Network Action nke Oké Ọhịa Mmiri

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A gbara ọhịa ọkụ iji kpochapụ ala maka ọrụ ugbo na ndịda Mexico.

Rainforest Action Network (RAN) bụ òtù gburugburu ebe obibi nke dị na San Francisco, California, United States. Ọ bụ Randy "Hurricane" Hayes na Mike Roselle guzobere nzukọ ahụ n'afọ 1985, ma buru ụzọ nweta ọkwa dị elu na mba ahụ site na ịhazi mkpọsa nke na 1987 nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ka Burger King kweta ịkagbu nkwekọrịta anụ ehi nke na-ebibi ihe nke Central American rainforest.[1] Ichebe ọhịa na ịma aka ike ụlọ ọrụ anọgidewo na-elekwasị anya na mkpọsa RAN kemgbe, ma duru RAN banye na mkpọsa nke dugara na mgbanwe iwu na-agbanwe agbanwe gafee ụlọ, ịzụta osisi na inye, ụgbọala, ejiji, akwụkwọ na ụlọ akụ.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E hiwere Rainforest Action Network na San Francisco, California na 1985 site n'aka Mike Roselle na Randy "Hurricane" Hayes.[2][1] Na mbido, RAN so Herbert Chao Gunther rụọ ọrụ, onye guzobere Public Media Center na San Francisco, ụlọ ọrụ na-ere ahịa naanị maka ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi.[2] Njikọ a na Gunther gụnyere akara ọhụrụ na mkpọsa megide nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mba dị iche iche na 1990s, na-eji ọrụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ mgbasa ozi.[1] Ha nwetara ọkwa dị elu na mba site na mkpọsa nhazi nke na 1987 nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ka Burger King kweta ịkagbu nkwekọrịta anụ ehi nke na-ebibi ihe ruru $ 31 nde.[1]

N'afọ 1989, RAN kpọrọ oku ka a kwụsị ngwaahịa na ọrụ site na Mitsubishi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị Mitsubishi nwere - gụnyere biya Kirin na igwefoto Nikon - n'ihi na n'oge ahụ, Mitsubishi tinyere aka na mbibi oké ọhịa site na ọrụ ya n'oké ọhịa; n'afọ 1996, Mitsubishi Motors America na Mitsubish Electric America kwadoro mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị RAN na ndị isi Mitsubishi nke dugara na njedebe nke mkpesa a na 1998.[3]

Tinyere Global Exchange na Ruckus Society, RAN rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịhazi nnukwu ọrụ 1999 megide nzukọ WTO (World Trade Organization) na Seattle. Ọ bụ ezie na nzukọ ahụ nwere RAGS (Rainforest Action Groups) gburugburu mba ahụ, taa ọrụ ya dị na San Francisco.

Mmiri riri onye isi nchịkwa RAN, Rebecca Tarbotton, na Disemba 26, 2012, mgbe ọ dị afọ 39, mgbe ọ na-egwu mmiri n'Oké Osimiri Pacific.[4] A họpụtara Lindsey Allen ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa n'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2013.[5] Allen hapụrụ RAN na 2019 ma na Febụwarị 10, 2020, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ họpụtara Ginger Cassady dị ka onye isi nchịkwa ọhụrụ.[6]

Banyere[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọrụ nhazi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Rainforest Action Network na-echekwa oké ọhịa, na-echebe ihu igwe ma na-akwado ikike mmadụ site na ịma ike ụlọ ọrụ na ikpe na-ezighị ezi site na mmekọrịta ihu na mkpọsa atụmatụ.

Ọrụ na nhazi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

RAN na-akpali mgbanwe site na nhazi obodo, usoro mgbasa ozi, iji nnupụisi obodo na-enweghị ime ihe ike, na mkparịta ụka n'ime ụlọ iji chee ihu ma nwee mmetụta dị mma na ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-eduga na ụlọ ọrụ iji nabata iwu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihu ọha nke na-edozi nsogbu sitere na mgbukpọ ọhịa na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Atụmatụ mkpọsa ụlọ ọrụ ha akpaliwo ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe agụmakwụkwọ na-atụgharị uche na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na azụmaahịa.[7][8][9] RAN na-arụ ọrụ na njikọ chiri anya na òtù NGO (òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị).

Ndị nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ gụnyere André Carothers; Anna Hawken McKay; Allan Badiner, Anna Lappé nke Small Planet Institute; James Gollin, onye isi oche na onye guzobere Social Venture Network; na Jodie Evans, onye guzobere Code Pink Women for Peace. Ndị otu RAN gụnyere Ali MacGraw, Bob Weir, Bonnie Raitt, Chris Noth, John Densmore na Woody Harrelson.]

Ihe omume[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ihe Omume Oké Ọhịa Tropical[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

RAN's Tropical Forests Program na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwụsị mgbukpọ ọhịa na mmebi na mmegbu nke ndị ọhịa na Indonesia. N'ihi mgbukpọ ọhịa na mbibi nke peatland maka agribusiness na pulp na ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ, Indonesia bụ ugbu a nke atọ kachasị na-ewepụta gas na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụwa.[10]

Oké ọhịa Agribusiness: mmanụ nkwụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na Rainforest Action Network, dị nso na Chicago Board of Trade, na-eme mkpesa megide mgbasawanye nke mmanụ nkwụ na ubi soy n'ime usoro okike dị oke egwu. September 22, 2008.

RAN's Rainforest Agribusiness campaign, The Problem With Palm Oil, na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi nke osisi nkwụ na oké ọhịa mmiri ozuzo nke Indonesia na Malaysia. Mmanụ nkwụ n'ógbè ndị a na-akpata mkpocha osisi siri ike nke okpomọkụ, igbu anụ ọhịa dị n'óbe ahụ, mwepụ nke obodo ndị dị n'ebe ahụ na mmụba dị ịrịba ama na ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ.[11] Isi ebumnuche nke mkpọsa ahụ bụ Cargill, ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ ahịa ugbo nke onwe ya na onye na-eweta mmanụ nkwụ kachasị na United States.[12] Mgbe ọ ka na-etinye nrụgide na Cargill, na 2010 RAN malitere ime mkpọsa maka iji mmanụ nkwụ eme ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi site na nnukwu mmepụta nri General Mills site na usoro ime ihe kpọmkwem, mkparịta ụka na itinye aka na ndị otu; ọnwa asatọ ka e mesịrị, General Mills wepụtara iwu mmanụ nkwụ siri ike ma kpebie inweta mmanụ nkwụ ya niile site na isi mmalite dị mma site na 2015.[13][14] Mgbasa ozi ahụ na ndị nọ n'afọ iri na ụma Madison Vorva na Rhiannon Tomtishen jikọrọ aka n'otu oge iji nyere ha aka na mkpọsa ha iji mee ka Girl Scout Cookies na-enweghị mmanụ nkwụ.[15] E nyere ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ ahụ nnukwu onyinye Brower Youth Award maka ọrụ ha.[16]

Usoro ike na ego[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Mgbasa ozi Energy and Finance na-elekwasị anya na ụlọ ọrụ ego na-etinye aka na itinye ego na ọrụ ndị na-ebibi ọhịa na mmanụ ala. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, mkpọsa ahụ enweela ihe ịga nke ọma n'inweta iwu gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike site na ụlọ akụ dịka Citi, Bank of America, JP Morgan Chase, na ndị ọzọ.[17][18][19] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, mkpọsa ahụ na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwụsị ego ụlọ akụ maka ọrụ coal, na ọkachasị iwepụ ihe n'elu ugwu (MTR), karịsịa n'ime United States. Ụdị igwu ala a na-eji ọtụtụ nde tọn bọmbụ na-agbawa ugwu iji gbajie ugwu iji nweta coal n'okpuru.[20] Dị ka Rainforest Action Network si kwuo, asatọ n'ime ụlọ akụ itoolu nke kwadoro MTR n'oge gara aga eguzobewo ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ iji gbochie ego ha maka ụdị nchọpụta coal a.[21] Malite n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2011, Energy and Finance Program anọwo na-eme mkpọsa iji mee ka Bank of America, onye ha na-akpọ aha ya dị ka onye isi US na-ahụ maka ego nke ụlọ ọrụ coal, wepụ ego ha na itinye ego na isi mmalite ike.[22]

Anyị nwere ike ịgbanwe Chevron: mmanụ mkpofu na-egbu egbu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Emere na Disemba 2009, mkpọsa We Can Change Chevron na-elekwasị anya na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị na California maka ntinye Texaco nke 18 (68,000,000 m3) nke mmanụ mkpofu n'ime Amazon Rainforest na Ecuador.[23] We Can Change Chevron na-ezube ịmanye Chevron ka ọ kwụọ ụgwọ maka nhicha nke olulu mmanụ mkpofu nke ụlọ ọrụ ha hapụrụ, yana ịmepụta iwu gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ikike mmadụ nke ga-egbochi ihe omume ndị dị ka nke a n'ọdịnihu ime n'ọdịnihu. Chevron nwetara Texaco na 2001, ma kwuo na Texaco mezuru nkwekọrịta ya iji kpochaa òkè ya nke ihe mkpofu nke njikọ aka dị n'etiti Texaco da Petroecuador, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ steeti. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ekwu na ọ kpochapụrụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ihe mkpofu ahụ, karịa òkè ya na nkwekọrịta ya na Petroecuador, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị na steeti nke nwere naanị ala mmanụ kemgbe afọ 1992.[23][24] Ikpe ahụ dugara na mkpebi akụkọ ihe mere eme megide nnukwu mmanụ ahụ, nke e nyere iwu ka ọ kwụọ ndị gbara akwụkwọ ijeri $ 18 maka mmebi. Mgbe Chevron rịọrọ arịrịọ, ụlọ ikpe Ecuador kwadoro ikpe ahụ na Jenụwarị 2012.[25]

Arụmụka[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

N'afọ 2003, Kọmitii U.S. House Committee on Ways and Means kpọrọ nzukọ RAN ka ha nyefee akwụkwọ ọ bụla na ihe nkiri ọ bụla metụtara ngagharị iwe niile nzukọ ahụ sonyere kemgbe afọ 1993, iji nyochaa ma ha kwesịrị inwe ikike ịhapụ ụtụ isi.[26] Onye isi nchịkwa nke nzukọ ahụ n'oge ahụ bụ Michael Brune kpọrọ nyocha a "mgbalị kachasị ọhụrụ iji menye ndị na-akwado RAN egwu, yana akụkụ nke mgbalị ka ukwuu na nke na-enye nsogbu site na ọdịmma ụlọ ọrụ iji gbochie ndị na-emegide ma chịkwaa nnwere onwe ikwu okwu".[27]

Nzukọ ahụ abụrụla n'okpuru mkpagbu site n'aka ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-emegide Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa (FSC) maka ịbụ onye otu ya n'òtù ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na RAN na-ekwusi ike na itinye aka ha dị mkpa iji kwalite nchebe siri ike nke ọhịa na ikike nke obodo ọhịa site na FSC.[28][29]

Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

  • Oké ọhịa Amazon
  • Ụkpụrụ Omume Nchekwa
  • Mgbalị Nchekwa
  • Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na United States
  • Glenn Switkes

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Aronoff (2011-09-18). U.S. activists stop Burger King from importing rainforest beef, 1984-1987. Swarthmore College.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nosowitz (2019-09-16). How the Save the Rainforest movement gave rise to modern environmentalism (en). Vox. Retrieved on 2020-11-13.
  3. ↑ Manheim (2000). "Chapter 5", Death of A Thousand Cuts: Corporate Campaigns and the Attack on the Corporation. Routledge, 93–98. ISBN 978-1-135-64857-2. 
  4. ↑ Yardley. "Rebecca Tarbotton, Environmental Activist, Dies at 39", New York Times, 2 January 2013. Retrieved on 10 November 2013.
  5. ↑ "Rainforest Action Network Names Top Campaigner as New Executive Director", Rainforest Action Network press release, 21 August 2013. Retrieved on 10 November 2013.
  6. ↑ Announcing our new Executive Director. YouTube. Retrieved on 10 February 2020.
  7. ↑ Baron (August 2005). "Strategic Activism and Nonmarket Strategy". Stanford GSB Research Paper No. 1909. 
  8. ↑ El Eris (15 August 2000). "The Home Depot-Rainforest Action Network dispute: A lesson on issues and stakeholder management". Corporate Environmental Strategy 7 (2): 185–193. DOI:10.1016/S1066-7938(00)00046-4. 
  9. ↑ Asmus (Fall 2006). "Case Study: Turning Conflict into Cooperation". Stanford Social Innovation Review. 
  10. ↑ Higgins. "A climate threat, rising from the soil", The Washington Post, November 19, 2009. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  11. ↑ Richardson. Worst Food Additive Ever? It's in Half of All Foods We Eat and Its Production Destroys Rainforests and Enslaves Children. Retrieved on 2010-10-25.
  12. ↑ Jan Willem van Gelder, Greasy Palms: European Buyers of Indonesian Palm Oil, Friends of the Earth, 2004.
  13. ↑ Statement on responsible palm oil sourcing. General Mills (September 22, 2010). Archived from the original on 2013-01-22. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  14. ↑ Koch (2010-09-24). General Mills boycotts palm oil that destroys rain forests.
  15. ↑ Walsh. "Making Girl Scout Cookies Better for the Planet", Time, May 31, 2011. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  16. ↑ 2011 Award Winners. Brower Youth Awards. Archived from the original on 2012-05-24. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  17. ↑ Mountaintop Removal Mining Environmental Due Diligence Process. Citigroup.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-20. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  18. ↑ Credit Policies. Bank of America. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  19. ↑ Environmental Sustainability at JPMorgan Chase. JPMorgan Chase. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  20. ↑ Cooper. "Boulder from Mountaintop Coal Mine Smashes Into Kentucky Home", Huffington Post, 2009-09-09. Retrieved on 2009-09-09.
  21. ↑ Success Stories. Rainforest Action Network. Archived from the original on 2016-11-03. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  22. ↑ BofA must come clean on coal. Charlotte Business Journal (February 24, 2012). Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Llana (2009-05-29). "Chevron fights massive lawsuit in Ecuador". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved on 2009-05-29. 
  24. ↑ History of Texaco and Chevron in Ecuador. Archived from the original on 2010-11-24. Retrieved on 2010-12-13.
  25. ↑ Gomez. "Ecuador court upholds $18 billion ruling against Chevron", Reuters, January 3, 2012. Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  26. ↑ Doyle (2004-12-17). Eco-warriors / Co-founder of Rainforest Action Network and activist spouse take fight for environment one step at a time (en-US). SFGATE. Retrieved on 2020-11-13.
  27. ↑ Action Alert. Rainforest Action Network (Winter 2004). Retrieved on 2012-12-30.
  28. ↑ Barry. Old-Growth Carbon Findings Cause Forest Protection Schism. Archived from the original on 2008-09-14. Retrieved on 2008-09-13.
  29. ↑ Rainforest Action Network. Rainforest Action Network Statement on the FSC. Archived from the original on 2013-04-01. Retrieved on 2012-04-05.

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

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