Nchịkwa nje na-emetụta ọhịa
Nchịkwa ahụhụ naejikọta ọhịa ma ọ bụ Forest IPM bụ omume nke nlekota na ijikwa ozi ahụhụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro nchịkwa ahụhụ iji gbochie mmebi ahụhụ na ọhịa na ebe obibi ọhịa site nụzọ kachasị ọnụ ahịa.
Ntinye aha[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Omume IPM nke ọhịa dịgasị iche site na mpaghara gaa na mpaghara na ọkachasị site na steeti, dabere na ebe obibi na ọhịa dị. Nchịkwa ahụhụ naejikọta ọhịa ma ọ bụ Forest IPM na
ejikarị teknụzụ ọdịbendị, nke ndụ na nke kemịkal iji belata mmebi ahụhụ na ọkwa dị nokpuru nke mmebi akụ na ụba. A naeji IPM ọhịa eme ihe maka ndụ niile nke osisi ahụ, site na nkwadebe ebe ruo n'iwe ihe ubi. A naeji ọgwụgwọ IPM eme ihe tupu ọnụahịa ọgwụgwọ ahụ hà ka mbelata nke uru ihe ọkụkụ nihi mmerụ ahụ gara aga, nke a na-akpọ ọkwa mmerụ ahụ akụ na ụba.[1] Nchịkwa ahụhụ jikọtara ọhịa naekwusi ike na njikwa ọhịa siri ike.[2]
Ihe ndị bụ isi nke nchịkwa ahụhụ naagwakọta noké ọhịa bụ otu ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-egbu egbu si agbanwe ka oge na-aga, oke ọhịa naeguzogide naegbu nje, mmetụta ahụhụ na uru ihe ọkụkụ, na usoro nchịkwa. A haziri IPM ọhịa iji nye ozi dị mkpa iji dozie ọtụtụ nsogbu ahụhụ nụzọ naakwalite ebumnuche nchịkwa ọhịa.
Na steeti Vermont, ụmụ ahụhụ abụọ a na-ahụkarị nwere pụrụ iche, Hemlock Woolly Adelgid ma ọ bụ HWA, na thrips.
Omume nke IPM[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe mgbochi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Omume mgbochi nke njikwa ahụhụ jikọtara n'ọhịa gụnyere ọzụzụ, nchọpụta, nchọpụta na nyocha na mwepu. Ndị a bụ ihe ndị a pụrụ ime iji gbochie nje naefe efe iru ọkwa nchegbu. Ịzụ ndị ọrụ ịchọta ihe ịrịba ama mbụ nke ihe otiti gaenyere ndị nwe ala aka ịchọta ma wepụ osisi ndị butere ọrịa tupu ọrịa ahụ agbasa. Ngwá ọrụ nhicha tupu ịkwaga nebe dị iche iche na mgbe mbụ a kpọbatara ya n'ihe onwunwe ahụ gaewepụ mmetọ ọ bụla nwere ike imetụta ọhịa ahụ.[3]
Omenala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Enwere ike ịkọwa njikwa oké ọhịa dị ka omume ọdịbendị na njikwa ahụhụ jikọtara oké ọhịa. A naeme omume ọdịnala noge osisi nato eto nakwa nụdị nhazi ebe na owuwe ihe ubi. Omume ndị a sitere na ịhọrọ ebe dị mma nke nwere mmiri zuru oke na inwe osisi kwesịrị ekwesị kwa acer (TPA). Ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ dị ezigbo mkpa n'ebe a naazụ osisi. Inwe mkpụrụ osisi nwere oke oke naakwalite nje fungus ebe ọ bụ na ikuku naebelata. Mkpụrụ osisi ahụ gaenwekwu asọmpi netiti onwe ha na njupụta dị elu, nke a gaebelata ogo nke mkpụrụ osisi ọ bụla.[3] Ọnụ ọgụgụ a tụrụ aro maka osisi longleaf pine bụ 50-90 kwa square mita na loblolly na slash pine na ihe naerughị 215 seedlings kwa square mita.[1]
Ihe ndị dị ndụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Omume nke ịtọhapụ ụmụ amaala ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị ụmụ amaala naeri anụ nke ụdị ahụhụ bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na nchịkwa ahụhụ nke ọhịa.[1] Ọ gaghị ekwe omume nụzọ akụ na ụba iji usoro a mee ihe n'ihe gbasara ọhịa. Kama nke ahụ, a naachịkwa ọhịa na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu nụzọ iji kwalite ndị iro sitere nokike nke ụdị ahụhụ. N'ime nnyocha nke osisi eucalyptus na Brazil, ka osisi ahụ naeru nso noké ọhịa "okike" dịgasị iche iche, ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ ahụhụ dịgasị anya. Ọnọdụ a dịgasị iche iche nwere ike ọ gaghị emepụta ntiwapụ nke ụdị ahụhụ.[4] Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) bụ nje bacteria nke a naeji egbu igurube nke ọtụtụ ụdị ahụhụ. Enwere ike itinye nke a nelu ma ọ bụ nala nelu nnukwu ebe.[5] Bt dị mma maka ụmụ mmadụ na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ ebe ọ bụ na ọ na-ebute ụdị ụmụ ahụhụ ụfọdụ.
Chemical[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
E mere njikwa nje jikọtara ọnụ mgbe Rachael Carson's Silent Spring dị ka ụzọ isi chịkwaa nje naenweghị iji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe. A ka na-eji kemịkal eme ihe mana nụzọ naelekwasị anya niji ọgwụ ahụhụ eme ihe nụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị ka o wee ghara iji ya eme ihe. A naetinye fungicide triadimefon na mkpụrụ osisi loblolly na slash pine iji gbochie nchara fusiform. Ọ bụrụ na a naghị agwọ mkpụrụ ndị e ji mee ihe maka nchara fusiform, osisi ahụ nwere ike ịhapụ 1-30% nke osisi ha n'ihi nchara. Longleaf pine naeguzogide nchara fusiform nụzọ okike ya mere anaghị edozi mkpụrụ ha na triadimefon. Ebe a naazụ ụmụ osisi pine n'ebe ndịda naeme ka ala dị nro afọ anọ ọ bụla ma ebe a naakụ ụmụ osisi siri ike naeme kwa afọ. Fumigation na-akwalite uto nke fungus bara uru Trichoderma na obere nke fungus Phythium naemerụ ahụ. Na nchịkwa ahụhụ nke ọhịa, a naghị etinye ọgwụ ahụhụ ruo mgbe a hụrụ ọrịa. A naeji ọgwụ herbicides achịkwa ahịhịa nụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala na oge itinye herbicide ugboro ugboro bụ ihe a naatụ aro.[1]
Ubi osisi eucalyptus[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ubi osisi Eucalyptus naenye ihe ịma aka nchịkwa pụrụ iche ebe ọ bụ na a naetolite ha n'ebe ha bi nakwa na monocultures nke clones. Nnukwu ebe ndị yiri ibe ha nke otu ụdị osisi nwere ike ịnata mwakpo nje. Nke a bụ n'ihi ọtụtụ nri a naahụ anya maka ihe otiti ahụ, na enweghị ndị iro ha. E nwere obere ụdị anụ na-eri ibe ha na monocultures nihi na osisi ha chọrọ iji rie nri, zuru ike ma tụọ àkwá adịghị ebe ahụ. Njikọ a bụ ihe mere ebe monoculture ji nwee mmasị na ụdị ụfọdụ ma mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dịkwuo elu ruo na ọkwa ahụhụ.[4]
Nchegbu kachasị njọ na osisi eucalyptus na Brazil, dịka ọmụmaatụ, bụ ndanda na-ebipụ akwụkwọ na Lepidopteran (ụmụ ahụhụ na urukurubụba) defoliators. Ndanda naegbute akwụkwọ naenye aka kachasị mebie ihe ọkụkụ ndị a. A chọrọ ọgwụ ahụhụ methyl bromide iji lụso ụmụ ahụhụ naegbu osisi ọgụ, na itinye ya n'ime otu ọnwa a kụrụ ya. Ngwa oge noge ndị ọzọ nke ntụgharị nwere ike ịdị mkpa. Nnyocha nke ọrụ ndanda naegbute akwụkwọ dị oké mkpa na osisi eucalyptus. Idebe ahịhịa ahịhịhịa nwekwara ike belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndanda naegbu akwụkwọ. Enwere ike ịchịkwa igurube Lepidoptera site na itinye Bt. Iji traktọ dị irè karịa itinye Bt nelu ebe ọ bụ na okpokoro ahụ mechiri emechi ma Bt kwesịrị iru ala ebe igurube dị. A naeji ọnyà nyochaa ọkwa igurube iji nyere aka jikwaa ha nke ọma.[5]
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ọrịa ọhịa
- Mgbochi nje
- Nchịkwa nje na-ejikọta ọnụ
- Ihe ubi ozuzo
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 South (2006). "Integrated Pest Management Practices in Southern Pine Nurseries". New Forests 31 (2): 253–271. DOI:10.1007/s11056-005-6571-0. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ (1986) Integrated pest management in southern pine forests: integrated pest management handbook. Washington D.C.: Department of Agriculture.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hoffard (1989). Forest Nursery pests. United States Forest Service. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bragança. "Environmental heterogeneity as a strategy for pest management in Eucalyptus plantations" (in en). Forest Ecology and Management 102 (1): 9–12. DOI:10.1016/s0378-1127(97)00115-1. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Laranjeiro. "Integrated pest management at Aracruz celulose" (in en). Forest Ecology and Management 65 (1): 45–52. DOI:10.1016/0378-1127(94)90256-9. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content