Mmanụ ala plastik

Plastic mulch bụ ngwaahịa eji eme ihe na plastik yiri nke a na-eme ka mulch, iji gbochie ata na ichekwa mmiri na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ na nhazi ala. Ụfọdụ mulches rọba na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi iji dobe methyl bromide, ma ihe na-esi ísì ike na ozone depleter, n'ime ala. Ihe ọkụkụ na-eto site n'oghere ma ọ bụ oghere n'ime mpempe plastik dị mkpa. A na-ejikarị mulch plastik na-ejikọta ya na mmiri ntapu. Emeela ụfọdụ nyocha site na iji agba dị iche iche nke mulch na-emetụta uto ihe ọkụkụ. Iji plastik mulch bụ ihe kachasị na akwụkwọ nri buru ibu, ebe a na-akọ ọtụtụ nde acres n'okpuru mulch rọba n'ụwa niile kwa afọ.^[1]

Ntufu nke mulch plastik bụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. Teknụzụ dị adị iji nye maka imegharị ihe eji eme ihe / tụfuru rọba n'ime resin rọba ga-ekwe omume maka ijikwa ya na ụlọ ọrụ nrụpụta plastik.[2] Otú ọ dị, ụzọ ndị a adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ihi mmetọ nke agrochemicals nke plastik.[3] Nchegbu ndị ọzọ gụnyere microplastics fọdụrụnụ na ala nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ala, gụnyere ụmụ nje na earthworms.^[2]^[3]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

Echiche nke iji ihe nkiri polyethylene dị ka mulch na mmepụta osisi hụrụ mmalite ya n'etiti afọ 1950. Dr. Emery M. Emmert nke Mahadum Kentucky bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ ghọtara uru nke iji ihe nkiri LDPE (polyethylene dị elu) na HDPE (plyethylene dị elu) dị ka mulch na mmepụta akwụkwọ nri. Emmert dekwara banyere isiokwu ndị ọzọ dị ka iji plastik maka ụlọ ọkụ kama iji ugegbe na plastik n'ime ọwa dị elu. Ihe dị ka square 2,500 (6,500 km2) nke ala ugbo na-eji polyethylene mulch na mkpuchi ahịrị yiri ya maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ n'ụwa.Ịtọ polythene plastik (mulch) n'elu ugwu ndị e guzobere n'ala bụkwa nke mbụ na New Zealand n'etiti afọ iri ise site n'aka ndị na-akụ strawberry na mpaghara Auckland.Ka ọ na-erule 1960-61, a na-akụ mkpụrụ osisi strawberry niile a na-azụ ahịa na New Zealand site na polythene ojii nke a na-ejikarị aka eme. Plastiki ahụ kwalitere uto, mmiri na-echekwa na-eweta mkpụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya ma gbochie mmetọ ahịhịa.A na-eji ígwè ọrụ polythene mbụ eme ihe na New Zealand n'etiti afọ 1960 ma yie nnọọ ígwè ọrụ ndị a na-ere taa. Ndị ọrụ ugbo mepụtara igwe mbụ ahụ ma rụọ ya site na obere ụlọ ọrụ injinia / mmepụta ihe, na-abụkarị n'okpuru nduzi na nlekọta nke onye ọrụ ugbo. Ngwaọrụ ọ bụla ruo ọtụtụ afọ yiri nke ikpeazụ, na mgbanwe oge ụfọdụ iji melite arụmọrụ.

Uru

Ojiji nke mulches plastik tinyere ojiji nke ịgba mmiri nwere ọtụtụ uru dịka:

Okpomọkụ ala

Ojiji plastik mulch na-agbanwe okpomọkụ ala. A na-etinye mulch gbara ọchịchịrị na mulch doro anya na ala na-egbochi ìhè anyanwụ ma kpoo ala, na-enye ohere ịkụ ihe na mbụ yana ịgba ume ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa n'oge oge ntoju. White mulch na-egosipụta okpomọkụ sitere na anyanwụ, na-ebelata okpomọkụ ala nke ọma. Mbelata okpomọkụ a nwere ike inye aka guzobe osisi n'etiti oge okpomọkụ mgbe enwere ike ịchọ ala oyi.^[4]

Mmiri n'ala

Plastic mulches na-ebelata oke mmiri na-efunahụ ala n'ihi evaporation. Nke a pụtara obere mmiri ga-adị mkpa maka ịgba mmiri. Plastic mulch na-enyekwa aka n'ikesa mmiri n'ala nke ọma, nke na-ebelata nrụgide osisi. ^{[citation needed]}

Nchịkwa ahịhịa

Plastic mulches na-egbochi ìhè anyanwụ iru n'ala nke nwere ike igbochi ọtụtụ ahịhịa na-adịgide adịgide. Plastic doro anya na-egbochi uto ahịhịa. Oghere dị n'ime mulch maka osisi na-abụkarị naanị ụzọ ahịhịa ga-esi too.

Mbelata nke nsị fatịlaịza

Ojiji nke ịgba mmiri na-adọrọ adọrọ na njikọ ya na mulch plastik na-enye ohere ibelata nsị nke fatịlaịza. Iji ịgba mmiri na-egbochi iji idei mmiri na-agba mmiri nke na-etinye mmiri buru ibu n'ala, nke na-eme ka nitrogen na ihe ndị ọzọ na-edozi ahụ na-agbapụta na omimi n'okpuru mpaghara mgbọrọgwụ. Mmiri na-agba mmiri na-etinye mmiri dị ala na fatịlaịza a na-etinye ma si otú a na-eji fatịlaịtị ndị a eme ihe na mpaghara mgbọrọgwụ dịka ọ dị mkpa. Nke a na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ fatịlaịza dị mkpa maka uto osisi zuru oke ma e jiri ya tụnyere fatịlaịtị mgbasa ozi.

Ịka mma nke ihe ọkụkụ

Plastic mulches na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eto n'ala. Mbelata mmetụ a na ala na-ebelata ire ure nke mkpụrụ osisi yana idebe mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri dị ọcha. Nke a bara uru maka mmepụta nke strawberry, dịka ọmụmaatụ. ^[5]

Mbelata nke mkpakọ ala

Plastic mulch na-ekpuchi ala na-ebelata mmetụta nke mmiri ozuzo na ìhè anyanwụ. Mbelata nke oke ahịhịa pụtara mbelata mkpa maka ọrụ ugbo. Enwere ike ịchịkwa ahịhịa n'etiti àkwà plastik site na iji ọgwụ herbicides a na-etinye n'ọrụ na site na usoro igwe. Ala dị n'okpuru mulch plastik na-anọgide na-enweghị isi ma na-enwe ikuku nke ọma, na mulch na-echebe ala ọ na-ekpuchi pụọ na mbuze.^[1]

Mbelata nke mmebi mgbọrọgwụ

Plastic mulches na-adị oke mmiri na-efunahụ ala n'ihi evaporation. Nke a nwanne obere mmiri ga-adị mkpa maka ịgba mmiri. Plastic mulch na-azụ aka n'ikesa mmiri n'ala nke ọma, nke na-Bada osisi.^[6]

Ọghọm ya

E nwere ọtụtụ ọghọm iji mulches plastik na mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ.

Ọnụ ego

Uru dị site na iji mulch plastik na-abịa na ọnụ ahịa dị elu karịa ịkụ n'ime ala na-adịghị. Ọnụ ego ndị a na-agụnye akụrụngwa, ihe nkiri plastik a na-eji dị ka mulch, ndị na-atụgharị maka akwa akwa akwa, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'oge ntinye na iwepụ ihe nkiri mulch. Ekwesịrị iji akụrụngwa ngwa mulch pụrụ iche iji wụnye akwa mulch plastik n'ime ubi. Igwe ndị a na-akpụ ala ma tinye plastik na ala a kwadebere. Enwere ike iji ihe ntụgharị emebere maka mulch rọba na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ a chọrọ. Ịtụgharị aka bụ nhọrọ, mana nke a adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Mwepụ nke mulch plastik na-enyekwa aka na ọnụ ahịa dị elu site na ọrụ ndị ọzọ na ngwá ọrụ dị mkpa. Enwere ike iji akụrụngwa na-akpụ akpụ akpụ akpụ akpụ wepụ plastik n'ubi mgbe owuwe ihe ubi.

Nchegbu banyere gburugburu ebe obibi

Ọ bụrụ na a na-eji plastik nkịtị (dịka PE) eme ihe dị ka ihe nkiri mulch, ha nwere ike ịba n'ime ala, ebe ọ bụ na iwepụ na iwepụ plastik ndị a n'ụzọ ziri ezi bụ ihe na-adọrọ arọ na akụ na ụba.^[7] Nchịkọta a nwere ike ịkpata mbelata nke ihe ọkụkụ na Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi.^[8]Biodegradable polymers bụ polymers nke nwere ike imebi site na obodo microbial na-eme n'ime usoro gburugburu ebe obibi. Ha na-enye ihe ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide karịa plastik eji eme ihe maka ihe nkiri mulch. N'inye otu uru ahụ dị ka akọwapụtara n'elu, enwere ike idozi nsogbu nke mkpokọta plastik na ala.^[9] Aliphatic polyesters na aliphatic-aromatic co-polyesters egosila na ha bụ ndị na-ekwe nkwa nke polymer biodegradable.^[10]

Ntinye aha

Ojiji nke mulch plastik chọrọ usoro ngwa pụrụ iche iji hụ na etinye ihe nkiri plastik n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. Usoro itinye akwụkwọ a na-amalite site na ịkwadebe ubi ahụ n'otu ụzọ ahụ mmadụ ga-esi nwee ihe ndina mkpụrụ dị larịị. Àkwà ahụ ga-enwerịrị nnukwu ala na ihe ndị fọdụrụnụ. A na-adọkpụ igwe a na-akpọ plastik ma ọ bụ ihe na-akpụzi ihe ndina n'elu ubi ahụ na-emepụta ahịrị nke plastik na-ekpuchi ihe ndina. Àkwà ndị a nwere ike ịbụ àkwà dị larịị nke pụtara na elu nke mulch plastik dị larị iche na elu ala dị n'etiti ahịrị. Ngwunye ndị na-emepụta àkwà dị elu na-emepụta elu plastik dị elu karịa ala dị n'etiti. Echiche bụ isi nke onye na-akpụzi àkwà plastik bụ igbe na-akụzi ihe nke na-emepụta àkwà ahụ, nke a na-ekpuchi ya na plastik site na wiil na coulters abụọ na-ekpu ákwà plastik iji jide plastik n'elu ala. Akara plastik ndị a na-etinyekwa akara ịgba mmiri n'okpuru plastik mgbe igwe ahụ na-etinye plastik. Ọ dịtụ mkpa na plastik ahụ siri ike. Nke a na-aghọ ihe dị mkpa na usoro ịkụ osisi.

Ịkụ ihe

Ịkụ ihe na-achọkwa ngwá ọrụ ịkụ ihe pụrụ iche. Ngwá ọrụ ịkụ osisi a na-ahụkarị bụ ụdị transplanter mmiri. Onye na-etinye mmiri na-eji drum ma ọ bụ drum na-agbagharị agbagharị na spikes n'oge a kapịrị ọnụ. Drum ma ọ bụ drums nwere mmiri nke na-ejupụta na drum ahụ na mmiri. Onye na-etinye ya n'ime ya na-atụgharị drum ahụ n'elu àkwà plastik. Ka drum ahụ na-agbanye spike n'ime plastik ahụ, a na-akụ oghere ma mmiri na-asọba n'ime oghere ahụ. Onye na-agba ịnyịnya na transplanter nwere ike itinye osisi n'ime oghere ahụ. Drums ndị a nwere ike ịnwe ọtụtụ ahịrị na oge dịgasị iche iche iji mepụta oghere achọrọ maka ihe ọkụkụ ahụ.

Hụkwa

Plasticulture - Ojiji nke ihe plastik n'ọrụ ugbo
Rubber mulch - Mulch e ji rọba e ji mee ihe ọzọ
Living mulch - Ihe ọkụkụ a na-ekpuchi ekpuchi nke a na-akụ na ihe ọkụkụ bụ isi dị ka mulch

Ebem si dee

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Bradney (2020). "Sources of Particulate Plastics in Terrestrial Ecosystems", Particulate Plastics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments, 1, CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-367-51140-1. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Particulate" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Why food's plastic problem is bigger than we realise (en). www.bbc.com. Retrieved on 2021-03-27.
↑ Nex (2021). How to garden the low carbon way: the steps you can take to help combat climate change, First American. ISBN 978-0-7440-2928-4. OCLC 1241100709.
↑ Beyond the colour of mulch (White/ Black mulch) - Agriplastics Community (31 August 2018).
↑ Deschamps (2019-01-03). "White-striped plastic mulch reduces root-zone temperatures during establishment and increases early season yields of annual winter strawberry". Scientia Horticulturae 243: 602–608. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.09.018. ISSN 0304-4238. Retrieved on 2022-01-20.
↑ What Is Mulch? – Important Things You Should Know - The Detail Guys (en-US) (2021-06-18). Retrieved on 2022-10-09.
↑ Kyrikou, I., & Briassoulis, D. (2007). "Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films: a critical review". Journal of Polymers and the Environment 15 (2): 125–150. DOI:10.1007/s10924-007-0053-8.
↑ Rillig, M. C. (2012). "Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems and the soil?". Environmental Science & Technology 46 (12): 6453–6454. DOI:10.1021/es302011r. PMID 22676039.
↑ Tokiwa, Y., Calabia, B. P., Ugwu, C. U., & Aiba, S. (2009). "Biodegradability of plastics". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 10 (9): 3722–3742. DOI:10.3390/ijms10093722. PMID 19865515.
↑ Müller, R. J. (2006). "Biological degradation of synthetic polyesters—enzymes as potential catalysts for polyester recycling". Process Biochemistry 41 (10): 2124–2128. DOI:10.1016/j.procbio.2006.05.018.

[Particulate-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Bradney (2020). "Sources of Particulate Plastics in Terrestrial Ecosystems", Particulate Plastics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments, 1, CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-367-51140-1. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Particulate" defined multiple times with different content

[:0-2] Why food's plastic problem is bigger than we realise (en). www.bbc.com. Retrieved on 2021-03-27.

[3] Nex (2021). How to garden the low carbon way: the steps you can take to help combat climate change, First American. ISBN 978-0-7440-2928-4. OCLC 1241100709.

[4] Beyond the colour of mulch (White/ Black mulch) - Agriplastics Community (31 August 2018).

[Scientia_Horticulturae_2019_pp._602–608-5] Deschamps (2019-01-03). "White-striped plastic mulch reduces root-zone temperatures during establishment and increases early season yields of annual winter strawberry". Scientia Horticulturae 243: 602–608. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2018.09.018. ISSN 0304-4238. Retrieved on 2022-01-20.

[6] What Is Mulch? – Important Things You Should Know - The Detail Guys (en-US) (2021-06-18). Retrieved on 2022-10-09.

[7] Kyrikou, I., & Briassoulis, D. (2007). "Biodegradation of agricultural plastic films: a critical review". Journal of Polymers and the Environment 15 (2): 125–150. DOI:10.1007/s10924-007-0053-8.

[8] Rillig, M. C. (2012). "Microplastic in terrestrial ecosystems and the soil?". Environmental Science & Technology 46 (12): 6453–6454. DOI:10.1021/es302011r. PMID 22676039.

[9] Tokiwa, Y., Calabia, B. P., Ugwu, C. U., & Aiba, S. (2009). "Biodegradability of plastics". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 10 (9): 3722–3742. DOI:10.3390/ijms10093722. PMID 19865515.

[10] Müller, R. J. (2006). "Biological degradation of synthetic polyesters—enzymes as potential catalysts for polyester recycling". Process Biochemistry 41 (10): 2124–2128. DOI:10.1016/j.procbio.2006.05.018.

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