere ike ịchọrọ. [2]

N'ụwa niile, ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, pacenti iri asatọ na iteghete nke ndị mmadụ ịma mmiri site na isi iyi dabara adaba maka ị ñu añụ.  – a na-akpọ isi mmiri ka mma .  [1] Na Sub-Saharan Afrika, gburu gbúrù mmiri a na-aṅụ aṅụ sitere na pacenti iri anọ ruo pacenti iri asatọ 54nke ndị bi na ya.  Ihe ahụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ echiche mmadụ 4.2 n'ụwa niile nwere mmiri pọmpụ, ebe nri 2.4 ọzọ nwere olulu mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri.  [1] Òtù Ahụ Ike na-ewere na-ewere mmiri mmiri dị dị ka ihe ruuru mmadụ.

Ihe dị ka ndị mmadụ otu ruo abụọ nri ezigbo mmiri ọñụñụ.  [1] mmiri nwere ike ibu ihe na-akpata ọrịa .  Ọtụtụ mmadụ na-anwụ site na mmiri na-adịghị mma ụfọdụ agha, mgbe ahụ- U. N. ike ukwu Ban Ki-moon kwuru na 2010. [2] Mba ndị na-emepe mbụ bụ mmiri mmiri ọñụ na-adịghị ọcha na-emetụta nke ukwuu..

Isi mmalite

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Igwe na-ere ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri na Thailand . A na-ere otu liter nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ (n'ime karama nke onye ahịa) maka 1 baht .
Eserese nke ụdị olulu mmiri mmiri
Eserese dị mfe nke netwọk mmiri

Mmiri a na- mmiri dị n'ihe mgbanwe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe niile mmadụ bi n'ụwa, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nwere ike ike ọnụ, ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka ọ na-ebunye ya.  Ebe a na-enweta ọgwụgwọ mmiri ọñụñụ ndị isi iyi, mpaghara hyporheic na aquifers ( mmiri dị n'ime ala ), site na owuwe ihe ubi mmiri ozuzo, mmiri dị n'elu (nke sitere na osimiri, iyi, glaciers ), ma ọ  bụ mmiri mmiri na-ewepụ

Ka e wee rie isi mmirika ndị a n'ihe nsogbu, ha ga-anata, mmiri zuru oke ma akwụkwọ ikike mma mmiri ọ drinkụ drinkụ

Ebe nnwale bụ igwe na-emepụta mmiri ikuku . [4]

A na-ejikarị mmiri eme ihe dị ka isi iyi maka mmiri karama . [5]

Nkwanye

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  1. ↑ Water Fact sheet N°391 (July 2014). Archived from the original on 5 June 2015. Retrieved on 24 May 2015.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ann C. Grandjean (August 2004). "3", Water Requirements, Impinging Factors, & Recommended Intakes. World Health Organization, 25–34.  This 2004 article focuses on the USA context and uses data collected from the US military.
  3. ↑ (September 2011) Exposure Factors Handbook: 2011 Edition. National Center for Environmental Assessment. Retrieved on 24 May 2015. 
  4. ↑ Lord (October 2021). "Global potential for harvesting drinking water from air using solar energy" (in en). Nature 598 (7882): 611–617. DOI:10.1038/s41586-021-03900-w. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34707305. 
  5. ↑ Schardt, David (2000). Water, Water Everywhere. Center for Science in the Public Interest. Archived from the original on 16 May 2009.

Ụzọ kachasị dị irè na nke dị mma iji bufee na ibuga mmiri ọṅụṅụ bụ site na ọkpọkọ. Plumbing nwere ike ịchọ nnukwu ego itinye ego. Ụfọdụ sistemu na-enwe nnukwu ụgwọ ọrụ. Ọnụ ego iji dochie mmiri na akụrụngwa na-emebi emebi nke mba ndị mepere emepe nwere ike ịdị ihe ruru ijeri $200 kwa afọ. Mwepu nke mmiri na-adịghị edozi na nke a na-edozi site na ọkpọkọ na-ebelata ohere ịnweta mmiri. Ọnụego mkpofu nke 50% abụghị ihe ọhụrụ na sistemụ mepere emepe.

Mmiri mgbata, nke a na-ebute site na mmiri nke ụlọ na-ezo aka na mmiri ọkpọ n'iche ma ṅ ya na mgbata ma ọ bụ spigot.

Ọnụọgụ

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Ojiji maka ojiji ụlọ n'ozuzu

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Templeeti:Natural resourcesNa United States, mmiri a na-ahụkarị maka onye ọ bụla, n'ụlọ, bụ 69.3 US gallons (262 L; 57.7 imp gal) mmiri kwa ụbọchị. [1] [2] N'ime nke a, naanị 1% nke mmiri nke ndị na-eweta mmiri ọha na-enye bụ maka ịṅụ mmanya na isi nri. Ihe eji eme ya gụnyere (n'usoro na-ebelata) ụlọ mposi, igwe ịsa ahụ, ịsa ahụ, bat, faucets, na ntapu.

Mkpokọta akụrụngwa mmiri mmeghari ohuru maka onye ọ bụla na 2020

Dị ka nke 2015, ezinụlọ America na-eji nkezi nke galọn mmiri 300 kwa ụbọchị. [3]

Ojiji maka ịṅụ mmanya

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Ụmụ anụmanụ

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A na-enyocha ma kọwapụta akụkụ dị mma na ọnụọgụ nke mmiri ọñụñụ chọrọ maka anụ ụlọ . Otú ọ dị, nnyocha ole na ole ka e lekwasịrị anya na omume ịṅụ mmanya nke anụ ọhịa.

Ogo

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Mba ebe mmiri mgbata dị mma ịṅụ (acha anụnụ anụnụ)
  1. ↑ Mayer, P.W.; DeOreo, W.B.; Opitz, E.M.; Kiefer, J.C.; Davis, W.Y.; Dziegielewski, B.; & Nelson, J.O., 1999. Residential End Uses of Water. AWWARF and AWWA, Denver.
  2. ↑ William B. DeOreo, Peter Mayer, Benedykt Dziegielewski, Jack Kiefer. 2016. Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2. Water Research Foundation. Denver, Colorado.
  3. ↑ Drinking Water Regulations (en). www.epa.gov (21 September 2015). Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved on 4 October 2021.

Dị ka otu akụkọ sitere na UNICEF na UNESCO si kwuo, Finland nwere mmiri ọṅụṅụ kacha mma n'ụwa. [1] [2]

Oke maka ịdị mma mmiri ọñụñụ na-adaba n'ụdị atọ: microbiological, chemical, physical.

Usoro microbiological nje bacteria coliform, E. coli, na ụdị nje bacteria na-akpata kpọmkwem (dị ka ụgbụgbọ na-akpata Vibrio cholerae ), nje, na nje nje protozoan .  Na mbụ, a na- akụkọ mmetọ fecal na nke nje bacteria coliform, akara dị mma maka klas nke nje fecal na- ahụ.  Akọnọ nke fecal coliforms (dị ka E. Coli ) na-eje ozi dị ka ihe ime nke mmetọ site na nchekwa .  Ihe mmetọ ndị ọzọ asị protozoan oocyst dị ka Cryptosporidium sp.  , Giardia lamblia, Legionella, na nje virus (enteric).  [1] Ihe ndị na-akpata microbial pathogenic bụ ihe na-ebutekarị nje n'ihi ihe ize ndụ ihie ha ụzọ..

Ọmụmaatụ maka oke anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ tụrụ n'ihe nlele mmiri ọñụñụ na Kenya na Etiopia dịka akụkụ nke nyocha usoro nke akwụkwọ ebipụtara.

anụ anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ ala dị arọ, akwụkwọ organic traktị, mkpokọta ihe siri ike ịtụrụ, na turbidity .  ike kemịkalụ na-ebute ihe ize ndụ ndị na-egosi ala ala site n'ịkwalite ọla dị arọ n'agbanyeghị na ihe ụfọdụ dị ka nitrates/nitrites na arsenic nwere ike inwe ike inwe ike.  anụ anụ ahụ na-emetụta mma na uto nke mmiri mmiri ọñụụ ma nwee ike ime ka amụma nke microbial pathogens dị anya anya..

Ọgwụ na-egbu egbu bụkwa ihe nwere ike imerụ mmiri ọñụụ nke ụdị mmetọ kemịkalụ . Ihe na-egbu egbu nwere ike ịdị na mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na obere mkpokọta, mana nsi nke kemịkalụ na oke ekpughere mmadụ bụ ihe a na-eji achọpụta ihe egwu ahụike akọwapụtara. [3]

Perfluorinated alkylated bekee (PFAS) bụ otu ajụjụ sịntetik mee ejiri ihe n'amerika akara akara, dị ka nkwakọ nri, akwa mmiri mmiri ihe mmiri mmiri, kapeeti na kichin.  A mara PFAS ka ọ na-na-anọ na gburugburu ebe a na-amarakarị ya dị ka ihe na-emetọ organic na-adịgide adịgide .  Achọpụtala kemịkalụ PFAS n'ibu, ma ụmụ ma anụmanụ, n'ụwa niile, yanaማር nri, mmirika, ikuku na ala.  [1] anụmanụ ule na PFAS na-egosi egosi na uto na ike, yana ike na-egosi, thyroid, usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ogụ na imeju.  [2] ihe nke 2022, , ለማንኛውም , ለማንኛውም , , , ምክpụtaghị , ekiri nke ọtụtụ nkeji PFAS.  Ndị ọkà mkpa na-eme egwuregwu iji oke na oke ike sitere na PFAS na ụmụaka.  [3] Achọpụtala PFAS n'ọtụtụ ebe na mmiri ọ drinkụ drinkụ n'ụwa niile yana ewepụtara, ma ọ bụ na-etolite, n'ọtụtụ mba. [4]

Ụkpụrụ ịdị mma nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ

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Templeeti:Natural resources

  1. ↑ WWDR1: Water for People – water for life. UNESCO and Berghahn Books (2003). Archived from the original on 16 June 2017. Retrieved on 21 September 2022.
  2. ↑ The quality of water produced by Turku Region Water is rated the best in the world by Unesco. City of Turku (1 December 2021). Archived from the original on 21 September 2022. Retrieved on 21 September 2022.
  3. ↑ Drinking Water and Pesticides. National Pesticide Information Center. Oregon State University (16 September 2021). Archived from the original on 16 September 2022. Retrieved on 6 January 2022.
  4. ↑ Kurwadkar (22 October 2021). "Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in water and wastewater: A critical review of their global occurrence and distribution". Science of the Total Environment 809. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151003. PMID 34695467. 

Templeeti:Natural resources 

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Iwu

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European Union

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Dịka ọmụmaatụ, EU na-esetịpụ iwu gbasara ịdịmma mmiri. Ntuziaka 2000/60/EC nke European nzuko omeiwu na nke Council nke 23 October 2000 guzobe a framework for Community edinam na ubi nke mmiri amụma, mara dị ka mmiri framework ntụziaka, bụ isi ibe iwu na-achị mmiri. [1] Ntuziaka mmiri ọṅụṅụ a metụtara kpọmkwem na mmiri ezubere maka oriri mmadụ. Obodo ọ bụla so na ya na-ahụ maka iguzobe usoro ndị uwe ojii chọrọ iji hụ na etinyere iwu a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na UK Iwu Ogo Mmiri na-edepụta ụkpụrụ kachasị maka ihe ndị na-emetụta ịdị mma yana ndị uweojii na-enyocha mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri.

Japan

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Iji kwalite ogo mmiri, Ministri Ahụike Japan degharịrị ụkpụrụ ịdị mma mmiri ya, nke etinyere n'April 2004. [2] Ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara mepụtara ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ. [2] Ha kpebikwara ụzọ isi jikwaa usoro mmiri dị elu. N'afọ 2008, a na-eduzi ụkpụrụ ndị ka mma iji melite ogo mmiri ma belata ihe ize ndụ nke mmetọ mmiri. [2]

New Zealand

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Singapore

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Singapore bụ nnukwu onye na-ebubata mmiri site na Malaysia gbara agbata obi mana o meela nnukwu mbọ iji nwetaghachi mmiri ejiri mee ihe dị ka o kwere mee iji hụ na ndokwa zuru oke maka obodo obodo juru. A na-ere mmiri ha eweghachitere dị ka NEWater . Singapore kwalitere ụkpụrụ ịdị mma mmiri ya na 2019, na-esetịpụ ụkpụrụ kwekọrọ n'ụkpụrụ WHO tụrụ aro. Ngalaba na-ahụ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi nke gọọmentị Singapore na-eme nlekọta [3]

United Kingdom

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N'usoro iwu mmiri nke United Kingdom bụ nke ewepụrụ na ndị omeiwu Welsh na Scotland na Mgbakọ Northern Ireland .

Na England na Wales enwere ndị ọrụ nchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ mmiri abụọ.

  • Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Mmiri (Ofwat) bụ onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke mpaghara mmiri; ọ na-echebe ọdịmma nke ndị na-azụ ahịa site n'ịkwalite asọmpi dị irè na ịhụ na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na-arụ ọrụ iwu kwadoro. Ofwat nwere bọọdụ njikwa nke nwere onye isi oche, onye isi nchịkwa na ndị isi na ndị na-abụghị ndị isi. E nwere ndị ọrụ ihe dị ka 240. [4]
  • Inspectorate Water Drinking (DWI) na-enye mmesi obi ike nke onwe na ụlọ ọrụ mmiri nkeonwe na-ebugara ndị na-azụ ahịa mmiri ọñụñụ dị ọcha. E hiwere DWI na 1990 ma mejupụta onye isi nyocha nke mmiri ọñụụ yana otu ihe dị ka mmadụ 40. [5] A na-akọwa ụkpụrụ dị ugbu a nke ịdị mma mmiri na Statutory Instrument 2016 No. 614 Iwu Ịnye Mmiri (Ịdị Mma Mmiri) 2016. [6]

A kọwapụtara ọrụ na ọrụ nke ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na Iwu Mmepụta Mmiri 1991 (1991 c. 56) dị ka emezigharịrị site na Iwu Mmiri 2003 (2003 c. 37) na Iwu mmiri 2014 (2014 c. 21). [7]

Na Scotland mma mmiri bụ ọrụ dịịrị onye na-ahụ maka ogo mmiri ọ drinkụ drinkụ nke onwe ya (DWQR). [8]

United States

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Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Na ịnweta mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ, ịdị mma na ọnụọgụ bụ ma ihe dị mkpa mana ọnụọgụ na-ebutekarị ụzọ. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ niile, ịdị mma mmiri bụ ihe ịma aka na-adịgide adịgide ma na-aga n'ihu. Ụfọdụ ọgbaghara ebutela nnukwu mgbanwe na ihe ọmụma, amụma, na usoro nhazi. Ndị na-eme mgbanwe nwere ike ịdị iche iche: ọrịa ọgbụgbọ ọgbụgbọ na-efe efe na 1850 na London mere ka John Snow nwetakwuo nghọta anyị banyere ọrịa ndị na-ebute mmiri . Agbanyeghị, mgbanwe mgbanwe ịdị ọcha nke London bụ ihe mkpali ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe ndị mmadụ na-ebute ụzọ tupu sayensị anabata ya. [9]

Hụkwa

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  • Ndụmọdụ mmiri esi mmiri
  • Ikike mmadụ nwere mmiri na idebe ihe ọcha
  • Ndepụta mba site na ịnweta mmiri dị ọcha
  • Ndepụta nke inye mmiri na ịdị ọcha site na mba
  • Mmiri nzacha
  • Mmiri fluoridation
  • Mmanya mmiri
  • Nchekwa mmiri

Ntụaka

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Njikọ mpụga

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  1. ↑ Maria (April 2003). "The Water Framework Directive: A New Directive for a Changing Social, Political and Economic European Framework". European Planning Studies 11 (3): 299–316. DOI:10.1080/09654310303640. Retrieved on 2020-08-31. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Water Supply in Japan. www.mhlw.go.jp. Archived from the original on 2021-11-18. Retrieved on 2021-11-18.
  3. ↑ Our Drinking Water Quality. Singapore National Water Agency. Archived from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved on 28 June 2022.
  4. ↑ Our duties. About us. Ofwat (Water Services Regulation Authority). Retrieved on 2020-10-23.
  5. ↑ What We Do. About Us. Drinking Water Inspectorate (2020-06-15). Archived from the original on 2020-11-25. Retrieved on 2023-01-13.
  6. ↑ The Water Supply (Water Quality) Regulations 2016. UK Statutory Instruments. National Archives, UK. Archived from the original on 2020-11-01. Retrieved on 2020-10-23.
  7. ↑ Water Industry Act 1991. UK Public General Acts. National Archives, UK. Archived from the original on 2020-11-02. Retrieved on 2020-10-23.
  8. ↑ Water Quality Regulator says Scotland's tap water quality remains high. News. Scottish Government (2019-08-05). Archived from the original on 2023-01-13. Retrieved on 2023-01-13.
  9. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :03
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