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Mmetụta nsị azụ Ciguatera

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Gambierdiscus toxicus NOAA

Nsi azụ nke Ciguatera ( CFP ), nke a dị ka ciguatera, bụ ọrịa na-ebute nri site n'iri azụ nke ciguatoxins metọru.  [1] [2] A na-ekwu na azụ̀ ndị dị otú ahụ bụ ciguatoxic .  Mgbaàmà nwere ike ike awụ ọsịsa, ọgbụgbọ, ọgbụgbọ, ichiness, uche na-ekpo na oyi, dizziness, na ịse ike.  [3] [2] Mmalite nke ụdị na-adịgasị iche na ọnụọgụ nsi a na-eri.  Ọ bụrụ na a na-eri ọtụtụ nri ihe nwere ike ịpụta n'ime ọkara elekere.  Ọ bụrụ na a na-eri obere igodo nke ihe nkiri na-ewe ụbọchị ole na ole ka ọ pụta ìhè.  [4] Ọsịsa nwere ike alụru ụbọchị anọ.  [3] Mgbaàmà nwere ike ikiri izu ole na ole ruo ọnwa ole na ole.  [4] Nsogbu obi dị ka obere obi na-agba ọsọ na dị elu elu nwere ike ime [1]

Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu a kapịrị ọnụ bụ ciguatoxin na maitotoxin .  [1] Emebere ha site na obere obere mmiri mmiri, Gambierdiscus toxicus, nke na-etolite na gburugburu coral reefs na mmiri ebe na ebe ebe .  [1] Azụ Georgia na- eri ihe ndị a nke azụ ndị buru ibu na -eri .  [1] Ihe egwu na-agụ uche ka ha na-ebuli agbụ nri .  [2] Azụ a na-ebute egwu barracuda, grouper, moray eel, amberjack, sea bass, na sturgeon .  [1] Nchọpụta na-adabere na mmasị yana iri azụ̀ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.  [3] Ọ bụrụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eri otu azụ̀ na-enwe marmar, nchoputa ahụ na-enwekwa ike ike.  [3] Ọ bụrụ na ụfọdụ azụ̀ ndị ha riri na mbụ dị nke a ike ike ịhụ iji gosi nchoputa ahụ [2]

Mgbakwunye na-agụnye ịghara iri azụ, ịghara iri azụ ndị nwere ihe ize ndụ dị ka barracuda, na ịghara iri imeju azụ, mgbada, ma ọ bụ isi azụ.  [1] Ciguatoxin ụtọ ụtọ ma ọ bụ isi, ikekwa ike ibibi ya site na isi nri .  [1] Enweghi a kapịrị ọnụ maka azụ ciguatera ụzọ ọ mere.  [1] Enwere ike onye Mannitol, mana ihe nri na-akwado iji ya adịghị ike.  [2] Enwere ike iji Gabapentin ma ọ bụ amitriptyline ọgwụgwọ ụfọdụ [1]

Na 2017, Ndị Ozi Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ncheta na United States (CDC) mere nri na ihe dị ka ikpe 50,000 na-eme n'ụwa nile kwa afọ.   [1] Atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na-atụ aro ihe ruru 500,000 ikpe kwa afọ.   [2] Ihe ize ndụ nke ịnwụ site na ebe bụ ihe na- 1 n'ime 1,000 dịka CDC si kwuo.   [1] Ọ bụ nri mmiri na-emekarị.   [3] Ọ na-emekarị na oke osimiri Pasifik, oke osimiri India na oke osimiri Caribbean n'etiti oke ala 35°N na 35°S.   [1] Ihe ize ndụ nke ọnọdụ ahụ yiri ka ọ na- ike n'ihi ihe coral reef na babaara aka na nri mmiri.   [1] Maka nke aha ahụ la nwuddị ma ọ rọ ala 1511. [3] Aha ugbu a, nke ewepụtara na 1787, sitere na Cuban Spanish na mbụ zoro aka na gastropod Cittarium pica . [3]

Ihe ịrịba ama na mgbaàmà

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Ihe akara nke ciguatera n'ime mmadụ ime eriri afọ, obi na akwaa ozi .  [1] [2] Mgbaàmà nke eriri afọ na-agụnye ọgbụgbọ, ọgbụgbọ, na awụ ọsịsa, na-esote. , na-esote, eje ozi dị ka isi ihe, muscle mgbu, paresthesia, ndụ nke njedebe, ọnụ na egbugbere ọnụ, ngbanwe nke ọkụ ọkụ.  na oyi, [3] [4] ataxia, vertigo, na echiche efu .  [5] [2] Ọnọdụ siri ike nke ciguatera foto iketa allodynia oyi, nke bụ ọkụ ọkụ na ndị na oyi.  [1] Mgbaàmà nke akwaa ozi nwere ike ikegide ma a na mgbasa ozi ciguatera mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka otutu sclerosis .  [6] Mgbaàmà nke obi na-agụnye bradycardia, tachycardia, hypotension, ịdị elu, orthostatic tachycardia, mmega ahụanabataghị, na rhythm ọrịa.  [7] Ọnwụ sitere na ọnọdụ ahụ nwere ike ime, mana ọ dị ụkọ.[4]

Dyspareunia na-egosi ciguatera ndị ọzọ etolitela na ndị nwoke na-egosi na-egosi na-esochi mmekọ nwoke na-ata ngwaọrụ nsi ciguatera, na-egosi na ike ike ibunye ahụ ahụ na-akpali akpali.  [1] A kọwo awụ ọsịsa na ọnya ihu na ụmụ ọhụrụ na-enye nwa ara nke ndị nne na-egbu egbu, na-atụ aro na ozi ciguatera na-akwaga n'ime mmiri ara ara.. [5]

Mgbaàmà ahụ nwere ike ịdịru site na izu ruo afọ, na n'ọnọdụ dị oke njọ ruo afọ 20, na-ebutekarị nkwarụ ogologo oge. [6] Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-agbake nwayọọ nwayọọ ka oge na-aga. [7]

Ihe kpatara ya

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Gambierdiscus toxicus bụ dinoflagellate bụ isi na-ahụ maka ikike nke ọtụtụ mkpokọta polyether yiri ya, ịkpọ ciguatoxin, maitotoxin na na-akpọ palytoxin .  [1] [2] Dinoflagelate ndị ọzọ nwere ike ike iketa ciguatera akpọ Prorocentrum spp.  , Ostreopsis spp.  , Coolia spp.  , Thecadinium spp.  na Amphidinium spp. [8]

Nchọpụta nchọpụta

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Nchọpụta na-adabere nadị mmadụ yana iri azụ̀ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya.  [1] Ọ bụrụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eri otu azụ̀ nwere ihe nkiri, nchoputa ahụ ga-akawanye njọ.  [1] Ọ bụrụ na ụfọdụ azụ̀ ndị ha riri na mbụ dị nke a ike ike ịhụ iji gosi nchoputa ahụ.  [1] E ihe ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike iketa ya dị ka akụ shellfish (PSP), ትምህርት shellfish neurotoxic (NSP), akwụkwọ azụ scombrotoxin, na akwụkwọ pufferfish. [2]

Mgbanwe nke mmetụta ọkụ na oyi na-atụ bụ ihe mgbaàmà mgbe ụfọdụ nke CFP nke nwere ike inye aka ịmata ọdịiche dị na norovirus . [9]

Ọgwụgwọ

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Ọ bonus mara mma ma ọ bụ ọgwụ maka enyemaka ciguatera.  Isi usoro bụ ndabere.  Enwere ụfọdụ ihe ndị na ndị na- amị ọwa calcium dị ka nifedipine na verapamil na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ịgwọ ụfọdụ dị na-adị mgbe ahụ mbụ mbụ ahụ, dị ka mgbasa nke na-adịghị mma na ịgbapụ mgbu n'ime  obi.  Mgbaàmà ndị a bụ n'ihi vasoconstriction nke maitotoxin agba.  [1] [2] [3] [4] Ciguatoxin na-eweda ọnụ ụzọ maka imeghe ọwa sodium voltaji na synapses nke sistem ajụjụ .  Imepe ọwa sodium na-akpata depolarization, nke nwere ike ịhụta ahụ mkpọnwụ n'usoro, mkpụkọ obi, na na-ekiri nke ọkụ na oyi.  ọgwụ ọgwụ dị ka amitriptyline nwere ike ibelata ụfọdụ dị ka, dị ka ike na paresthesia, [5] ọ bụ ebe na uru emeghị n' taimakawa ọ elala. [10]

Mannitol

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A na-eji Mannitol mee ihe n'otu oge maka ịdọ aka ná ntị mgbe otu igosi mmegharị.  [1] [2] ihe nleba anya na ụmụ anụmanụ [3] na mmekọrịta mmadụ [4] ahụtakwara uru na mannitol.  Otú ọ dị, ngwá ụlọ ọgwụ kpuru ọbụ abụọ akpataghị ihe dị iche n'etiti mannitol na saline akwụkwọ.  [5] N'agbanyeghị nke a, a ka ike ike ji ya. [2]

Epidemiology

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Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eme atụmatụ ugbu a zuru ụwa ọnụ kwa afọ bụ 20,000 ruo 50,000 ndị mmadụ, n'agbanyeghị na a na-ekwenye na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ikpe agaghị akọ.

N'ihi obere ebe obibi nke microorganisms na- chọta ciguatoxin, ciguatera na-ibu ikike na mpaghara ebe ebe na mmiri,akpa Pacific na Caribbean, na-azụ ya na azụ ndị a na-ejide na mmiri mmiri.  [1] Mbupu nke azụ azụ, yana njem nlegharị anya, na-ebutekarị ikpe na-etolite na mpaghara ndị ọzọ.

A na-ahụ Ciguatoxin n'ihe nna 400 akwụkwọ azụ .  Izere iri azụ̀ niile bụ naanị ụzọ e ụzọ iji zere i ike.  [1] Azụ ndị a na-ebubata n'iche oriri na nwere ikike ike mgbasa ozi ma na-ebute ọrịa nke na-emekarị ka ndị na-eme njem na-eme ihe nkiri nke akụ.  [1] [2] Ciguatoxin see ike ime na salmon ndị na-akpata n'ugbo .  [3] Sidoo kale, ụdị, ụdị azụ azụ dị ka azụ na-adịghị mmiri n'ihe nri na ụlọ, nwere ike ime ka mbọ ndị na-azụ azụ ọrụ gbanarị ciguatera sie ike </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

20 na 21st ọtụtụ narị afọ

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  • Na 1994, onye na-ede akwụkwọ na-emeri Nobel-Prize Saul Bellow fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nwụọ site na ciguatera mgbe o risịrị nri na-acha uhie uhie na ezumike na St. Martin, akụkọ ifo na akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ ya bụ Ravelstein . [11]
  • N'afọ 2007, mmadụ iri nọ na St. Louis, Missouri malitere ọrịa ahụ mgbe ha richara azụ̀ ndị e bubatara. [12]
  • N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2008, US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) achọpụtala ọtụtụ ntiwapụ na Ogige Ubi Ogige National Marine Sanctuary na ugwu Ọwara Mexico, na nso Texas - Louisiana shoreline. FDA dụrụ ndị na-edozi nri azụ ọdụ na nsi ciguatera nwere ike ime site na iri ọtụtụ ụdị azụ ndị a nwụdere ruo 50 miles (80 km) site n'ebe nsọ.
  • Site na August 2010 ruo Julaị 2011, enwere ntiwapụ asatọ nke nsị azụ azụ ciguatera na New York City. Ejikọtara ọrịa ahụ na barracuda na grouper zụrụ n'ahịa azụ̀ dị na Queens, New York. [13]
  • Na nkeji mbụ nke 2012, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ abụọ dị na Lanzarote, Canary Islands chere na ọ bụ isi iyi nke nsị ciguatera, na-eduga na iwu ịkụ azụ ọhụrụ nyere 18. Eprel 2012. A kọrọ na ntiwapụ nke mbụ na February 2012. Ndị na-eri nri na-ata ahụhụ site na vomiting, afọ ọsịsa na afọ mgbu ọtụtụ awa mgbe ha richara amberjack. Ikpe nke abụọ bụ na mbido Eprel na-emetụta mmadụ isii bi na Lanzarote ma rie amberjack n'otu ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mpaghara. [14]
  • N'ọnwa Maachị 2014, ndị mmadụ itoolu nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị nso na Macksville, New South Wales, Australia mgbe onye ọkụ azụ na-eme ihe ntụrụndụ jidere 55. lb Spanish mackerel ( Scomberomorus commersoni ) kwụsịrị Scott's Head (NSW) wee kesaa ya n'etiti ndị enyi na ezinụlọ ya. [15]
  • N'April N'afọ 2015, ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri iri na anọ nọ n'ụgbọ mmiri potash nọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ na Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada mgbe ha richara azụ̀ okpomọkụ enwetara na mmiri mba ụwa. [16] Mgbe ihe ahụ mechara, Marine Catering Services nyere ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri ihe ncheta na Iwu nri UK na-eme ka ọ bụrụ iwu na-akwadoghị ka ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na-azụta nri n'ụgbọ mmiri ha. [17]
  • N'ọnwa Septemba N'afọ 2016, onye ezumike Britain nwụrụ mgbe ọ nọ na ezumike ezumike na Mexico mgbe ọ riri azụ ndị nwere algae nke na-akpata nsị ciguatera. [4]
  • N'oge October 2016, ihe karịrị 100 ndị mmadụ tara ahụhụ site na nsị ciguatera mgbe ha riri isi azụ̀ nke ụlọ ọrụ mbupụ na Mangalore, India wetara. [18]

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Otu n'ime ndị agha na-awa ahụ, William Anderson, ndị ọchịchị Ciguatera nke mbụ na ndị ọrụ HMS Mkpebi na 1774 [19]

eche na-atụ aro na nke ciguatera nke ọnọdụ ihu igwe na-ekpo ndị ọkụ n'ụdị ụfọdụ kpalitere njem njem nke Polynesia n'etiti 1000 na 1400 OA. [20] [21]

Akụkọ ifo

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N'ebe ugwu Australia, ebe ciguatera bụ nsogbu a na-enwekarị, a na-ekwenyekarị na ụzọ sayensị mmadụ abụọ dị iche iche na-achọpụta ma azụ̀ nwere ciguatoxin dị mkpa. Ụzọ nke mbụ bụ na ijiji ekwesịghị ịdakwasị n'azụ emetọru. Nke abụọ bụ na nwamba ga-ajụ iri nri ma ọ bụ gbapụta/gosipụta ihe mgbaàmà mgbe ha richara azụ̀ ndị mmetọru. Ụzọ nke atọ, nke na-adịkarịghị anwale, gụnyere itinye mkpụrụ ego ọlaọcha n'okpuru ihe ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ azụ̀ ndị a na-enyo enyo. Ọ bụrụ na mkpụrụ ego na-atụgharị oji, dị ka tiori si kwuo, ọ na-emerụ.

Na Grand Cayman na agwaetiti ndị ọzọ, ndị obodo ga-anwale barracuda site n'itinye otu azụ azụ n'ala ma kwe ka ndanda na-arị na ya. Ọ bụrụ na ndanda anaghị ezere anụ ahụ wee rie ya, mgbe ahụ, a na-ewere azụ ahụ dị mma. </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]

Na Dominican Republic, nkwenye ọzọ a na-ekwenyekarị bụ na n'ime ọnwa ndị aha na-agụnyeghị mkpụrụedemede "R" (May ruo August), a naghị atụ aro iri ụdị azụ dị iche iche, n'ihi na o yikarịrị ka nsị ciguatera na-ebute ha. .

Ajujula izi ezi nke ọtụtụ n'ime ule ndị a na sayensị. [22]

Ngwọta ndị mmadụ

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Ndị obodo Caribbean dị iche iche na ọgwụgwọ ọdịnala sitere na Cuba na agwaetiti ndị dị nso. Usoro ọgwụgwọ oge ochie na-emekarị gụnyere izu ike ụra na-esote enema juice guanabana . </link>Na Puerto Rico, ndị obodo na-aṅụ tii sitere na bọtịnụ mangrove, nke a na-ekwu ] ọ [ elu na vitamin B, iji kpochapụ ihe mgbaàmà na-egbu egbu site na usoro ahụ. </link>Ọ dịbeghị ] [ na -enweta ego ọmụmụ maka ọgwụgwọ ndị a. Ọgwụgwọ ndị mmadụ ndị ọzọ na-esite na mbubata ozugbo na ọbara ọgbụgba eriri afọ ruo na “iji nduru sachapụ” ndị ọrịa n'oge emume Santería . </link>

Hụkwa

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  • Algal oge ntoju
  • Mmiri na-acha uhie uhie
  • Nsi nri Scombroid
  • Yessotoxin

Ihe odide ala ala peeji

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Food Poisoning from Marine Toxins - Chapter 2 - 2018 Yellow Book (en-us). CDC (2017). Retrieved on 1 June 2018.Templeeti:PD-notice
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Friedman (14 March 2017). "An Updated Review of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Clinical, Epidemiological, Environmental, and Public Health Management.". Marine Drugs 15 (3). DOI:10.3390/md15030072. PMID 28335428. 
  3. ↑ (2004) "Ciguatera Fish Poisoning (CFP)", Marine biotoxins. Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 978-92-5-105129-0. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Newlywed bride dies 10 days after wedding from heart attack believed to have been caused by 'contaminated fish'", The Daily Telegraph, 13 October 2016. Retrieved on 14 October 2016.
  5. ↑ (1990) "Mother's milk turns toxic following fish feast". JAMA 264 (16). DOI:10.1001/jama.264.16.2074b. PMID 2214071. 
  6. ↑ (1986) "Ciguatera in Australia. Occurrence, clinical features, pathophysiology and management". Med. J. Aust. 145 (11–12): 584–90. DOI:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1986.tb139504.x. PMID 2432386. 
  7. ↑ Pearn J (2001). "Neurology of ciguatera". J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 70 (1): 4–8. DOI:10.1136/jnnp.70.1.4. PMID 11118239. 
  8. ↑ National Office for Harmful Algal Blooms, Ciguatera Fish Poisoning: Causative organisms:. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
  9. ↑ Lehane (November 2000). "Ciguatera: recent advances but the risk remains". International Journal of Food Microbiology 61 (2–3): 91–125. DOI:10.1016/S0168-1605(00)00382-2. PMID 11078162. 
  10. ↑ (1989) "Ciguatera fish poisoning". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 20 (3): 510–1. DOI:10.1016/S0190-9622(89)80094-5. PMID 2918120. 
  11. ↑ Leader, Zachary, The Life of Saul Bellow: Love and Strife 1965-2005, p. 528.
  12. ↑ Bizarre fish poisoning sparks alarm. NBC News (2019-05-01). Retrieved on 2019-05-07.
  13. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2013). "Ciguatera fish poisoning - New York City, 2010-2011". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 62 (4): 61–5. PMID 23364271. 
  14. ↑ Cliffe-Jones. "Isolated Cases of Ciguatera Poisoning in Lanzarote", Information Lanzarote, April 17, 2012. Retrieved on 31 October 2015.
  15. ↑ "Ciguatera poisoning from Spanish Mackerel caught off Scotts Head", ABC News, 2014-03-04. Retrieved on 2017-10-16.
  16. ↑ "Balsa 85 ID'd as ship in Saint John whose crew was hit by food poisoning", CBC New Brunswick, CBC, 13 April 2015. Retrieved on 31 October 2015.
  17. ↑ "Seafarers told no fishing!", The Sea, Mission to Seafarers Limited, Jul–Aug 2015.
  18. ↑ "Love your fish? Then know about seafood poisoning too", Times of India, 4 October 2016. Retrieved on 14 October 2016.
  19. ↑ Sanders. "Fish Tale", The New York Times, April 5, 2010. Retrieved on 2010-04-10. (The New York Times incorrectly gives William Anderson's first name as John.)
  20. ↑ Rongo (2009). "Did ciguatera prompt the late Holocene Polynesian voyages of discovery?". Journal of Biogeography 36 (8): 1423–32. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02139.x. 
  21. ↑ "Did fish poisoning drive Polynesian colonization of the Pacific?", news.mongabay.com, 7 July 2009. Retrieved on 1 June 2018.
  22. ↑ Park (1994). "Evolution of Methods for Assessing Ciguatera Toxins in Fish", Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1–20. DOI:10.1007/978-1-4612-2656-7_1. ISBN 978-1-4612-7623-4. 

Ntụaka

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