Mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri Aegean na-awụfu

Mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri Aegean Sea bụ mmanụ nké méré n'ubochi atọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1992 mgbè ụgbọ mmiri mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri nwèrè okpukpu abụọ nke nwéré ọkọlọtọ Gris, Oké Osimiri Aegean, na-aga Repsol refinery na A Coruña, Spain, nwèrè ihe mberede n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galician. Ụgbọ mmiri ahụ enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịgafe ule na mmezigharị niile achọrọ.^[1] Ihe mberede ahụ mèrè n'ogè ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike ma metụta ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na-akpata mmebi gburugburu ébé obibi, ya na mmebi nke azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị njem nleta na A Coruña. A chọpụtara na ónyé isi ụgbọ mmiri na ónyé na-anya ụgbọ mmiri bụ ndị ikpe mara na ónyé nwe ụgbọ mmiri ahụ weere ọtụtụ n'ime ụgwọ ego.^[2]

Ihe mere

N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1992, ụgbọ mmiri na-ebu mmanụ na Gris bụ Aegean Sea nọ na-aga A Coruña, Spain, site na Sullom Voe, Scotland. Ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-akwadebe ịbanye n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke A Coruña, ọsọ ifufe dị n'elu 50 kn (93 km / h; 58 ), na ányá dị n'okpuru otu narị mita (110 ), na-eme ka ọ tụfuo ụzọ e kenyere yà ma na-agba ọsọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Galicia, nso Tower of Hercules.

E zigara ndị ọrụ nnapụta ozugbo, otu helikọpta nwekwara ike ịzọpụta ndị ọrụ iri atọ na abụọ niile.^[2] Otú ọ dị, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbawara n'etiti, na-enye ohere ịtọhapụ tọn puku iri isii na asaa nke tọn puku iri asaa na itoolu nke mmanụ ọkụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ bu. A na-etinye mmanụ a gwakọtara site na iji booms, skimmers, na pumps, ya na ọkara ụgbọ mmiri ka dị n'elu mmiri, ndị ọrụ nnapụta jiri pumps mee ka tankị ndị ka dị. Otú ọ dị, n'ogè na-adịghị anya, ụgbọ mmiri ahụ gbara ọkụ ma gaa n'ihu na-ere ọkụ ruo ụbọchị ise. A gbapụrụ n'obodo A Coruña nwa ógè iji chebe ụmụ amaala ya pụọ n'ihe ize ndụ nke anwụrụ ọkụ mmanụ. Mmanụ fọdụrụnụ na-agagharị na mmiri siri ike nke ifufe na-emepụta, na ihe ruru kilomita narị atọ nke ụsọ mmiri, ya na ndụ oké osimiri n'akụkụ ụsọ mmiri ahụ, metụtara nsị ahụ.

A chọtara arịlịka abụọ nkè Oké Osimiri Aegean, ma na-egosi ugbu a nà Aquarium Finisterrae na A Coruña, na Philippe Cousteau Museum na Salinas, Asturias.^[3]

Usoro nhicha

E zigara ndị ọrụ nhicha ozugbo n'ébé ọdachi ahụ dị, ma n'ime ma n'ụsọ oké osimiri. A na-etinye mmanụ na-agbanye gburugburu ébé a na-awụfu iji gbochie mmanụ ahụ. Booms na-anakọta ihe dị ka cubic mita puku ise nke ngwakọta mmanụ / mmiri. N'ikpere mmiri, a na-edozi cubic mita otu puku na narị abụọ nke ájá na ihe mkpofu emetọ màkà mmanụ. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ naanị ihu nke Oké Osimiri Aegean ka ọ na-ada, a na-etinye mgbapụta n'azụ nke na-agbapụta mmanụ fọdụrụnụ.^[4]

Ihe si na ya pụta na nyocha

Mmanụ a na-awụfu n'Oké Osimiri Aegean metụtara ọtụtụ ihe dị ndụ n'oké osimiri. Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke Coruña nwetara ihe siri ike, na mmachibido iwu nke ịkụ azụ niile site na Kansụl Azụmaahịa. E mèrè nkwupụta màkà enyemaka ndị ọkụ azụ nké ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde dollar 3.53 n'ogè na-adịghị ányá mgbè mmanụ ahụ wụchara. Ọ bụ ezie na Kansụl Azụmaahịa nyeere ndị ọkụ azụ aka site na ịkwụ ụgwọ ụfọdụ, ndị a adịghị nso ịkwụ ụgwọ zuru oke màkà ndị ọkụ azụ. Nnukwu nkwupụta sitere n'aka ndị ọkụ azụ na ụlọ ọrụ ndị njem nleta bịara n'ụlọ ikpe Spanish, nke ruru ihe dị ka nde dollar narị abụọ na iri asatọ na asaa site na afọ 2001. E doziri ọtụtụ n'ime nkwupụta ndị a, mànà ụfọdụ nkwupụta ka na-ese okwu. International Oil Pollution Compensation (IOPC), Gọọmentị Spain, na ónyé nwe ụgbọ mmiri mechara nwee nkwekọrịta, na ịkwụ ụgwọ ikpeazụ e mèrè na Disemba 2003.^[4] Na mgbakwunye na nkwekọrịta ego, a chọpụtakwara na ónyé isi ụgbọ mmiri, Constantine Stavrides, na ónyé na-anya ụgbọelu ahụ nwèrè ikpe mpụ màkà ileghara anya na ịghara ịgbaso iwu.^[4]

Nnyocha hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbons, ébé ọ bụ isi iyi nke ike n'ihi njikọ kemịkal siri ike ha, bụ isi iyi màkà ọmụmụ sayensị na mmanụ Aegean Sea. A na-etinye akara kemịkal n'ime ihe nlele nke mmanụ a wụfuru, na data na-adọrọ mmasị kpughere. Alkanes na acyclic hydrocarbons, ha abụọ nwèrè otu njikọ, yiri ka ha emebiwo n'ime naanị ọnwa isii, ébé triterpane na steranane ka dị mgbe ọtụtụ afọ nke ihu igwe gasịrị. Ma triterpane na steranane nwèrè ọtụtụ njikọ, nke bụ ihe mere ha ji nọrọ mgbè ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta kwubiri na akara kemịkal nwèrè ike ịba uru dị irè megide nsị mmanụ. Ihe ịrịba ama ndị a nwèrè ike ikwe ka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị chọpụta ogologo ógè mmanụ ahụ emetọla mmiri oké osimiri, na otu mmiri ahụ si emetụta mmanụ ahụ e ji mmiri nweta. Nke a nwèrè ike inye aka na usoro ebe a na-anakọta mmanụ a wụfuru ma dozie ya màkà iji ya mee ihe ọzọ. Enwere ike itinye akara kemịkal ugbu a na mmanụ ahụ iji chọpụta ole a ga-ehichapụ mmanụ ahụ iji mee ka o zuo oke màkà iji ya.^[5]

Nnyocha gburugburu ebe obibi

Anchor nke *Oké Osimiri Aegean* na Aquarium Finisterrae na A Coruña, Galicia, Spain

Ụsọ oké osimiri Galician bụ isi ihe dị oke mkpa màkà ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ nke Spain. Nchịkọta crabs na lobster, ọrụ ugbo salmon, na isi ụlọ ọrụ na-enweta uru nke ọrụ ugbo shellfish niile metụtara nsị ahụ. N'oge na-adịghị ányá mgbè mmanụ ahụ wụpụrụ, Spain nyere iwu ka e nyochaa usoro okike iji nyochaa mmebi e mèrè na anụmanụ dị n'ime ala na mpaghara ahụ, na ihe ndị dị n'apịtị.^[5] A manyere nnyocha a n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na mmanụ mbụ wụpụrụ n'otu ébé ahụ: n'ubochi irí na abụọ n'ọnwa Mee 1976, nnukwu tankị Urquiola kpochapụrụ ala nke ọnụ ụzọ ọwa na A Coruña, na-eme ka ụgbọ mmiri ahụ wụpụ ibu ya nke tọn mmanụ otu narị na puku asaa. Nke a metụtara ndụ oké osimiri ya na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri, mana ndụ oké osimiri na-adị ndụ mepụtara usoro nchebe nke nyere ha ohere ịlanarị nsogbu dị otú ahụ. Ndụ oké osimiri na A Coruña yiri ka ọ ga-anọgide na-akwụsi ike ruo mgbè ọdachi nke Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Iji chọpụta mmetụta nke nsị ahụ na ndụ oké osimiri, e mèrè nnyocha iji chọpụta ọgaranya nke ụdị, ọtụtụ, na biomass. Ónyé ọkà mmụta sayensị nyochara mgbanwe site n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 1992 ruo ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1996, wee chọpụta na obodo macrobenthic bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ébé ndị ahụ metụtara gosipụtara omume yiri nke ahụ dị ka ihe ndị dị ndụ mbụ nke mmanụ Urquiola metụtara. Amphipods yiri ka ọ na-emetụta ihe kachasị njọ site na mpụga mmanụ, ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ọnwụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala, ruo n'ogè opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1995. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, ụdị ahụ yiri ka ọ ga-agbake ruo na njedebe nke ọmụmụ n'afọ 1996. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, a chọpụtara ihe na-eme na ụdị ndị na-eguzogide ya na-achịkwa usoro okike.

Mmanụ nke atọ wụpụrụ n'otu ebe ahụ na A Coruña n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2002, ébé otu tankị, Prestige, na-ebu tọn mmanụ puku iri asaa na asaa kewara n'ime abụọ ma wụsa ibu ya. Ihe dị ka tọn mmanụ puku iri wụfuru mana mkpokoro Prestige nke mikpuru mmiri ka na-agbapụta mmanụ site na tankị ya ruo taa [mgbe?[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]^[6]

Hụkwa

Ndepụta nke mmanụ na-awụfu
Urquiola: tankị mmanụ ọzọ nke mikpuru n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na 1976
MV Prestige: tankị mmanụ ọzọ nke mikpuru n'ụsọ oké osimiri Galician na 2002

Edensibia

↑ Aegean Sea. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved on 28 August 2012.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Aegean Sea. (n.d.). Cedre : Centre de documentation, de recherche et d'expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/aegean_sea/ae
↑ El "Mar Egeo" y otros buques desmantelados (Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved on 28 August 2012.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Aegean Sea "Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability." (n.d.). Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from Aegean Sea. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved on 2013-05-01. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "tankers" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Pastor (2001). "The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments" (PDF). Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 (10): 895–904. DOI:10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Pastor 2001" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Gomez Gesteira (2004). "Impact of the Aegean Sea oil spill on the subtidal fine sand macrobenthic community of the Ares-Betanzos Ria (Northwest Spain)" (PDF). Marine Environmental Research 60: 289–316. DOI:10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.11.001.

[1] Aegean Sea. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved on 28 August 2012.

[:0-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Aegean Sea. (n.d.). Cedre : Centre de documentation, de recherche et d'expérimentations sur les pollutions accidentelles des eaux. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from http://www.cedre.fr/en/spill/aegean_sea/ae

[3] El "Mar Egeo" y otros buques desmantelados (Spanish). Archived from the original on 8 February 2012. Retrieved on 28 August 2012.

[tankers-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 Aegean Sea "Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability." (n.d.). Tankers, Big Oil and Pollution Liability. Retrieved 21 April 2013, from Aegean Sea. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved on 2013-05-01. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "tankers" defined multiple times with different content

[Pastor_2001-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Pastor (2001). "The Aegean Sea Oil Spill in the Galicia coast (NW Spain). I. Distribution and fate of the Crude Oil and Combustion Products in Subtidal Sediments" (PDF). Marine Pollution Bulletin 42 (10): 895–904. DOI:10.1016/s0025-326x(01)00048-0. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Pastor 2001" defined multiple times with different content

[6] Gomez Gesteira (2004). "Impact of the Aegean Sea oil spill on the subtidal fine sand macrobenthic community of the Ares-Betanzos Ria (Northwest Spain)" (PDF). Marine Environmental Research 60: 289–316. DOI:10.1016/j.marenvres.2004.11.001.

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