Ndị na-eme ihe ike Landschap
Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ntọala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nchekwa ọdịdị ọdịdị nke oge a na mpaghara North Brabant malitere site n'inweta oke ohia Oisterwijk na fens site na ọha mmadụ Vereniging Natuurmonumenten na 1913. Ọ bụ ezie na Natuurmonumenten bụ nzukọ na-aga nke ọma, ọ chere na ọtụtụ akụkụ nke nchekwa ihe okike nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma site na njikwa na ọkwa mpaghara. . N'ezie North Brabant nwere nchegbu pụrụ iche, dị ka nnukwu ụgbọ ala iji tụgharịa ala ọjọọ ikpeazụ ka ọ bụrụ ala ubi.
Na June 1931, onye isi mpaghara North Brabant meziri atụmatụ maka kansụl mpaghara imepụta ntọala akpọrọ 'Het Noordbrabantsch Landschap'. A ga-eṅomi ya na Utrechts Landschap (1927) na Geldersch Landschap (1929). Ebumnuche nke ntọala ahụ bụ ịkwalite ọdịdị na ọdịdị mara mma. Ụzọ iji nweta nke a bụ inweta, na-elekọta na jikwaa ala. Natuurmonumenten ga-adị njikere inye aka guzobe ntọala dị otú ahụ na North Brabant.
Na 11 Disemba 1931 e guzobere 'Het Noord-brabantsch Landschap' na 's-Hertogenbosch. Kọmishọna nke Eze Nwanyị bụ onye isi oche nke ntọala ahụ, ma e nwere ọ dịkarịa ala ndị otu 28 ndị ọzọ. O yikarịrị ka e bu n'uche ka nnukwu bọọdụ a nọchite anya akụkụ niile nke mpaghara ahụ. Nhọrọ ahụ gụnyere ndị gosipụtara na ha nwere mmasị na nchekwa okike.[1]
Afọ ndị mbụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'afọ ndị mbụ nkwado maka Brabants Landschap abụghị nke ukwuu. N'ihi ya, ọ pụghị ịrụ ọtụtụ ihe karịa ọrụ ọmụma, dị ka ndụmọdụ na nhazi. Ụzọ ya dị oke oke iji nweta ala. Ntọala ahụ haziri mmemme dịka njegharị eduzi na ihe ngosi. Ọrụ dị mkpa nke ntọala ahụ bụ na ndị òtù ya (ndị na-akwado ya), na ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ yiri ya nwere (n'efu) ịnweta ọtụtụ ebe echekwara. Ọrụ ndụmọdụ nke ntọala ahụ butere ụfọdụ ihe ịga nke ọma. N'oge mmezu nke oru akuku ahia nke butere Landgoed de Utrecht ihe dika hectare 2,500, ebe a na-akpo Mispeleindse Heide ugbu a echekwabara. Nhọpụta nke Constant Kortmann ka onye kọmishọna Eze na 1959 dị mma maka Brabants Landschap. Mpaghara ahụ hiwere enyemaka nke 50% maka nnweta dịka nke Brabants Landschap mere.
A zụrụ ala mbụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'afọ 1961, Noord Brabants Landschap bidoro inweta ala. Ọ zụrụ ala dị hekta 4.5 na Baarschot na naanị nke a maara n'ógbè ahụ dị ka Krantven. A maara ala nke abụọ dị ka 'Het Zand' nke dị ihe dị ka hekta 1.5, ma gbaa ala Oranjebond gburugburu n'ebe ndịda Hilvarenbeek.[2] Brabants Landschap nwetakwara ọnọdụ ka mma, n'ihi na gọọmentị mba ahụ mere atụmatụ ọrụ dị mkpa maka North Brabant na njem nleta mba.[3]
Na June 1963 Brabants Landschap zụrụ nnukwu ala mbụ ya, ala Ter Braakloop nke 50 hekta. Ọ manyere ntọala ahụ ịbawanye mbọ ọ na-agba iji nweta ego.[4] N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1963, ala dị n'akụkụ 'De Oude Hondsberg' sochiri, ya mere e guzobere ala dị hekta 140 na nso Oisterwijk.[5] N'oge na-adịghị anya, Nemerlaer Castle na ala ya sochiri ya.[6]
Òtù nwere mmetụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'etiti 1960s Brabants Landschap ghọrọ ọgbakọ nwere mmetụta. O nwetara ala na ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado ya, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ike a ga-eji tụnyere ya. N'afọ 1972 Brabants Landschap nwere hectare 2,400, ma chee echiche maka iwere nkwụsi ike n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi n'ozuzu dịka mmetọ. N'afọ ahụ ọ nwere ndị na-akwado 3,627. N'afọ 1978, o bipụtara akwụkwọ gbasara ala hectare 4,000 nke o nwere. N'August 1987 Brabants Landschap nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ hectare 10,000. Agbanyeghị, mgbe ị na-ahapụ mpaghara ahụ, Kọmịshọna Queen Dries van Agt kwuru na mpaghara ahụ na-emefu ego karịa n'okporo ụzọ karịa mpaghara ọ bụla ọzọ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, North Brabant kpuchiri ala ya, ọkachasị n'ihi na enweghị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara nke ọdịmma ugbo na-achịkwa.
Ala ugbo[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Odida obodo nke North Brabant bụ odida obodo na-abụkarị ọrụ ugbo. Brabants Landschap na-elekwasị anya n'okirikiri ala dum, ma site n'inweta ala, ọ nwere ike ichebe naanị mpaghara ọhịa dị ka ọhịa, heath, mmiri wdg. Akụkụ bụ isi nke ọdịdị mpaghara dị na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo. N'ebe a, odida obodo nke nwere ogige, ala ahịhịa na osisi ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị, ma na-ejikọtakwa mpaghara ọhịa ndị ọzọ nke mpaghara ahụ. Ọ bụ na mpaghara a na-arụ ọrụ ugbo ka nnukwu mmebi nke ala ahụ mere. Otu n'ime ihe kpatara ya bụ nchikota ala. Dabere na iwu nchikota ala nke 1954, ngwugwu nke ọtụtụ ugbo buru ibu, ma bụrụkwa nke kachasị maka nhazi. Ọ bụ n'ihe dị ka afọ 1975 ka ọ bịara bụrụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi na-etinye aka na usoro ahụ. N'afọ 1985, Landrinrichtingswet nọchiri iwu nchikota ala, ka o sina dị, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nọchitere anya gburugburu ebe obibi na usoro ahụ, gburugburu ebe obibi gara n'ihu na-ata ahụhụ. Nke a bụ eziokwu karịsịa na North Brabant, ebe mmasị ọrụ ubi siri ike.
Mmiri Ozuzo Acid[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe ịma aka ndị ọzọ a kapịrị ọnụ maka North Brabant bụ mmiri ozuzo acid na nsogbu nsị. Mmiri ozuzo acid mebiri na Peel, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Eindhoven. Mpaghara a tara ahụhụ site na ọnọdụ ya dị nso na West-German na Belgian heavy industries. Otú ọ dị, ihe kachasị mkpa kpatara nsogbu ndị dị na Peel bụ ịzụlite ezì. Ụdị ọrụ ugbo a na-adabere na mbubata nri site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Rotterdam. Ya mere, ịmalite ugbo ezì chọrọ naanị azụ azụ buru ibu iji wuo ụlọ anụ ụlọ. Site na ogo dị elu nke akpaaka na nlekọta dị ala, ìgwè ndị obodo ghọrọ ndị ọrụ ugbo ezì. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha bara ọgaranya ngwa ngwa, mana ka ọ na-erule afọ 1988, enwere ike inwe ezì 3,000,000 na Peel. N'oge na-adịghị anya, mmiri na-eme ka ebe ahụ dị n'ime nsị. E nwere ụdị iwu niile iji belata nsị n'ala, mana a na-ezere ha mgbe niile. N'ime ikuku, ammonia sitere na nsị na-emeghachi omume na mmetọ dị ka sulfur dioxide, ma na-akpata mmiri ozuzo acid.[7]
In 1983 local forest managers noted that trees became very vulnerable to fungus epidemics, and no longer recovered from caterpillar plagues. Brabants Landschap noted that local forest were dying and its heath turned yellow instead of purple. It contacted local municipalities to address the problem. Some were willing to limit pig farming. Other municipalities chose to ignore the problem, and even ignored national legislation which aimed to keep pig farms away from forests.[7] One of the biggest obstacles for action were the many farmers who were members of a municipal council.[8] It allowed the agricultural sector to effectively annul national and provincial agricultural policies on the local level.[9]
Mgbochi nke idei mmiri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'afọ ndị 1990 ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ghọrọ nsogbu ọzọ na North Brabant. Nke a bụ ihe ijuanya, n'ihi na mpaghara ahụ nwere nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ. Ọ bụ mmegide mmadụ kpatara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ahụ. Njikọ ala, ọwa mmiri nke osimiri na iyi, mmụba mmiri na ihe ndị ọzọ bụ ihe kpatara ya. O dugara n'ọnọdụ ebe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi na-abanye n'oké osimiri ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ozugbo. Nke a dị mma maka ndị ọrụ ugbo, nke nwere ike iji ígwè ọrụ dị arọ rụọ ọrụ n'ala kpọrọ nkụ na mbido oge opupu ihe ubi. Ọ na-akwalite uto nke osisi n'oge opupu ihe ubi. Ihe na-adịghị mma bụ na n'oge ọkọchị, mpaghara ahụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo ya jiri nnukwu mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mee ihe. Brabants Landschap kwuru na ụdị osisi ndị nwere mgbọrọgwụ na-adịghị omimi nwụrụ n'ihi na mgbọrọgwụ ha eruteghị na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. N'afọ 1992, mpaghara ahụ gbochiri ndị ọrụ ugbo iji mmiri dị n'okpuru ala mee ihe iji chekwaa mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'ọdịnihu.[10]
Mmiri dị elu nke Jenụwarị 1995 na Dutch Rhine, Meuse, na IJssel mere ka mmadụ 250,000 pụọ. Gọọmentị Dutch bịara ghọta na a ga-eweghachi ikike nchekwa mmiri nwa oge nke ime obodo iji gbochie ọdachi ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu na Dutch delta. O doro anya na nke a bụ n'ezie ihe omume obodo, nke ọ na-esiri ike iduzi site na The Hague. Ya mere, gọọmentị mba nyere ego, mana ha tinyere ndị otu mpaghara iji mezuo ebumnuche a. Brabants Landschap bụ otu n'ime òtù ndị a. Ọ bụghị ihe dị mkpa dị ka bọọdụ mmiri, mana ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya, ma na-aga n'ihu na-eme ya.
Usoro Okike[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
N'afọ 1990, gọọmentị Dutch chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ Ecologische Hoofdstructuur (EHS), ugbu a NatuurNN Nederland (NNN) (Nature Network Netherlands). Dị ka aha ahụ na-egosi, echiche ahụ bụ ịtụle nchịkọta zuru oke nke ebe nchekwa okike na ebe ndị ọzọ bara uru maka okike. A ga-ejikọta mpaghara ndị a site na ụzọ anụ ọhịa, ka ụdị dị iche iche wee nwee ike ịkwaga n'etiti ala ndị a kama ịpụ n'anya.
N'afọ 2013, e zigara ndị mpaghara ahụ igbu Natuur__wol____wol____wol__ Nederland.[11] N'ógbè ahụ, a na-achọ inwe hekta 129,000 nke okike (otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke mpaghara ahụ) na ihe dị ka kilomita 1,500 nke ụzọ anụ ọhịa ka ọ na-erule afọ 2027.[12] N'omume, a na-ejikọkarị ogbugbu nke Natuur__wol____wol____wol__ Brabant na atụmatụ maka mgbochi idei mmiri.
Brabants Landschap taa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nzukọ ahụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Brabants Landschap nwere Algemeen Bestuur (ọchịchị) nke ihe dị ka mmadụ iri anọ. Nke a bụ nnọchiteanya sara mbara nke Brabant Society, mana o nwekwara ndị obodo nwere mmasị maka okike. Algemeen Bestuur na-arụ ọrụ dịka nzukọ ndị nwere òkè. Ọ na-ahọpụta ndị na-ahụ maka nlekọta, ma kwado akụkọ kwa afọ, mmefu ego na iwu n'ozuzu.
Hoofdbestuur dị ka bọọdụ nlekọta. Ọ na-akwado azụmahịa ụlọ niile, ma na-ahọpụta onye isi ọrụ. Ka ọ na-erule 15 Eprel 2021, nke a bụ Joris Hogenboom. [1][13] N'afọ 2020, e nwere ndị ọrụ 69, 25 n'ime ndị a na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge. 23 rụrụ ọrụ n'ọfịs dị na Haaren, ndị ọzọ na-arụ n'èzí. [2]
Coördinatiepunt Landschapsbeheer (ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ala) bụ akụkụ dị iche iche nke Brabants Landschap. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ndị ọrụ iri na otu ma na-ahazi iwu na enyemaka n'akụkụ nke mpaghara ahụ na mpụga Natuur Naking Brabant, ya bụ na mpaghara ala nke mpaghara ahụ. N'ihi ya, ọ na-emezu iwu mpaghara dabere na nkwekọrịta ya na mpaghara ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-akwadokwa ọrụ afọ ofufo n'okike.
Na mba, Brabants Landschap na ọtụtụ òtù na-arụkọ ọrụ. Ya na mpaghara 11 ndị ọzọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na LandschappenNL.
Nkwurịta okwu na ozi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Iji nweta nkwado maka ọrụ ya, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa maka Brabants Landschap ịgwa ma kụziere ndị mmadụ banyere okike na mpaghara ahụ. N'aka nke ya, nke a ga-eduga n'inweta ndị nkwado, nke dị ka ndị otu. N'ihi ya, Brabants Landschap ka na-ahazi njem ndị a na-eduzi maka ndị otu ya. Ọ na-ebipụta ụzọ ndị a na-aga ije n'ịntanetị, na magazin. Brabants Landschap na-ewulite na ogwe ozi saịtị.
Ọdịnihu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na 2021 e nwere isiokwu iwu abụọ dị mkpa maka Brabants Landschap: nsogbu ihu igwe, na nsogbu nitrogen. Nke ikpeazụ a bụ nsogbu Dutch, nke malitere na 29 Mee 2019. N'ụbọchị ahụ, mkpebi ikpe nke Council of State gbochiri ihe dị ka ụlọ 18,000 na ọrụ akụrụngwa. Ihe kpatara ya bụ ụzọ na-ezughị ezu nke gọọmentị na-edozi ntinye nitrogen na mpaghara Natura 2000. Ihe dị ka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị a sitere n'ọrụ ugbo. Ọ bụghị ihe ndabara na Behoud de Peel, nke na-alụso mmiri ozuzo acid ọgụ na De Peel kemgbe 1978, bụ otu n'ime òtù abụọ na-ese okwu nke Council of State gosipụtara na ọ ziri ezi.[14]
Brabants Landschap enweghị ike idozi nsogbu ihu igwe, mana ọ nwere ike ijikwa ụfọdụ n'ime ihe si na ya pụta. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a bụ ụkọ mmiri ozuzo, na idei mmiri nke ihu igwe siri ike kpatara (lee n'elu). Nsogbu Naịtrogen mere ka gọọmentị mba ahụ nye ego iji kwụsị nsogbu a. Otu n'ime ụzọ isi mee nke a, bụ ịzụta ala ndị ugbo na-eji eme ihe na nso Natura 2000. Brabants Landschap chere afọ ụfọdụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike ihu na 2021.
Mpaghara ndị Brabants Landschap nwere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Na 2020 Brabants Landschap nwere ihe dị ka ala 110, nke ruru hekta 18,762.
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ihe edeturu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ "Het Noordbrabantsch Landschap", Provinciale Noordbrabantsche en 's Hertogenbossche courant, 11 December 1931.
- ↑ "Terreinen onder Diessen en Hilvarenbeek gered", Nieuwe Tilburgsche courant, 4 March 1961.
- ↑ "Mooi Brabant kwijnt weg in modern bederf", De Volkskrant, 18 May 1961.
- ↑ "N. Brabants Landschap verwerft landgoed", Nieuwe Tilburgsche courant, 24 June 1963.
- ↑ "Brab. Landschap koopt landgoed Oude Hondsberg", Nieuwe Tilburgsche courant, 13 November 1963.
- ↑ "Verstedelijking bedreigt Brabants Natuurschoon", Nieuwe Tilburgsche courant, 11 December 1963.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Schenk. "Bossen De Peel vrijwel verloren", Leeuwarder courant, 19 November 1988. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "LC19111988" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Passier. "Peel nog niet rijp voor bos van de toekomst", De Telegraaf, 29 April 1989.
- ↑ Horsten. "Handen af van de groene mafia", De Volkskrant, 21 November 1992.
- ↑ Van Seeters. "Brabant heeft dorst, grote dorst", De Volkskrant, 9 September 1995.
- ↑ Nationaal Natuurnetwerk. Retrieved on 2021-09-10.
- ↑ Realisatie Natuurnetwerk Brabant (2021-02-04). Retrieved on 2021-09-10.
- ↑ Boelens. "Joris Hogenboom (55) benoemd tot nieuwe directeur Brabants Landschap", Brabants Dagblad, 2 December 2020.
- ↑ Hakkenes. "Deze man maakte van de stikstofcrisis de milieu kwestie van het jaar", Trouw, 22 December 2019.