Nhazi Nọmba nke 3 nke 1970

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Richard Nixon, onye tụụrụ aro EPA site na Reorganization Plan No. 3

Reorganization Plan No. 3 bụ ntuziaka onye isi ala United States nke guzobere Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), malite na Disemba 2, 1970. Iwu ahụ, nke e bipụtara na Federal Register na Ọktoba 6, 1970, jikọtara ihe ndị sitere na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti dị iche iche iji guzobe EPA, "ụlọ ọrụ siri ike, nke nwere onwe ya" nke gaeguzobe ma mee ka iwu nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke gọọmentị.

Ihe ndị mere noge gara aga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka onye edemede EPA Jack Lewis si kwuo, afọ iri nke afọ 1960 mere ka ọha na eze America nwee nkwekọrịta zuru oke iji mee ka nchedo na imeziwanye gburugburu ebe obibi. Rachel Carson bipụtara Silent Spring na 1962, nke a naeto notụtụ ebe maka inyere aka ịmalite usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na United States.[1] Na Jenụwarị 28, 1969, ụbọchị asatọ mgbe Richard Nixon ghọrọ onye isi ala nke iri atọ na asaa, mgbawa na ala oké osimiri dị nso na Union Oil's Platform "A" na mpaghara Dos Cuadras gbawara netiti 80,000 na 100,000 barrels (16,000 m3) nke mmanụ nime mmiri nke Santa Barbara Channel, nso Santa Barbara, California.[2] Mmanụ ahụ naawụfu emetọ ihe dị ka kilomita 60 nụsọ oké osimiri, naemebi anụ ọhịa ndị dị n'oké osimiri ma naeme ka akụ na ụba ịkụ azụ dị nógbè ahụ.[3] Ihe omume ahụ dugara na nkatọ zuru oke nke Union Oil na ụlọ ọrụ naegwu mmanụ nụsọ oké osimiri. Nabalị iri abụọ na abụọ nọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1970, ụbọchị mbụ nke ụwa mere ka ọtụtụ nde ndị America gbakọọ aka iji mee ngagharị iwe nudo iji kwado mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi.[4]

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1969, Onye isi ala Richard Nixon kwuru maka nchegbu ndị a gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ịmepụta Kansụl Naahụ Maka Ịdị Mma nke Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na kọmitii ya, yana Kọmitii Naahụ maka Ịdị Mma gburugburu ebe obibi.

Nọnwa Disemba nke otu afọ ahụ, Congress weputara National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), iwu nke e bu nuche "ịmepụta ma debe ọnọdụ nke mmadụ na okike nwere ike ịdị ntu naarụpụta ihe" na "ịhụ na ndị America niile nwere nchekwa, ahụike, naarụ ọrụ, mara mma na ọdịbendị naatọ ụtọ". NEPA chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti ọ bụla naeme atụmatụ ọrụ nke gaemetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nye akụkọ banyere ihe nwere ike ịpụta na atụmatụ ya.[5] Onye isi ala Nixon bịanyere aka na iwu ahụ nụbọchị Afọ Ọhụrụ 1970, naekwupụta "na afọ 1970 gaabụrịrị afọ ndị America ji ụgwọ ya noge gara aga site ninweta ịdị ọcha nke ikuku ya, mmiri ya, na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị".[5]

Atụmatụ ịhazigharị na nhazi nke EPA[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ntọala[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Onye isi ala Nixon chepụtara atụmatụ nhazi nke 3 na ozi e zigara na Congress na July 9, 1970. E nyere atụmatụ ahụ ikike site na mmezigharị 1966 na Isiokwu 5 nke United States Code (Government Organization and Employees). Mgbe ha nwesịrị mkparịta ụka noge ọkọchị ahụ, Ụlọ na Senate kwadoro atụmatụ ahụ. [citation needed] Nadịghị ka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị ka Occupational Safety and Health Administration (nke e guzobekwara na 1970), e guzobeghị EPA site na otu iwu naenyere Congress aka.

Akụkụ nke EPA[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nozi o zigara onye isi ala Congress, Nixon kwuru na gọọmentị mba ahụ "a hazighị ya ka ọ bụrụ mwakpo a haziri ahazi na mmetọ nke naeme ka ikuku anyị naeku ume, mmiri anyị naaṅụ, na ala naakụ nri anyị". Dị ka Nixon si kwuo, ọrụ na ibu ọrụ ndị e kenyere maka njikwa mmetọ maka gburugburu ebe obibi gbasara netiti ọtụtụ ngalaba dị iche iche, naemepụta usoro nke naemekarị ka "omume dị irè na nke a haziri ahazi" ghara ịdị. Iji mepụta usoro jikọtara ọnụ na nke dị irè maka ịnagide mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ tụrụ aro "ịchịkọta notu ụlọ ọrụ dịgasị iche iche nke nyocha, nlekota, ịtọ ụkpụrụ na ọrụ mmanye ugbu a gbasasịrị nọtụtụ ngalaba na ụlọ ọrụ". Akụkụ nke ebumnuche nke nhazi ahụ bụkwa iwepụ ọrụ nchịkwa mmetọ site na ngalaba nwere ọdịmma nkwalite akụ na ụba, dịka a naahụ ya dị ka esemokwu nke ọdịmma.[6]

Nokpuru usoro nke Reorganization Plan No. 3, a gaemepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi iji mụta ụlọ ọrụ ndị a:

  • Site na Ngalaba nke Interior, EPA gaamịkọrọ Federal Water Quality Administration dum, yana ọrụ nyocha ọgwụ ahụhụ dị nebe ọzọ na ngalaba ahụ.
  • Site na Ngalaba Ahụike, Mmụta, na Ọrụ Ahụike Ọha, EPA gaamịkọrọ National Air Pollution Control Administration niile; Ngalaba Naahụ Maka Nchịkwa Mgbasa Ozi, Ngalaba Naahụ Maka Ịdị ọcha Mmiri, na akụkụ nke Ngalaba Ahụ Ike Radiological, na ọrụ ụfọdụ metụtara ọgwụ ahụhụ nke Food and Drug Administration.
  • Site na Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo, a gaebufe ọrụ nke Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọrụ Ugbo iji debanye aha ọgwụ ahụhụ.
  • Ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ ahụ gaenwetakwa ikike nke Council on Environmental Quality iji mee ọmụmụ ihe na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ nke Federal Radiation Council (nke a na-etinye kpamkpam na EPA) na Atomic Energy Commission gbasara ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ radiation.[7]

Ọrụ nke EPA[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

William Ruckelshaus, onye nchịkwa mbụ nke EPA

Na Disemba 16, 1970, onye nchịkwa mbụ nke EPA, William Ruckelshaus, kwupụtara na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere "ibu ọrụ sara mbara maka nyocha, idozi ụkpụrụ, nlekota na mmanye nihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi ise; mmetọ ikuku na mmiri, mkpofu ihe siri ike, radiation, na ọgwụ ahụhụ".[8]

Na Reorganization Plan No. 3, Onye isi ala Nixon depụtara ihe ndị a dị ka ọrụ na ọrụ nke EPA: iguzobe na itinye ụkpụrụ nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi kwekọrọ na ebumnuche gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba; ịme nyocha banyere mmetụta ọjọọ nke mmetọ na ụzọ na ngwá ọrụ maka ịchịkwa ya, ịnakọta ozi gbasara mmetọ, na iji ozi a mee ka mmemme nchebe gburugburu Ebe obibi sie ike ma tụọ aro mgbanwe iwu; inyere ndị ọzọ aka, site na enyemaka, enyemaka teknụzụ na ụzọ ndị ọzọ na ijide mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi maka imepe iwu ọhụrụ na ịtụ aro.

Ihe ịma aka iwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A kwadoro atụmatụ 1970 na mbụ nokpuru usoro pụrụ iche nke ndị omeiwu mana a naenyo iwu ya enyo nihi mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha, 462 U.S. 919 (1983). Nzukọ ndị omeiwu zaghachiri site nịmepụta Mgbanwe Iwu Nhazi na Pub. L. , nke a bịanyere aka na Nọvemba 8, 1984.[9] Ndezigharị ahụ gbasaa ike nke Onye isi ala iji kwurịta okwu na atụmatụ Congress nke ịhazigharị ụlọ ọrụ n'ime ngalaba nchịkwa.[10]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Josie Glausiusz. (2007), "Better Planet: Can A Maligned Pesticide Save Lives?" Discover Magazine, p. 34.
  2. ↑ Answers.com Unocal Corporation company history. Retrieved on June 14, 2008
  3. ↑ Nedelkoff. "RN and the Formation of the EPA", Domestic Policy, Richard Nixon Foundation, June 14, 2010. Retrieved on November 10, 2010.
  4. ↑ Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Lewis
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named revolution
  6. ↑ Elkins (October 2013). Transcript of "Behind the Scenes at the Creation of the EPA" Video. EPA Alumni Association. Retrieved on August 20, 2018.
  7. ↑ Records of the Environmental Protection Agency. National Archives (2016-08-15).
  8. ↑ Ruckelshaus (December 16, 1970). First Administrator on establishment of EPA. EPA. Archived from the original on August 27, 2010. Retrieved on October 31, 2010.
  9. ↑ "Nuclear Regulatory Legislation", Office of the General Counsel, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, May 2009, accessed November 10, 2010.
  10. ↑ United States. Act of November 8, 1984, 98 Stat. 3192.
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