Nchịkọta mmiri


obere ụdị nke	privatization

Nchịkọta mmiri


obere ụdị nke	privatization

Nchịkọta mmiri bụ mkpụmkpụ maka òkè nke ụlọ ọrụ onwe na inye ọrụ mmiri na ịdị ọcha. Nchịkọta mmiri nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme dịgasị iche iche nke ewu ewu na ihu ọma ya agbanweela n'ahịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Otu n'ime ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị nkeonwe bụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze (PPPs). PPPs na-enye ohere maka ngwakọta n'etiti ndị nwe obodo na / ma ọ bụ njikwa nke mmiri na isi iyi na akụrụngwa. Nchịkọta onwe, dị ka ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwu, nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị ịbawanye arụmọrụ na ogo ọrụ kamakwa ịbawanye uru ego. E nwere ụdị iwu dị iche iche maka usoro nkeonwe ugbu a.

Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-akọwa nnweta mmiri site na ngalaba onwe na-egosipụtakwa esemokwu nke isi iyi mmiri onwe: otu isi iyi na-ekwu na "ndị egwuregwu onwe" jere ozi nde mmadụ 909 na 2011 n'ụwa niile, site na nde mmadụ 681 na 2007. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ^[1] gụnyere ndị ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na-arụ ọrụ na-enyefe ego, iwu, na ịrụ ọrụ nke akụkụ nke akụ ha, dị ka mmiri ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ nhicha mmiri, na ngalaba onwe. Ụlọ akụ ụwa mere atụmatụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'obodo ukwu na-arụ ọrụ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe ga-adị ala karịa na nde 170 na 2007. N'etiti ha, ọ bụ naanị ihe dị ka nde mmadụ iri na ise, ndị niile bi na Chile, na-eje ozi site na ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwe onwe ha. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-achịkwa n'onwe ha ma bụrụ nke ọha na eze na-ejere ndị fọdụrụ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta, ịgbazite, na nkwekọrịta njikwa ozi.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọrụ mmiri nke onwe bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Europe, United States, na Latin America n'etiti na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19. Mkpa ha ji nwayọọ nwayọọ pụọ ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 ka ha gosipụtara na ha enweghị ike ịgbasawanye ohere na ọrụ ọha na eze siri ike. Oge nke abụọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọrụ mmiri onwe onye bịara ^[2] mbido afọ 1990 mgbe Thatcher privatizations na England na Wales, ọdịda nke ọchịchị Kọmunist na nkwenye zuru ụwa ọnụ na-esote na iwu ahịa nweere onwe ya. ^[3]Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ụwa na International Monetary Fund keere òkè dị mkpa na usoro a site na ọnọdụ nke ịgbazinye ego ha.

Na England na Wales, mmalite nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri nke onwe ya malitere na narị afọ nke iri na asaa. N'afọ 1820, ụlọ ọrụ mmiri isii na-arụ ọrụ na London. Otú ọ dị, òkè ahịa nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri onwe onye na London si na 40% na 1860 gbadata na 10% na 1900. N'afọ 1980, òkè ha n'England na Wales niile bụ ihe dịka 25% . ^[4] Mmiri ahụ gbanwere kpamkpam na 1989 mgbe gọọmentị Margaret Thatcher na-achọghị mgbanwe weghaara ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na ụlọ ọrụ nsị ọha na eze niile na England na Wales. Na Scotland, gọọmentị ime obodo nke ndị otu Labour na-achịkwa na-edebe usoro mmiri n'aka ọha na eze.

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ngalaba mmiri na France abụwo mgbe niile nke ịdị n'otu nke njikwa ọha na eze na nke onwe, na òkè ha na-agbanwe agbanwe n'oge. Ụlọ ọrụ abụọ kachasị ukwuu bụ Veolia Environnement, nke bụbu Compagnie Générale des Eaux na Vivendi Environnement, na Suez Environnement, bụbu Lyonnaise des Eaux ma mgbe ahụ Ondeo. E hiwere Compagnie Générale des Eaux na 1853 na Lyonnaise des Eaux n'afọ 1880. Na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, gọọmentị ime obodo, ndị na-enweghị afọ ojuju na ụtụ isi dị elu na enweghị mgbasawanye nke netwọk na mpaghara ndị dara ogbenye, emeghị ka ikike onwe onye dị ọhụrụ ma mepụta ụlọ ọrụ ndị obodo nwere. Akụkụ nke ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri n'onwe ha belatara ruo 17% na 1936. Akụkụ nke ngalaba onwe onye ji nwayọọ nwayọọ mụbaa ruo 32% na 1954, 50% na 1975, na 80% na 2000 site na iji ụdị ọhụrụ. nkwekọrịta nkwenye, nke nyere ọrụ itinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ onwe onye, nkwekọrịta ịgbazite ọhụrụ (affermages) mere ka onye ọrụ onwe ya bụrụ naanị ọrụ maka ịrụ ọrụ na mmezi, ebe nnukwu itinye ego ghọrọ ọrụ nke obodo. ^[5] Ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ndị France gba^[6] mba ahụ mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị na mgbe e mesịrị n'okpuru Onye isi ala François Mitterrand, n'ihi na gọọmentị etiti achọghị itinye aka na nnwere onwe nke obodo ma ghara ịchọ ịkwụ ụgwọ nnukwu itinye ego. E mere ka mmiri nke Paris bụrụ nke onwe na 1985 mgbe onye isi obodo na-agbaso omenala nyere nkwekọrịta ịgbazite abụọ, nke ọ bụla na-ekpuchi ọkara obodo ahụ. N'afọ 2010, onye isi obodo nke Socialist weghachiri usoro mmiri nke isi obodo France.

Ụdị ụlọ ọrụ a na-ebo ebubo na ọ na-achịkwa ndị na-enye mmiri onwe ha	Ihe Nlereanya
Obodo nta ma ọ bụ njikọ nke obere obodo nta	France na Spain
Òtù pụrụ iche na ọkwa obodo guzobere iji chịkwaa otu nkwekọrịta	Guayaquil, Ecuador; San Pedro Sula, Honduras; Jakarta, Indonesia (nke gọọmentị mba na-achịkwa na nke ikpeazụ); Manila, Philippines; nke dịbu na Buenos Aires, Argentina
Ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa pụrụ iche na mpaghara obodo	Kọmitii Ọrụ Ọha na steeti US; ụfọdụ steeti Brazil
Ụlọ ọrụ na-achịkwa pụrụ iche guzobere kpamkpam n'okpuru iwu na mba ahụ	OFWAT na England; Water Superintendency SISS na Chile; Water Regulatory Commission CRA na Colombia
Ngalaba pụrụ iche na Ministry nke e guzobere nwa oge site na iwu	Ministri nke Mmiri na Jọdan
Ngalaba ozi	Ministri nke Interior na Morocco

Ihe Nlereanya nkeonwe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe atụ ndị a ma ama nke nnwere onwe mmiri na ngwụcha narị afọ nke 20 bụ ndị e mere na England n'okpuru Margaret Thatcher, ikike Manila na Buenos Aires yana nnwere onwe na-akụ afọ n'ala na Cochabamba, Bolivia, nke ghọrọ ihe nnọchianya nke ọgụ megide ijikọ ụwa ọnụ. A maghị nke ọma, mana dịka ihe dị mkpa, bụ nke mmiri na mba ndị ọzọ, dịka na Colombia.

Countries and cities with private sector participation in water supply as of 2013:

Countries which had private sector participation in water supply in the past:

↑ Steadman. East to West: the Future of Water?. WaterWorld. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved on 26 January 2012. “The figures are quoted from the Pinsent Masons' 12th Annual Water Yearbook”
↑ Edwards (Winter 2017). "Margaret Thatcher's Privatization Legacy". The Cato Journal 37: 89–101.
↑ Greiner (2020). "Community water system privatization and the water access crisis" (in en). Sociology Compass 14 (5): e12785. DOI:10.1111/soc4.12785. ISSN 1751-9020.
↑ Bertrand Dardenne:Avant le public était le privé (before the public was the private), in:Aymeric Blanc and Sarah Botton:Services d'eau privé dans les pays en développement (Private water services in developing countries), Agence française de développement, 2011, pp. 31, 35.
↑ Cezon, P. et L. Breuil: Les PPP pour développer les services d'eau potable:quelques leçons de l'experience française pour les PED (PPP to develop drinking water services: some lessons from the French experience for developing countries), in: Aymeric Blanc and Sarah Botton:Services d'eau privé dans les pays en développement (Private water services in developing countries), Agence française de développement, 2011, p. 56.
↑ Bertrand Dardenne:Avant le public était le privé (before the public was the private), in: Aymeric Blanc and Sarah Botton:Services d'eau privé dans les pays en développement (Private water services in developing countries), Agence française de développement, 2011, pp. 36-37.

^[1]'England na Wales, ọnụahịa mmiri na uru mụbara nke ukwuu mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị na 1989, mana itinye ego mụbakwara na ogo mmiri n'osimiri ka mma. Ụtụ isi jiri pasent 46 rịa elu n'ime afọ itoolu mbụ mgbe e nwetasịrị ya. Uru na-arụ ọrụ ejirila okpukpu abụọ (+142%) n'ime afọ asatọ mbụ. ^[1]'aka nke ọzọ, privatization mụbara itinye ego: N'ime afọ isii mgbe privatization gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ tinyere £ 17 ijeri, ma e jiri ya tụnyere £ 9.3 ijeri n'ime afọ shida tupu privatization. mekwara ka a gbasoo ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ siri ike ma mee ka mmiri dị elu. Dabere data sitere na OFWAT, onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba nke ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na ụlọ mposi na England na Wales, site na mbido afọ 1990 ruo 2010, nrụgide netwọk emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma, nkwụsịtụ nnyefe aghọwo ihe na-adịchaghị, mmeghachi omume na mkpesa emeela ka mma [1] ma belata mgbapụta.

N'afọ ndị 1980 ndị a ma ama kwenyere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na steeti ahụ anaghị ewu ihe owuwu maka mmiri n'ụzọ ga-eme ka akụ na ụba too n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị. ^[2]'ihi nke a, ikike akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eduga mgbanwe iji mee ka mmiri bụrụ ihe enyemaka nke onwe. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, usoro mmiri niile nke onwe anọwo na-aga n'ihu na nhazi zuru oke. Obere ụlọ ọrụ mmiri na UK ka ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche zụrụ site na United States, France na Scotland. Achọpụtara ^[3] ụlọ ọrụ ndị nwe onwe ha nwere nsogbu na ogo mmiri, mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, njikwa nsị, mgbapụta na njehie nhazi.

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Berg
↑ Page (2005). "Water governance and water users in a privatised water industry: participation in policy-making and in water services provision: a case study of England and Wales". International Journal of Water 3 (1): 38. DOI:10.1504/ijw.2005.007158. ISSN 1465-6620.
↑ Lobina, Emanuele. (2001). UK water privatisation : a briefing. Public Services International Research Unit. OCLC 612915200.

[1] Steadman. East to West: the Future of Water?. WaterWorld. Archived from the original on 23 February 2012. Retrieved on 26 January 2012. “The figures are quoted from the Pinsent Masons' 12th Annual Water Yearbook”

[2] Edwards (Winter 2017). "Margaret Thatcher's Privatization Legacy". The Cato Journal 37: 89–101.

[:12-3] Greiner (2020). "Community water system privatization and the water access crisis" (in en). Sociology Compass 14 (5): e12785. DOI:10.1111/soc4.12785. ISSN 1751-9020.

[4] Bertrand Dardenne:Avant le public était le privé (before the public was the private), in:Aymeric Blanc and Sarah Botton:Services d'eau privé dans les pays en développement (Private water services in developing countries), Agence française de développement, 2011, pp. 31, 35.

[AFD-5] Cezon, P. et L. Breuil: Les PPP pour développer les services d'eau potable:quelques leçons de l'experience française pour les PED (PPP to develop drinking water services: some lessons from the French experience for developing countries), in: Aymeric Blanc and Sarah Botton:Services d'eau privé dans les pays en développement (Private water services in developing countries), Agence française de développement, 2011, p. 56.

[Dardenne36-6] Bertrand Dardenne:Avant le public était le privé (before the public was the private), in: Aymeric Blanc and Sarah Botton:Services d'eau privé dans les pays en développement (Private water services in developing countries), Agence française de développement, 2011, pp. 36-37.

[Berg-7] 1.0 ^1.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Berg

[8] Page (2005). "Water governance and water users in a privatised water industry: participation in policy-making and in water services provision: a case study of England and Wales". International Journal of Water 3 (1): 38. DOI:10.1504/ijw.2005.007158. ISSN 1465-6620.

[9] Lobina, Emanuele. (2001). UK water privatisation : a briefing. Public Services International Research Unit. OCLC 612915200.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[1]

[2]

[3]