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Nchebe nri na Malawi

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Map of Malawi.
Malawi bụ obodo na-enweghị ala na ndịda Africa.

. [1]Malawi bụ otu n'ime mba ụwa na-emepe eri ma bụrụ 170 n'ime mba 187 dị ka 2010 Human Development Index si kwuo.  [1] O nwere ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 16, 53% n'ime ha bi n'okpuru ahịrị ego ogbenye mba yana 90% n'ime ha na-ebi ihe na-eme $ 2 kwa ụbọchị.

. [2]Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka (UNICEF) mere mmemme na e nwere ikike 46,000 na-eri ezigbo nri na Malawi.  [1] N'afọ 2023, UNICEF dokwara aka ná ntĩ na ihe MBỤ Malawi 500,000 nọ na Malawi chere ihe ize ndụ nke erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ ihu.  [1] Taa, a na-etinye ọtụtụ mmemme na Malawi iji dozie nsogbu ihu igwe, ndị ogbenye na ike dị iche iche n'okwu akụ na nna na ọrụ ugbo.

Akụkọ na ndabere

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị ọkà mmụta achọpụtala nsogbu nri Malawi n’afọ 1991 na 1992, bụ́ mgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo dị n’ebe ndịda Africa belatara ọrụ ọka Malawi nke ukwuu. [3] Ọnụ ahịa ọka ọka gbagoro: ọnụ ahịa ọka, nke bụ 54% nke nkezi kalori oriri maka ndị Malawi, [4] fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ n'etiti 1992 na 1993. [5] N'agbanyeghi na enwere njuputa ọka na 1993 n'ihi oke mmiri ozuzo na mmanye nke nkpuru osisi na fatịlaịza nke gọọmentị na-akwado, oriri nri abawanyeghị n'ihi na ndị mmadụ na-eri nri na otú ha si emeri n'oge ụnwụ ahụ. [6]

Flooding in Malawi.
Ọrụ ugbo Malawi na-enwe ọdachi ndị na-emere onwe ha dị ka idei mmiri.

[7]Otu ụlọ ọrụ egwuregwu aha ya bụ ADMARC (Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation) na-achịkwa njikwa na-ejijista ihe eji na fatịlaịza tupu 1998. [1] Nrụrụ aka na ịgbazinye ego n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ mere ka ọ na-erigbu  obere ndị ọrụ ugbo ma mebie ọnụ ala ọka.  [1] Mgbe ọnụ ọnụ ụtaba dara na 1985, ADMARC nke nke nta ka ọ daa.  [2] Iji nweta ego n'aka ụlọ akụ ụwa, ADMARC ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ nwere nkeonwe ma ọ bụrụ ego siri ike ya na 1988/1989.  [2] Enweghi ike AMARC inye obere ndị ọrụ ugbo fatịlaịza na ike sokwa kpata nsogbu nri na 1992

anya, mmiri mmiri ozuzo na idei mmiri mmiri na-ahụ ahụ Malawi.  [1] N'agbata 1990 na 2006, ngwaọrụ 33 ụda ihu igwe, ịrị elu site na 7 nke mere n'etiti 1970 na 1989, dị ka ActionAid si kwuo.  [1] Akụ na nna Malawi bụ ọrụ ugbo nke ukwuu;  ihe ka ọtụtụ ná ndị mmadụ na-adị ndụ n'owuwe ihe ubi ha ma na-ere ihe akwụkwọ ya iji nweta ego.  [2] Roma ikike dị elu na iche nke mmiri mmiri na idei mmiri ọkụ 1990 emetụtawo ihe ka ukwuu n'ime ndị bi na mba ahụ-ndị ọrụ ugbo enwe ikike ikike ime àmà iji kwekọọ ma ọ bụ gbakee site na ngwaọrụ, na-  eme ka nsogbu mfe maka ihe ndị ga-eme n'ahụ, usoro nke ịkpa ogbenye na agụụ na-akawanye njọ.  [1] Site na nwanne 1970 ruo 1994, ọrịa nyere aka na uto ọka ngwa.  Mgbe ọgwụgwọ mmemme a n'ihi na ọ na-adị oke ọnụ iji kwado ya, oka dara na ọnụ ọnụ mụbara ọzọ[8]

. [9]Na 2002, e nwere ikike nri na Malawi na akwụkwọ sitere na 300 ruo 3,000, dị ka ActionAid si kwuo.  [1] Pasent 85 nke isi ego ndị Malawi na-enweta sitere na ọrụ ugbo, wit na poteto bụ ihe mbụ mbụ ma rie.  [2] Ya mere, mgbe IMF kwuru na owuwe ihe ubi ọka 2000/2001 dara site na nde 2.5 ruo nde metric ton 1.7, na-akpata mbelata nke mba nke 273,000 metric ton, ọtụtụ ihe ike.  [3] Na February 2002, ụgbọ ala Malawi mara ọkwa na e nwere ihe ike nri nakwa na mba ahụ nọ n’aka Ọdachi.  [3] Owuwe ihe ubi na ọkara ikpeazụ nke 2002 ọgbara ajị ahụ, ma na 2005, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-eri nri nri ọzọ.  [4] N'October 15, 2005, ọzọ, nke Onye isi ala Bingu wa Mutharika duziri, ngwaọrụ mba .  [5] Malawi agbakeela site na nsogbu 2005, mana ọ na-eche nri nri nri ihu ugbu a.

[10]Mgbe ọ nwechara onwe na 1964, Malawi nọ n'okpuru nke Hastings Banda .  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na ndị mmadụ nwere ikike ikike vootu, Malawi ji usoro otu pati ọrụ, Banda bụkwa onye ndú nke Malawi Congress Party (MCP), nanị otu pati dị n'oge.  [1] Ya mere Banda nwera ikike nke onye aka ike, na e see Multi iwu ndị mmadụ n'oge ụrọ ya dị ka ogbugbu nke ndị uwe ejiji.  [1] Ọ bụ n'afọ 1993 ka ndị mmadụ faịlụ vootu maka steeti ọtụtụ ka a na-amụ Banda na MCP n'Via.  [1] E hiwere iwu ọhụrụ na 1995, na-eke dị nwere ngalaba isi, ụlọ omebe iwu na-achọ isi na nke ikpe.  [2] Na 1998, n'okpuru onye kwuo uche ya nke Bakili Muluzi, isi National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA) iji jikwaa strategic ọka nchekwa na njikere.  NFRA, ụlọ ọrụ nwera nke nwere kọmitii ịhụnanya obi nke Malawi ịhụ, ọ na-ahụ ọ bụghị nchekwa ọka anụ ahụ, ego na mbubata na mbupụ nchekwa ahụ.

Otú ọ dị, NFRA wetara ngwa ngwa ụgwọ nke 1 ijeri Malawian kwacha (MK) n'ihi nnukwu ọmụrụ nwa nke 56% nke ọ zụtara 165,000 metric ton nke ọka, dị ka IMF si kwuo. [11] Na 2001, International Monetary Fund (IMF) tụrụ aro ka gọọmentị ree ihe nchekwa ọka n'ihi na owuwe ihe ubi hiri nne na 2000. O yiri ka ọ̀ abaghị uru maka nnukwu ebe nchekwa dị otú ahụ, ọka n'onwe ya na-erekwa ere. Ndụmọdụ IMF bịakwara n'ihi nyocha 2000 nke European Commission rịọrọ nke gosiri na ọ bụ naanị 30,000-60,000 metric ton nke ọka ga-adị mkpa iji kwado obodo ahụ n'ihe gbasara ọdachi mpaghara. [11] Ịkwado ụdị ọka ọka dị otú ahụ dị oke ọnụ, ọmụmụ ihe ahụ tụrụ aro ka ịmepụta usoro mbubata ka mma n'ihe banyere nnukwu nsogbu nri na-atụghị anya ya. [11] NFRA gbasoro ndụmọdụ IMF wee resị Kenya na Mozambique ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nchekwa ya na-ebelata ihe nchekwa ya site na metric ton 165,000 nke ọka ruo 60,000. [12] [13] [11] Otu n'ime echiche ndị a ma ama gbasara ihe kpatara nsogbu nri, dịka akụkọ 2002 ActionAid si kwuo, bụ na nsogbu nri bụ akụkụ nke ndụmọdụ IMF nyere maka ire nchekwa ọka. [12] Otú ọ dị, IMF na ActionAid ghọtara na ọka ahụ merela agadi ma dị oke ọnụ iji chekwaa, na n'oge ahụ, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya inye ndụmọdụ NFRA ka ọ ree. [12]

ụtaba, isi ngwaahịa mbupụ na Malawi, agbadala n'ahịa mba ụwa. Kemgbe 1980s, ego ọ na-enweta ebelatala site na 50%, ya mere, ego na ikike ịzụrụ obere ndị ọrụ ugbo ebelatala, dị ka Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy si kwuo. [13] N'afọ 2000/2001, ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo anaghị akwụghachi ụgwọ nke onwe na nke gọọmentị. Ya mere, na 2001/2002, ọtụtụ ndị enweghị ike ịnata otuto nke ha ga-eji zụta mkpụrụ na fatịlaịza maka ihe ọkụkụ ha. [14] Mgbalị ndị ọzọ iji wusie ngalaba ọrụ ugbo ike dị ka ịgba ume iji ala agwakọta ihe, imeziwanye atụmatụ ịgba mmiri, inye nchekwa na nchekwa ihe ọkụkụ, ịrụ okporo ụzọ na ụlọ, na inye ohere kredit na ịzụ ahịa, bụ nke enyere ndị ọrụ ugbo ala, ọ bụghị obere ndị ọrụ ugbo. [15]

  1. ↑ FINCA Malawi (en-US). FINCA International. Retrieved on 2022-05-14.
  2. ↑ Stringer (April 2010). "Adaptation to climate change and desertification: Perspectives from national policy and autonomous practice in Malawi". Climate and Development 2 (2): 145–160. DOI:10.3763/cdev.2010.0042. ISSN 1756-5529. 
  3. ↑ Msowoya (2016-11-01). "Climate Change Impacts on Maize Production in the Warm Heart of Africa" (in en). Water Resources Management 30 (14): 5299–5312. DOI:10.1007/s11269-016-1487-3. ISSN 1573-1650. 
  4. ↑ Minot (2010-01-10). "Staple Food Prices in Malawi". Food Security Collaborative Working Papers, Prepared for Comesa Policy Seminar on "Variation in Staple Food Prices: Causes, Consequence, and Policy Options" Under the African Agricultural Marketing Project (AAMP). 
  5. ↑ Administrative Committee on Coordination (November 1994). "Recent Nutrition Trends in 14 Countries - Malawi", Update on the Nutrition Situation (in en-GB). United Nations. 
  6. ↑ Hayes, L.M., Minae, S., Bunderson, W.T., Bodnar, F. & Ngugi, D. "The potential of improved fallows on small holder maize productivity on food security in Malawi." 1997. Paper presented at the International Symposium on The Science and Practice of Short-term Fallows. Lilongwe, Malawi.
  7. ↑ Mkandawire (1999). Agriculture, Employment, and Poverty in Malawi. ILO/SAMAT Policy Paper NO. 9. Harare: International Labour Organization. 
  8. ↑ "Climate change and smallholder farmers in Malawi." ActionAid. October 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20150503035203/https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/malawi_climate_change_report.pdf Templeeti:Webarchive
  9. ↑ (2009-01-01) in Pinstrup-Andersen: Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries. DOI:10.7591/9780801466380. ISBN 9780801466380. 
  10. ↑ Adequate Reserves for Malawi. National Food Reserve Agency (2014-03-03).
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 "Malawi—The Food Crises, the Strategic Grain Reserve, and the IMF." July 2002. International Monetary Fund. Washington, DC: IMF.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Phillips (2019). "Chapter Eleven. The 2002 Malawi Famine (7-1)", in Pinstrup-Andersen, Per: Case Studies in Food Policy for Developing Countries. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 135–148. DOI:10.7591/9780801466373-014. ISBN 9780801466373. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lilliston, B. & Ranallo, A. (2012-07-13). Grain reserves and the food price crisis: Selected writings from 2008–2012. Minneapolis: Institution for Agriculture and Trade Policy. 
  14. ↑ (2000) FAO/WFP Crop and food supply assessment mission to Afghanistan [photocopy / FAO ; WFP.]. University of Arizona Libraries. DOI:10.2458/azu_acku_pamphlet_hd9016_a342_c76_2000. 
  15. ↑ Kadzamira, Z.D., Kalinga, O.J., Mitchell, J.C., Ingham, K., Phiri, K.M. (2021-10-29). Malawi | History, Map, Flag, Population, Capital, Language, & Facts (en). Britannica Online. Retrieved on 2019-05-15.
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