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Mmiri a na-emepụta

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A na-egwu olulu gas shale site n'ebe a na-egwu egwu na Pennsylvania
Mmiri a na-emepụta

Mmiri a na-emepụta bụ okwu a na-eji na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ geothermal iji kọwaa mmiri a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe a na-enweta n'oge a na-ewepụta mmanụ na gas, ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe maka iwepụta okpomọkụ.[1][2][3][4][5] Mmiri a na-emepụta bụ ụdị mmiri nnu na nnu sitere na ihe ndị dị n'okpuru ala nke a na-eweta n'elu.[6] Ebe nchekwa mmanụ na gas na-enwekarị mmiri yana hydrocarbons, mgbe ụfọdụ na mpaghara nke dị n'okpuru hydrocarbons, na mgbe ụfọdụ n'otu mpaghara ahụ nwere mmanụ na gas. N'egwuregwu geothermal, mmiri a na-emepụta na-adịkarị ọkụ. Ọ nwere uzuoku nwere solutes na gas gbazere, na-enye ozi dị mkpa gbasara njirimara ala, kemịkalụ na hydrological nke sistemu geothermal.okpomọkụ.[2]

Olulu mmanụ na-emepụta mmiri buru ibu mgbe ụfọdụ na mmanụ, ebe olulu gas na-emepụta na obere.

Iji nweta mmanụ kachasị, a na-emekarị ka mmiri jupụta, ebe a na-etinye mmiri n'ime ọdọ mmiri iji nyere aka mee ka mmanụ gaa n'olulu mmepụta. Mmiri a na-agbanye n'ọkụ na-emecha rute olulu mmiri ndị a na-emepụta, ya mere, n'oge ikpeazụ nke idei mmiri, oke mmiri na-emepụta ("ịkpụ") nke mkpokọta mmepụta na-abawanye.

Ịdị mma mmiri

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Mmiri dị n'ọtụtụ ebe site na olulu mmiri ruo olulu mmiri na ọbụna n'elu ndụ nke otu olulu mmiri ahụ. Mmiri a na-emepụta nke ukwuu bụ saline, ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ka ihe siri ike zuru oke dị elu maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ. N'ọhịa mmanụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri niile a na-emepụta nwere mmanụ na ihe siri ike. [citation needed] Mmiri ụfọdụ a na-arụpụta nwere ọla dị arọ na akara nke na-emepụta radiation (NORM), nke na-etinye radiation scale na paịpụ na olulu mmiri ahụ.[7][8] Mkpụrụ ndị a na-ahụ na mmiri a na-emepụta gụnyere zinc, ọkpụkpụ, manganese, ígwè, na barium. N'ọhịa geothermal, a na-ekewa mmiri a na-emepụta n'ụdị kemịkal atọ: HCO3-Ca⋅Mg, HCO3-Na na SO4⋅Cl-Na. Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke US (EPA) na 1987 na 1999 na-egosi na n'oge igwu egwu na ọrụ, enwere ike iji mgbakwunye mee ihe iji belata nkedo siri ike na ngwá ọrụ na mkpuchi.[2] Mmiri a na-emepụta site na nhazi ala maka ike ọkụ eletrik geothermal na-agafekarị ụkpụrụ mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ nke mbụ na nke abụọ maka mkpokọta gbazere siri ike, fluoride, chloride na sulfate.

Nchịkwa mmiri

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Ihe osise nke olulu mmiri maka iwepụ mmiri a na-emepụta

A chọrọ mmiri maka sistemu geothermal ọdịnala yana EGS n'oge ndụ niile nke ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ. Maka ọrụ ọdịnala, a na-ejikarị mmiri dị na akụrụngwa eme ihe maka ike ike n'oge arụ ọrụ osisi[9]

N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-awụfu mmiri a na-emepụta na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri evaporation. Otú ọ dị, nke a aghọwo usoro a na-anabataghị anabata site na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. A na-ewere mmiri a na-emepụta dị ka ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ.

Nhọrọ nchịkwa sara mbara maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ bụ injection kpọmkwem, iji mmiri a na-agwọghị agwọ agwọ na gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ na ọkọlọtọ gọọmentị nyere tupu a tụfuo ma ọ bụ nye ndị ọrụ. Ihe ọgwụgwọ achọrọ dịgasị iche n'ụwa niile. Na United States, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) na-enye ụkpụrụ ndị a maka ntinye n'okpuru ala na mbupụ na mmiri dị n'elu.[10][11][12]Ọ bụ ezie na enyochala ihe bara uru maka mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ anabatabeghị usoro ndị a n'ihi ọnụ ahịa, nnweta mmiri, na nnabata ọha mmadu

Ndị na-ekewa ike ndọda, hydrocyclones, plate coalescers, dissolved gas flotation, na nut shell filters bụ ụfọdụ n'ime teknụzụ eji agwọ ihe mkpofu sitere na mmiri a na-emepụta.

A katọrọ iji mmiri a na-emepụta maka ime ka okporo ụzọ ghara inwe mmiri kpụkọọ dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma.[13]

Na Jenụwarị 2020, akwụkwọ akụkọ Rolling Stone bipụtara nnukwu akụkọ gbasara ọdịnaya redioaktivu dị na mmiri emepụtara yana mmetụta ya na ndị ọrụ na obodo n'ofe United States. A kọrọ na a nwalere saline sitere na ụlọ ọrụ dị na Ohio na ụlọ nyocha nke Mahadum Pittsburgh ma debanye aha radium n'elu 3,500 pCi / L. Ụlọ ọrụ Nuclear Regulatory Commission chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nọrọ n'okpuru 60 pCi / l maka nke ọ bụla n'ime isotopes kachasị nke radium, radium-226 na radium-228.

Hụkwa Ihe ọzọ

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  • Nlekọta mmiri mkpofu nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe
  • Mmiri nkewa

Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Klemz (2021-04-01). "Oilfield produced water treatment by liquid-liquid extraction: A review" (in en). Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 199: 108282. DOI:10.1016/j.petrol.2020.108282. ISSN 0920-4105. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Su (2022-06-01). "Geochemistry of geothermal fluids in the Zhangjiakou-Penglai Fault Zone, North China: Implications for structural segmentation" (in en). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 230: 105218. DOI:10.1016/j.jseaes.2022.105218. ISSN 1367-9120.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Song (2022-03-01). "Evolution of fracture aperture and thermal productivity influenced by chemical reaction in enhanced geothermal system" (in en). Renewable Energy 186: 126–142. DOI:10.1016/j.renene.2021.12.133. ISSN 0960-1481. 
  4. ↑ Tao (2022-06-05). "A fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical model for cemented backfill application in geothermal conditions" (in en). Engineering Geology 302: 106643. DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2022.106643. ISSN 0013-7952. 
  5. ↑ Li (2022-03-01). "Stimulation mechanism and design of enhanced geothermal systems: A comprehensive review" (in en). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 155: 111914. DOI:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111914. ISSN 1364-0321. 
  6. ↑ D. Atoufi (2020). "Impacts of Oil and Gas Production on Contaminant Levels in Sediments" (in en). Current Pollution Reports 6 (2): 43–53. DOI:10.1007/s40726-020-00137-5. ISSN 2198-6592. 
  7. ↑ About Produced Water. Advanced Water Technology Center. Colorado School of Mines. Retrieved on 2016-05-14.
  8. ↑ Igunnu (September 2014). "Produced water treatment technologies". International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 9 (3): 157–177. DOI:10.1093/ijlct/cts049. 
  9. ↑ Clark (2010-09-17). "Water use in the development and operation of geothermal power plants." (in ENGLISH). DOI:10.2172/1013997. 
  10. ↑ Underground Injection Control Regulations and Safe Drinking Water Act Provisions. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) (2016-10-17).
  11. ↑ General Information About Injection Wells. EPA (2016-09-06).
  12. ↑ Oil and Gas Extraction Effluent Guidelines. EPA (2019-05-15).
  13. ↑ Bain (1 November 2021). "Oil and gas wastewater as road treatment: radioactive material exposure implications at the residential lot and block scale". Environmental Research Communications 3 (11): 115008. DOI:10.1088/2515-7620/ac35be. 
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