Mmanụ Ethanol
Mmanụ Ethanol nke a na-akpọkwa Treethanol bụ (nke kachasị kpọmkwem cellulosic ethanol) nke e ji osisi mee.[1]
Nchịkọta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Biofuel bụ onye na-asọ mpi n'ọsọ ịchọta ike ọzọ karịa mmanụ ala. Ndị na-akwado Treethanol na-ekwu na ike ya dị elu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ike achọrọ maka mmepụta mgbe e jiri ya mee ihe na ethanol, ya bụ, okpete na ọka.[2]
Mmepụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-emepụta ethanol cellulosic site na iji biomass lignocellulose nke mejupụtara ọtụtụ n'ime osisi.[3] N'ụzọ bụ isi na isi ihe ọkụkụ bụ cellulose, nke enwere ike ịkpụkọta na shuga carbohydrate dị mfe. Mgbe ewepụchara shuga ndị a, enwere ike ịgbanye ha n'ime mmanya na-aba n'anya, nke a maara dị ka ethanol.[3] A na-akpọ usoro cellulysis usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe na nke na-ekwe nkwa iji mepụta ethanol cellulosic. Usoro a nwere hydrolysis na ihe ndị a na-agwọ agwọ. Mgbe ahụ, a na-eji enzymes emebi cellulose n'ime glucose. A na-agbanye glucose a ma mee ka ọ dị nro.[2] Nzọụkwụ ọgwụgwọ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu dị mkpa mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ cellulosic ethanol n'ihi na glucose (sugar) anaghị adị mfe ịnweta dịka ha na isi mmalite ethanol ndị ọzọ dị ka ọka ma ọ bụ okpete. Kama nke ahụ, a ghaghị ikewapụ cellulose dị n'osisi site na hemicellulose na lignin.
Enwere ụdị ọgwụgwọ atọ: anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ, na ndu. Ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ gụnyere ibelata nha irighiri osisi n'anụ ahụ. Enwere ike ime nke a site na mkpokọta, ichikota, wdg. Ọgwụgwọ nke ndu gụnyere iji microorganisms na-akụtu osisi. A na-ewere ụdị a dị ka ihe dị mma maka ọgwụgwọ anụ ahụ n'ihi na ọ na-eri obere ume ma e jiri ya tụnyere ya, mana usoro ndu egosighi na ọ ga-enwe ike iru ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Usoro kemịkalụ na-eji alkaline ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ acidic mee ka cellulose dị n'ime eriri osisi nwee ike ịnweta ya. Nke a egosila na ọ kacha arụ ọrụ ma nwee ọnụ ahịa ume kacha ala.[4]
Osisi ọhịa mejupụtara ihe karịrị 90% nke ngụkọta biomass terrestrial mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ dị ka carbon sequestration, na-emepụta oxygen, na ịkwalite ụdị ndụ dị iche iche. Osisi bụ isi iyi ethanol na-ekwe nkwa n'ihi na ha na-eto n'afọ niile, na-achọ obere fatịlaịza na mmiri ma nwee ọtụtụ carbohydrates (ihe na-ebute ụzọ ethanol) karịa nri nri (dị ka ọka).
Ebe e si nweta ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Osisi Poplar, Willow, na Eucalyptus na-apụta dị ka ọkacha mmasị n'ime usoro nke ịmepụta Treethanol.[5] Nke a bụ n'ihi ikike ha nwere ito ngwa ngwa n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa.[6]
Ngwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Treethanol abụghị isi iyi ike nke na-ekwe nkwa inye ụlọ ike n'ọdịnihu, kama enwere ike iji ya mee ihe na ngwa ebe a na-eji injin ọkụ. A na-emepụta ihe dị ka pasent iri asatọ na ise nke ike US site na mmanụ ala dị ka gas, coal, na mmanụ. Site na China, India, na mba ndị ọzọ na-emepe emepe na-abawanye ọchịchọ ha maka mmanụ ala, a na-atụ anya na ngụkọta nke ike ụwa ga-eto site na 57% n'ime afọ 20 sochirinụ.[2] A na-eme atụmatụ na naanị US na-eji ijeri galọn mmanụ ụgbọala 140 kwa afọ maka njem naanị.[7] Ọ bụghị naanị na a ga-agwakọta Treethanol na mmanụ nkịtị, a pụkwara ịgba ya ọkụ ozugbo na injin ndị gbanwere iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ.[2]
Uru ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Cellulosic ethanol bụ mmanụ ụgbọ njem na-adịghị mma na nke a na-agbanwe agbanwe nke enwere ike ịmepụta site na biomass ọhịa. Osisi bụ ihe oriri na-ekwe nkwa karịsịa n'ihi na ha na-eto n'afọ niile, na-achọ obere fatịlaịza na mmiri ma nwee ọtụtụ carbohydrates (ihe na-ebute ethanol) karịa ihe ọkụkụ nri.[8] Ọzọkwa, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ethanol ọka, cellulosic biofuel anaghị achọ otu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke fatịlaịza, ọgwụ ahụhụ, ike, ma ọ bụ mmiri iji too.[9] Ihe kachasị mkpa nke ụdị ethanol a bụ, dị ka ụdị ethanol niile, ọ nwere ike imezigharị. Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ma ọ bụ chọọ ime ka ọ dịkwuo mkpa, ị na-akụ osisi ndị ọzọ.[1]
Mmepe nke ụdị mmanụ niile, gụnyere Treethanol nwere ike ịdị mkpa maka mba ndị na-achọ ibelata ịdabere na mmanụ ala, ọkachasị mba ndị na'ebubata ọtụtụ mmanụ ala ha ma nwee ọtụtụ ala ihe ọkụkụ / ọhịa dịka New Zealand na Sweden.[1]
Otu ihe dị mkpa bụ ma Treethanol bụ ihe ọzọ dị mma karịa ụdị ethanol ndị a na-ahụkarị dị ka ọka. Nkwenye n'ozuzu na isiokwu nke Hoover, F., & Abraham, J. (2009), bụ na ọtụtụ ụdị cellulosic ethanol nwere ike ịmepụta ike dị elu ma na-adigide karịa ethanol ọka. Ha na-achọpụtakwa na ọ bụ ezie na ethanol cellulosic adịghị eweta ike karịa ikwu, ethanol nke ọka na-adabere n'otu akụkụ nke nha, ọ na-achọ ka ntinye ike dị ntakịrị iji mepụta nke nwere ike inye ya mkpụrụ ume dị elu dị elu na njedebe nhazi. Nchoputa na lignocellulosic biomass nwere oke arụpụta ihe karịa isi mmalite biofuel ọdịnala bụ nke Papini, A., & Simeone, M. (2010) kwadoro.
Omume ọhịa ndị kwesịrị ekwesị adịghị etinye aka na gas na-ekpo ọkụ n'ihi na a na-ahapụ ọhịa ahụ ịmaliteghachi mgbe owuwe ihe ubi fiber gasịrị. N'ihi nke a, osisi nwere ike na-ewere dị ka n'ezie carbon-anọpụ iche isi iyi nke ume
Nsogbu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọ bụ ezie na o yiri ihe ezi uche dị na ya na Treethanol nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọzọ na ụdị ethanol dị ugbu a, ọ nwere otu ntụpọ, nke bụ nhazi ọzọ dị mkpa iji mebie cellulose siri ike na hemicellulose n'ime mgbidi nke mkpụrụ ndụ iji kewapụ shuga.[1] Dị ka a tụlere n'elu na ngalaba mmepụta, ịmepụta ethanol site na lignocellulose a hụrụ na biomass osisi chọrọ nzọụkwụ ọzọ nke "pre-treatment". Ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ a ka chọrọ ike dị ukwuu iji mee ka Treethanol baa uru.
N'ikwu nke ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na ndị nwere ike ịba uru karịrị ndị na-adịghị mma n'oge na-adịghị anya.[1][2] Usoro nke ịzụlite osisi ahụ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ịzụlite ọka ma ọ bụ okpete maka ethanol. Otú ọ dị, ọ na-ewe ogologo oge iji zụlite osisi karịa ịzụlite ọka, yabụ nyocha ọ bụla ziri ezi gbasara nkwado na ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ (ọbụlagodi maka osisi na-eto ngwa ngwa) chọrọ mkpebi ogologo oge, nke siri ike ịchọta ruo ugbu a. E mere atụmatụ na usoro a, gụnyere iwu ụlọ ọrụ nhazi na mgbe ahụ nụchaa ọkwa na-eto eto na nhazi nwere ike iwe ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ iri.[10]
Ihe ọzọ na-adịghị mma na nhazi nke cellulosic ethanol bụ na a maghị ihe mkpofu / site na ngwaahịa sitere na nhazi ahụ. Ihe na-echegbu ụfọdụ bụ usoro ọgwụgwọ tupu ọgwụgwọ. A na-eme atụmatụ na enwere ike ịmepụta ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọtụtụ (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị karịa) ihe mkpofu karịa ethanol a na-eji eme ihe, yana ihe mkpofu gụnyere ebu, nje bacteria, yist, nsí na ihe na-adịghị anabata ihe ndị a, enzymes, na kemịkal ndị ọzọ.[11]
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi
- Nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi
- Nchekwa ebe obibi
- Ihe ndị sitere n'okike
- Ihe onwunwe a na-agbanwe agbanwe
- Nkwado
Edensibia[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Bacon. "Woodstock Revisited", The Economist, 2007-03-10. Retrieved on 2013-01-29.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Hoover (2009). "A comparison of corn-based ethanol with cellulosic ethanol as replacements for petroleum-based fuels: a review". International Journal of Sustainable Energy 28 (4): 171–182. DOI:10.1080/14786450903056370.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Biello (2011). "The False Promise of Biofuels". Scientific American 305 (2): 58–65. DOI:10.1038/scientificamerican0811-58. PMID 21827126.
- ↑ Gonzales (2011). "Economics of Cellulosic Ethanol Production: Green Liquor Pretreatment for Softwood and Hardwood, Greenfield and Repurpose Scenarios". Bioresources 6 (3): 2551–2567.
- ↑ (2012) "Demonstration for Integrated Production of Bioethanol". Chemical Engineering 119 (2): 9–11.
- ↑ Papini (2010). "Forest resources for second-generation biofuel production". Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 25: 126–133. DOI:10.1080/02827581.2010.485827.
- ↑ Weeks. "Not quite, but cellulosic ethanol may be coming sooner than you think", Grist. Retrieved on 2013-01-29.
- ↑ Bacon. Woodstock revisited: Could new techniques for producing ethanol make old-fashioned trees the biofuel of the future?. Retrieved on 30 March 2014.
- ↑ Ethanol. Texas State Energy Conservation Office. Archived from the original on 2013-03-04. Retrieved on 2013-01-28.
- ↑ Lave (2006). "Import Ethanol, Not Oil". Issues in Science & Technology 22 (3): 40–42.
- ↑ Menetrez (2010). "The Potential Environmental Impact of Waste from Cellulosic Ethanol Production". Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 60 (2): 171–182. DOI:10.3155/1047-3289.60.2.245. PMID 20222538.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Osisi ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa nwere ike ịgbanye mgbọrọgwụ dị ka isi iyi ike n'ọdịnihu: [1]
- Osisi Poplar: Ịga n'ihu n'isi iyi ndị ọzọ
- DOE Joint Genome Institute mara ọkwa 2008 Genome Sequencing Ebumnuche Eucalyptus ka a ga-ahazi ya dị ka ihe ọkụkụ nke US DOE Joint genome Institute