Ndụ na Ọrụ Obodo
| Oge/afọ mmalite | 1921  |
|---|---|
| Ije | Tolstoyan movement |
| mba/obodo | Soviet Union |
| dissolved, abolished or demolished date | 1939 |
Ndụ na Labour Comune bụ ọgbakọ ọrụ ugbo Tolstoyan hibere na 1921 wee kesaa ya dị ka ugbo mkpokọta steeti na-agba na 1 Jenụwarị 1939. E hiwere igbako ahụ na nso Moscow mana e mechikwara dezie ya na etiti Siberia, nke na-adịghị anya na Novokuznetsk . [1] N'oge ọ kacha elu, a kọrọ na o nwere ihe ruru 1,000 sonyere ya. [2] N'ime oge niile ọ dị adị, ndị Bolshevik kpagburu ndị òtù ọgbakọ ahụ, ma n'ihi na ha jụrụ ịdebanye aha ma ọ bụ kwado mgbalị agha ha nakwa maka ịhazi onwe ha n'otu n'otu n'èzí nke obodo a kwadoro.
Ntọala (1921-1930)
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]The Life and Labor Commune e hiwere na 31 December 1921 na nkwekọrịta mgbazinye na Moscow District Land Department maka Shestakóvka estate, iri na abụọ kilomita na mpụga Moscow. Ewubere ọgbakọ ahụ n'elu ala na mpaghara Tsarítsyn nke mpaghara Moscow wee daa n'okpuru Soviet obodo Troparyovo. Akpọrọ ọgbakọ ahụ aha "Ndụ na Ọrụ" ka Tolstoyan na anarchist leaning nke ndị guzobere ya. Site na mmalite, nri ndị mmadụ niile bụ ndị anaghị eri anụ . </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]
N'afọ 1927, a malitere ịwakpo obodo ahụ na Tolstoy New Jerusalem Commune, nke gọọmenti Soviet weghaara na 1929. Ọtụtụ ndị otu si ebe ahụ sonye na Life and Labor Commune. Ndị isi na kọmpụta ahụ bịara n'okpuru ikpe gọọmentị gbara, bụ́ ndị nwara ịkagbu akwụkwọ ikike ha. A na-agbachitere ha n'ụlọ ikpe site n'aka onye anarchist Peter Kropotkin, onye òtù nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-agbachitere Ọha, yana nwa nwanne Kropotkin. </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]
Nkwagharị (1931)
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Vladimir Cherkov, onye tinyere aka na nnọchite ndị jụrụ akọ na uche ya na Red Army na Lenin wee nweta nnwere onwe ha pụọ na mmasị, tụrụ aro ka Life and Labor Commune weghachi ya na ndị ọzọ na-eso Tolstoy iji guzobe otu nnukwu ọgbakọ. Na 28 February 1930 All-Russian Central Executive Committee nyere iwu site na Presidium nke Kọmitii, Protocol 41, Paragraf 5, banyere "mmeghari nke Tolstoyan communes na cooperatives." Mgbe njem nlegharị anya n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1930, a họọrọ ebe Kuznetsk dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Tom . Na 22 Maachị 1931, mgbe eresịrị anụ ụlọ ma nyekwa ugbo ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ mgbaka na-ahụ maka mgbaka, ndị bi na Life and Labour Commune gawara na mpụga Siberia. </link>[ a chọrọ nkọwa ]
Ọnwụ n'okpuru Stalinism (1936-1939)
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'afọ 1936, e jidere ndị ndú nke ọgbakọ ahụ, e jichiri ebili mmiri ndị ọzọ na 1937 na 1938. Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 1939, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụntakịrị ole na ole fọdụrụnụ ejikọtawo n'ugbo ndị Soviet. [1] Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị omeiwu ahụ nwụrụ n'ogige ọrụ mmanye ma ọ bụ gbuo n'ihi na ha jụrụ ije ozi agha. [2]
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn dere banyere mkpagbu nke obodo:
Ihe ncheta nke ndị sonyere
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị sonyere na ọgbakọ ahụ dere akụkọ banyere ahụmịhe ha.
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Anarchism nke Ndị Kraịst
- Ndị Tolstoyan
- Ndepụta nke obodo anarchist
- Utopian socialism
- Anarchism na Russia
Edensibia
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]elu, a kọrọ na o nwere ihe ruru 1,000 sonyere ya. N'ime oge niile ọ dị adị, ndị Bolshevik kpagburu ndị òtù ọgbakọ ahụ, ma n'ihi na
- Ihe ncheta nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Tolstoyans na Soviet Russia, William Edgerton; Mahadum Indiana Press, 1993
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Josh Sanborn (March 1996). Memoirs of Peasant Tolstoyans in Soviet Russia (book review). H-Net Reviews.Josh Sanborn (March 1996). "Memoirs of Peasant Tolstoyans in Soviet Russia (book review)". H-Net Reviews. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "HNet" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Karen Christensen and David Levinson (2003). Encyclopedia of Community. Sage Publications Inc. (Thousand Oaks, California). ISBN 9780761925989. Karen Christensen and David Levinson (2003). Encyclopedia of Community. Sage Publications Inc. (Thousand Oaks, California). p. 713. ISBN 9780761925989. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "Encyc" defined multiple times with different content