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Nchebe nri na Etiopia

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[1]Akọwapụtara nchekwa nri, dị ka nzukọ nri mba ụwa nke 1996 siri kwuo, dị ka ọ dị “mgbe mmadụ niile na-enweta nri zuru oke, nchekwa na nri na-edozi ahụ iji nọgide na-ebi ndụ ahụike na arụ ọrụ”.  Nke a na-ezokarị aka na ndị mmadụ nwere "ịnweta anụ ahụ na nke akụ na ụba" na nri nke na-egbo mkpa nri ha na mmasị nri.[1]  Taa, Ethiopia chere ihu n'ọkwa dị elu nke ụkọ nri, ogo dị ka otu n'ime mba ndị agụụ na-agụkarị n'ụwa, [2] na ihe ruru nde mmadụ 5.2 chọrọ enyemaka nri na 2010.[3]  Etiopia họọrọ 92 n'ụwa na Global Hunger Index 2020.[4]

Initiative Measurement Measurement Initiative [2] na-achọpụta na Etiopia na-emezu 61.5% nke ihe ọ kwesịrị ime maka ikike iri nri dabere na ọkwa ego ya. [3]

ndabere

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N'ịkọwa 84% nke ndị ọrụ obodo, ọrụ ugbo na Etiopia bụ ihe kacha enye aka na uto akụ na ina-akpa mkpa nke akụ.  Ozi n'etiti ndị bi n'ime ime obodo dara ogbenye, ihe ndụ ọtụtụ ndị Etiopia na-adabere na ọrụ ugbo.  Ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụ obodo nwere "ikike ọrụ ugbo dị ukwuu n'ihi mmiri mmiri ya, mpaghara ala ya na-eme nri, na nnukwu ɔdɔ mmirika ya," ikike a na-aga nke ọma n'ihe ọ na-ekwu.  [1] Ụbọchị ugbo Etiopia na-enwe ike nke ike maka ike ihu igwe.  Mgbe mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị mma ma ọ bụ na- ike ezu maka egwu oge mmiri mmiri ole na ole na-aga n'ihu, mba ahụ dum na-enwe ike ikeba n'ụnwụ.  Ihe atu nke kachasi mma nke a bu 1984, mgbe Etiopia otu n'ime oke mmiri ozuzo kachasi ike n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ọtụtụ puku mmadụ (otu nde mmadụ bụ nna a na-ekwukarị) ọnwụ ma ọ bụ  bụrụ ndị ogbenye n'ihi ụnwụ nri nke mere

Ọnụọgụ dị ugbu a na 2010

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[4]Dị ka nwanne 2010 si kwuo, nde mmadụ 5.2 nọ na Etiopia chere ọnọdụ nchekwa nri dị egwu ihu.  Ọnọdụ nchekwa nri na-akawanye njọ bụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ ụkọ mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'afọ gara aga n'oge oge February – Mee na June–October.  [1] Ọtụtụ ụkọ mmiri mmiri na-aga n'ihu emelarị ọnọdụ nri Etiopia ike, na "ogbenye na mmiri ozuzo na-adịghị mma n'ime afọ abụọ gara aga."  Ọnọdụ zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ka ọnụ ahịa nri dị elu na nchekwa nke ike na mba ahụ 2008 na nsogbu ego zuru ụwa ọnụ ọnụ aka na nchekwa nri Etiopia dara ada.  [2] A na-ahụta Etiopia dị ka obodo mepere emepe nke 171 n'ime mba 182 na UNDP Human Development Index maka 2009. [2] Na 2010 Global Hunger Index, nke na-eme ka mba ndị na-emepe emepe na mba  ndị na-emepe siri na-adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị na-eri nri na-edozi ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmepụta na-eru element afọ ise, na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-anwụ anwụ, e nyere Etiopia 29.8, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke  0-100, na 0. ịbụ ndị kasị mma na 100 kasị njọ nwere ike akara.  [3] Etiopia bụ otu n'ime mba ndị nwere nọmba zuru oke na-eme ka akara ya dị n'etiti 1990 na 2010;  na 1990 ọ nwere akara nke 43.7, ma ugbu a ọ gbadara ruo 29.8.  ịchọ, akara a ka na-enye nsogbu - ọ nọ ugbu a nke 80 n'ime mba 84

A pụkwara ịtụle ọkwa nke agụụ na Etiopia dabere na uto ụmụaka, bụ nke a "na-amata na mba ụwa dị ka ihe dị mkpa na-egosi ọnọdụ oriri na ahụike na ndị mmadụ." Na 2005, 20% nke ụmụ ọhụrụ nwere obere ọmụmụ (ihe na-erughị 2500g mgbe a mụrụ ya). 53.5% nke ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ ise na 30.6% nke ndị inyom dị ime nwere ọbara ọgbụgba. A na-ewere 34.6% nke ụmụaka na-erughị oke ibu, nke na-eme ka ụmụaka na-anwụ anwụ, ebe ọ bụ na "ihe àmà gosiri na ihe ize ndụ ọnwụ nke ụmụaka ndị na-adịchaghị obere ibu na-abawanye, na ụmụaka ndị na-adịghị arọ na-enwe ọbụna ihe ize ndụ ka ukwuu." 50.7% nke ụmụaka tara ahụhụ site na nkwụghachi azụ n'ihi nri ezughị oke, na 12.3% bụ "ịla n'iyi", nke na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ nke nri na-edozi ahụ siri ike na-ebute ma na-akpata mmebi ahụ na-adịgide adịgide nke usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na-eme ka ha dịkwuo mfe ịnweta. ọrịa na-efe efe na ọnwụ. Ọkwa dị elu nke erighị nri na-edozi ahụ, ọkachasị ụmụaka na ndị nne, nwere mmetụta siri ike maka ọdịnihu Etiopia. Ọnwụ ụmụaka dị elu, usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ, na nsonaazụ nke nkwụsị n'ihi nri na-adịghị mma, nke gụnyere oge mmepe nke uche na ikike ọgụgụ isi na mbelata arụmọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, nwere mmetụta dị ogologo oge, ọ bụghị naanị maka ụmụaka ahụ kamakwa maka mmepụta akụ na ụba n'ozuzu ya. . Ụmụ nwanyị ndị dị nta, ndị na-erichaghị nri na-enwekwa nsogbu n'oge ọmụmụ nwa, ma na-enwekwa ike ịmụ nwa dị ala, na-ebutekwa "nsonye n'usoro nke erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ." [5]

Ọnụọgụ dị ugbu a na 2020

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Ọnụọgụ agụụ na erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ dịka Global Hunger Index (GHI) si kwuo agbadala site na 2000-2020. [6] Ndekọ agụụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka Etiopia na 2000 bụ 53.7 na na 2020 ọ bụ 26.2. [6] Mmụba akụ na ụba Etiopia n'oge na-adịbeghị anya emelitela akara Index Global ya. Ọganihu na ọnọdụ akụ na ụba bụ n'ihi uto na ọrụ ugbo nke na-ekere òkè na akụ na ụba Etiopia. Akara a na-egosi mmụba, agbanyeghị, akara a ka na-ewere dị ka ihe siri ike. [6] Etiopia nwere ọkwa 92 n'ime mba 107 nwere data zuru oke iji gbakọọ akara 2020 GHI.

Akụkọ mmadụ nke United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) nyere na esere eri ihe na-edozi site n'oke obere ruo nke siri ike na ahụ n'okpuru afọ 5.  data ana iso site na 2010-2018, Etiopia nwere akara 38.4 na ịmụ.  [2] A na-ekewa akara ndị dị na ụmụ site na ụmụ nke ụkpụrụ na-eru pụtara afọ 5 bụ ndị mbụ ụzọ abụọ dị n'okpuru ogo etiti-maka afọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nrụtụ aka dị ka Òtù Ike Maka Maka  ikpe na-eto eto (WHO).  [3] Akara 38.4 na-egosi "mmepe mmadụ dị ala" na ọ na-ekewa Etiopia dị ka mba na-emepe ụzọ.

Ọnụọgụ dị ugbu a na 2022

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Atụmatụ nke ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 50 bi na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Africa nwere ike inwe ụkọ nri na nkeji mbụ nke 2022. [7] Ihe dị ka nde ndị Etiopia 10-15 chọrọ enyemaka nri [8] obere nri fatịlaịza maka ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ugwu nke Etiopia butere nnukwu ihe egwu na nchekwa nri [9]

Enyemaka mba ụwa na ọrụ mmepe

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Ịkwụsị agụụ na mba ụwa bụ ọrịa bụ isi nke mmepụta Millennium United Nations .  Ihe ngwa ngwa mbụ bụ "iwepụ oke ogbenye na agụụ", nke anọ bụ "ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ na-anwụ anwụ", nke ibu erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ na ndị nne na-ama bụ ihe dị mkpa.  Iji akwụkwọ ndị a na Etiopia, n'afọ 2007, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) ọrụ nchekwa nri na mgbake, bụ nke ezubere site na Jenụwarị 2007 ruo Disemba 2011 na iji "nye aka na mmezu nke nchekwa nri na mpaghara  obodo egwuregwu ihe egwu egwu na ikike mgbake n'oge."  Emebere ya iji kwalite nhazi ụlọ ọrụ na nsonye obodo iji nweta mbelata ihe egwu na nchekwa nri.  Ka ọ na-erule 2011, UNDP nwere olile anya ime ka ikike Etiopia sie ike nke ukwuu iji mee ihe kwesịrị ekwesị iji meghachi omume n' poka-aka, na-ahụ maka nlanarị na mgbake nke ndị mmadụ.  Ha weputara $725,000, $6,815,000.00 na $4,538,000, na 2007, 2008, na 2009 n'otu n'otu

Dị ka akụkụ nke Nchekwa Nri na Mgbake, UNDP na-akwadokwa Ethiopia Commodity Exchange (ECX), ahịa ahịa nke mbụ na mba ahụ. N'ịbụ nke dị na isi obodo Etiopia, Addis Ababa, ECX bu n'obi inye ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-ere ahịa ebe ha ga-ere ahịa, "kweere na ịdịmma, ọnụọgụ, ịkwụ ụgwọ na nnyefe", site n'ịgwa ha ọnụ ahịa ngwa ahịa na mba ahụ dum, na-ekwe nkwa ịkwụ ụgwọ na nnyefe. na azụmahịa mere site na mgbanwe. Kemgbe e hiwere ya n'April 2008, ECX amalitela ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, na-azụ ahịa kọfị, sesame, agwa arikọt, ọka na ọka wit ugbu a. Site n'enyemaka nke UNDP, ha hazikwara ọgbakọ ịkekọrịta ihe ọmụma n'Afrịka nke isiokwu ya bụ "The Making of a Market: Global Learning from Commodity Exchange Experiences" wee nwee nzukọ mbụ mgbanwe ngwaahịa n'Africa, nke gụnyere ndị nnọchiteanya sitere na mba Africa iri na abụọ ọzọ.

akụ mba ụwa na-akwadokwa mpi nke nchekwa nri na Etiopia.  N'afọ 2010 World Bank ụgwọ ụgwọ $150 nde na mmegide Etiopia ($ 108.4 nde n'ime ya dị ka kredit na $ 41.6 dị ka onyinye) "iji kwado nke amị ugbo, nweta nkwalite maka ihe ihe na-eke anụ ụlọ  , yana nchekwa nri ka mma."  Emebere mmemme Uto Ugbo Ugbo (AGP) iji lekwasịrị anya mpaghara ndị nwere ike ike elu yana, n'ịgbado ime ka “ịbawanye nkwụsi ike na ọkụ ihu igwe na ọrụ na-arụ obere obere”, e ,Ị ngalaba nke ndị Etiopia n'onwe  ha, ndị ọrụ ugbo.  ụmụ, na-ama nka, n'ịkọwapụta kpọmkwem Nkwado ha ikike iji jiri ebumnobi ndị a.  [1] Dị ka World Bank si kwuo, AGP ga-akwado iche Etiopia n'ịkpọ nri na nkwado n'ụzọ ise

  • "Inye ndị ọrụ ugbo ohere inweta ihe ọmụma na ozi, ahịa, ego na ọrụ ndị ọzọ site na nkwado sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na nkeonwe, gụnyere ndị ọrụ ugbo na ọrụ ndụmọdụ ọha.
  • Ịbawanye mmepụta ọrụ ugbo na ego ezinụlọ site n'ịkwalite usoro kachasị mma n'etiti ndị ọrụ ugbo na azụmahịa ime obodo yana ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze.
  • Ịme ka ụdọ ọnụ ahịa dị ike iji mee ka ọnụ ahịa na olu ahịa nke ngwa ahịa ọrụ ugbo ahọpụtara dị mkpa;
  • Ịkwado mmepe na njikwa mmiri nke obere ọrụ ugbo nke ga-eme ka njikwa nke obere mmiri mmiri sikwuo ike ma si otú a na-amụba mmepụta na ego nke ugbo, belata mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, na ibelata ihe ize ndụ nke ihu igwe na-ebute gụnyere ndị metụtara mgbanwe ihu igwe; na
  • Ịkwado nguzobe ma ọ bụ kwalite okporo ụzọ ime obodo na ahịa anụ ahụ iji kwalite ohere ahịa maka ihe ọkụkụ na, site na ego ndị ọrụ ugbo. "

[10] Ụlọ akụ ụwa enyela mbinye ego ijeri $2.3 iji nyere aka belata ihe otiti nke ụkọ nri bụ Eastern na South Africa [11]

Mmemme netwọk nchekwa na-arụpụta ihe

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  Tọrọ ntọala na Jenụwarị 2005, Mmemme Safety Net Production (PSNP) bụ mmemme mbufe mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke abụọ na Africa (mgbe South Africa gasịrị). Ebumnuche ya bụ "ịkwado ụkọ nri na-adịghị ala ala ma mebie ndabere Etiopia na enyemaka nri". [12] N'ọdịnala, enweghị nchekwa nri na Etiopia na-ebute ụzọ site na mbugharị nke enyemaka nri "ihe mberede". Otú ọ dị, n'ime afọ iri gara aga, "ihe mberede" ndị a aghọwo ọnọdụ na-adịghị ala ala, kama na-agafe agafe. Kwa afọ site na 1994 ruo 2003 a na-achịkọta enyemaka nri mberede maka ihe karịrị nde ndị Etiopia ise, n'agbanyeghị mgbalị ndị a kwa afọ, ndị bi n'ime ime obodo nọgidere bụrụ ndị na-adịghị ike dị ka ụkọ nri. Emebere PSNP iji meghachi omume na nsogbu a, na-achọ ịnye "ebufe nwere ike ibu amụma iji gboo mkpa a na-ebu amụma". N'ịbụ onye enyemaka mba ụwa na-akwado, gọọmentị Etiopia na-enye nkwado ezinụlọ ndị na-adịghị eri nri na-adịghị ala ala ruo ọnwa isii n'afọ ruo afọ ise, ka ezinụlọ ndị a nwee ike wulite nkwụsi ike ha megide ihe egwu dị ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ịrị elu nke ọnụ ahịa nri nke omenala. mee ka ihe mberede nri chọrọ enyemaka ego dị egwu. "Ọ bụ ezie na enyemaka mberede ga-aga n'ihu na-achọrọ n'ime afọ nke ihe egwu siri ike, ọ bụrụ na PSNP na-aga nke ọma, a ga-ewepụ ọtụtụ nde mmadụ na usoro mkpesa mberede nke afọ, na a ga-enwe ngbanwe nke nta nke nta gaa na ntanetị nchekwa ọtụtụ afọ na-agbanwe agbanwe. gbasaa na nkwekọrịta dị ka mkpa si dị." [12]

[13]Ebe PSNP n'afọ 2005 na ntụle ntụ nke Etiopia, òtù UN dị ka UN-OCHA (Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affair), na NGO mba ụwa.  Sistemu PSNP gbanyere ndị ọgwụgwọ na FSP( ndị Nchekwa nri) dịka nke World Bank na IMF oriri Mbeta nri ogbenye Etiopia na fufu ego kwa afọ nke US $ 107.

PSNP bu n'obi inye nchekwa megide mgbanwe ego ha nwetara na mberede. Na mgbakwunye, ọ na-ejikọta enyemaka na mmepe site n'inye enyemaka nri maka mgbanwe ọrụ iji wuo ọrụ ọha. Ebe ọ bụ na arụmọrụ na ọkọlọtọ nke mmepụta na ọrụ ọha na-adịkarị ala yana mmezi na akụrụngwa ezughi oke, enyerela nri enyemaka dị ka ihe mkpali ịrụ ọrụ na ha. Nye gọọmentị ya, nke a bụ otu ụzọ isi weta enyemaka na mmepe. [14] Ọ na-agụnye ọtụtụ ngọngọ ụlọ na-eduzi maka mmepe obodo; A na-eme ka ego mgbochi na-abịarute n'ụbọchị ọrụ maka ihe omume dị ka iwepụta mmiri, ịgba mmiri, okporo ụzọ ndị na-eri nri na nchịkọta ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ na-akwụ ụgwọ kpọmkwem maka ndị agadi, ndị nwere nkwarụ, ndị inyom dị ime.

Nyocha nke International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) na-egosi na PSNP na-ezubere nke ọma maka ndị nwere ụkọ nri na ndị kasị daa ogbenye bi na mpaghara ebe mmemme a na-arụ ọrụ [1] nakwa na mmemme ahụ emeela ka.  nchekwa na ekiri mgbaàmà mma [15]

Ntụaka

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  1. ↑ Latest Global Hunger Index Results. Global Hunger Index. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved on 18 June 2018.
  2. ↑ Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries. humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved on 2023-05-01.
  3. ↑ Ethiopia - Human Rights Tracker (en). rightstracker.org. Retrieved on 2023-05-01.
  4. ↑ "Key Facts and Findings". 2009 Global Hunger Index. International Food Policy Research Institute. http://www.ifpri.org/publication/2009-global-hunger-index-key-facts-and-findings.
  5. ↑ "Country Profile – Ethiopia". World Health Organization. 2008. http://apps.who.int/nutrition/landscape/report.aspx?iso=eth
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 A Closer Look at Hunger and Undernutrition in Ethiopia (en). Global Hunger Index (GHI) - peer-reviewed annual publication designed to comprehensively measure and track hunger at the global, regional, and country levels. Retrieved on 24 November 2020.
  7. ↑ In Eastern Africa, over 50 million to face acute food insecurity in 2022 - Somalia | ReliefWeb (en). reliefweb.int. Retrieved on 12 August 2022.
  8. ↑ Ethiopia Food Security Alert May 27, 2022 - Ethiopia | ReliefWeb (en). reliefweb.int. Retrieved on 12 August 2022.
  9. ↑ Low supplies of fertilizers endangering food security in N. Ethiopia: FAO-Xinhua. english.news.cn. Retrieved on 12 August 2022.
  10. ↑ "Improving Food Security, Livelihood in Ethiopia Though Agricultural Growth. " US Fed News Service, Including US State News 1 Oct. 2010, Research Library, ProQuest. Web. 9 December 2010.
  11. ↑ World Bank Approves $2.3 Billion Program to Address Escalating Food Insecurity in Eastern and Southern Africa (en). World Bank. Retrieved on 12 August 2022.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Sabates-Wheeler, Rachel and Stephen Devereaux. "Cash Transfers and High Food Prices: Explaining Outcomes on Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme". Food Policy. Volume 35, Issue 4, August 2010, Pages 274-285
  13. ↑ Grosh, Margaret. "For Protection and Promotion: The Design and Implementation of Effective Safety Nets". World Bank, 2008, p.
  14. ↑ "The Food Price Crisis and Its Impact on the Ethiopian Productive Safety Net Programme". Humanitarian Exchange Magazine, 2008, p. 42."
  15. ↑ Berhane (2014). "Can Social Protection Work in Africa? Evidence on the impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme on food security and assets". Economic Development and Cultural Change 63 (1). DOI:10.1086/677753. 

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