Nkwupụta ụdaolu

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 Subvocalization, ma ọ bụ okwu na-adịghị ekwu okwu, bụ okwu dị n'ime nke a na-emekarị mgbe a na-agụ ya; ọ na-enye ụda nke okwu ahụ ka a na-agụrụ ya. [1][2]Nke a bụ usoro okike mgbe ị na-agụ, ọ na-enyekwa uche aka ịnweta ihe ọ pụtara iji ghọta ma Cheta ihe a na-agụ.

[3]

Okwu a dị n'ime bụ nke a na-eji obere mmegharị na akpịrị na uru ahụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta okwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime mmegharị ndị a enweghị ike ịchọpụta (na-enweghị enyemaka nke igwe) site n'aka onye na-agụ. [4]Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mejupụtara Alan Baddeley na Graham Hitch's phonological loop proposal nke na-akọwa maka nchekwa nke ụdị ozi ndị a n'ime obere oge.[5]

Subvocalization, ma ọ bụ okwu na-adịghị ekwu okwu, bụ okwu dị n'ime nke a na-emekarị mgbe a na-agụ ya; ọ na-enye ụda nke okwu ahụ ka a na-agụrụ ya. [6][7]Nke a bụ usoro okike mgbe ị na-agụ, ọ na-enyekwa uche aka ịnweta ihe ọ pụtara iji ghọta ma Cheta ihe a na-agụ.[8]

Okwu a dị n'ime bụ nke a na-eji obere mmegharị na akpịrị na uru ahụ ndị ọzọ na-emetụta okwu. Ọtụtụ n'ime mmegharị ndị a enweghị ike ịchọpụta (na-enweghị enyemaka nke igwe) site n'aka onye na-agụ. [8]Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe ndị mejupụtara Alan Baddeley na Graham Hitch's phonological loop proposal nke na-akọwa maka nchekwa nke ụdị ozi ndị a n'ime obere oge.[9]

the larynx and associated musculature
Ọkpụkpụ akpịrị na uru ahụ metụtara ya

Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nyocha subvocalization[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A tụlere subvocalization laa azụ na 1868. [7]Ọ bụ naanị n'afọ 1899 ka e mere nnwale iji dekọọ mmegharị nke akpịrị site n'ịgụ ihe n'olu site n'aka onye nchọpụta aha ya bụ H.S. Curtis, onye kwubiri na ịgụ ihe n'enweghị ụda bụ naanị ọrụ uche nke mepụtara nnukwu mmegharị nke akwara.[10][7]

N'afọ 1950, Edfelt nwetara ọganihu mgbe o mepụtara ngwá ọrụ eletrik nke nwere ike idekọ mmegharị. O kwubiri na usoro ọhụrụ dị mkpa iji dekọọ ozi n'ụzọ ziri ezi nakwa na a ga-eme mgbalị iji ghọta ihe omume a kama iwepụ ya. [7]Mgbe mgbalị ndị na-agaghị nke ọma na-anwa ibelata okwu na-adịghị ekwu okwu n'ime ndị sonyere na ọmụmụ ihe, na 1952, ọ bịara na nkwubi okwu na-ekwu okwu na-agbachi nkịtị bụ ọrụ mmepe nke na-eme ka mmụta sie ike ma ekwesighi ịkpaghasị ya n'oge mmepe.    N'afọ 1960, Edfelt kwadoro echiche a.[citation needed][7]

Usoro maka ịmụ subvocalization[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A na-amụkarị subvocalization site na iji ihe ndekọ electromyography (EMG), ọrụ ikwu okwu n'otu oge, onyinyo, na usoro ndị ọzọ.[11][12][13][14][12][12][13]

Enwere ike iji EMG mee ihe iji gosipụta ogo mmadụ na-agbanye ma ọ bụ iji zụọ mgbochi subvocalization. [11][15]A na-eji EMG edekọ ọrụ eletrik nke uru ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na subvocalization. Ọrụ eletrik ka ukwuu na-egosi ojiji siri ike nke subvocalization. [11][15]N'ihe banyere ọzụzụ mgbochi, a na-egosi onye a na-enye ọzụzụ ihe ndekọ EMG nke ha ka ha na-anwa ibelata mmegharị nke uru ahụ. [15]Ihe ndekọ EMG na-enye ohere ka mmadụ nyochaa ma belata subvocalization.[15]

N'ọrụ ikwu okwu n'otu oge, a na-agwa ndị sonyere na nyocha ka ha mezue ọrụ a kapịrị ọnụ maka nnwale ahụ ma na-ekwughachi okwu na-enweghị isi n'otu ụzọ ahụ. [12]Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịgwa mmadụ ka ọ gụọ paragraf mgbe ọ na-agụghachi okwu "cola" ugboro ugboro. [14]A na-eche na ikwu okwu na-enweghị isi ugboro ugboro na-echegbu ndị articulators eji na subvocalization. [12]Ya mere, enweghị ike iji subvocalization mee ihe na nhazi uche nke ọrụ a na-amụ. A na-ejikarị ndị sonyere na-ekwu okwu n'otu oge tụnyere ndị ọzọ sonyere na nyocha ahụ bụ ndị rụchara otu ọrụ ahụ n'enweghị mgbochi subvocalization. Ọ bụrụ na arụmọrụ na ọrụ ahụ dị obere maka ndị nọ n'òtù ọrụ na-ekwu okwu n'otu oge karịa maka ndị nọ na ìgwè na-adịghị etinye aka, a kwenyere na subvocalization na-arụ ọrụ na nhazi uche nke ọrụ ahụ. [12][13][14][15]Ndị sonyere n'òtù ntụnyere na-enweghị mgbochi na-emekarị ọrụ dị iche, ma na-adọpụ uche nke na-emetụtaghị uru ahụ articulator (ya bụ, ịpị). [13][15]Nke a na-eme ka o doo anya na ọdịiche dị n'etiti arụmọrụ dị n'agbata ìgwè abụọ ahụ bụ n'ezie n'ihi nsogbu subvocalization ọ bụghị n'ihi nchebara echiche dị ka ihe isi ike ọrụ ma ọ bụ nkewa na nlebara anya.[13][15]

Shadowing yiri ọrụ ikwu okwu n'otu oge. Kama ikwughachi okwu na-enweghị isi, onyinyo chọrọ ka ndị sonyere gee ndepụta nke okwu na ikwughachi maloba ndị ahụ ngwa ngwa o kwere mee ka ha na-arụ ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị na-eme nnwale na-amụ.[12]

Usoro maka mgbochi subvocalization nwekwara ike ịgụnye ịgụta, ịta ma ọ bụ ịkpọchi agbà mmadụ mgbe ị na-etinye ire n'elu ọnụ mmadụ.[13][14][16][16]

Nkwupụta ụdaolu na-agụnye nlekota mmegharị nke ire na ụda olu nke nwere ike ịkọwa site na sensọ electromagnetic. Site n'iji electrodes na nanocircuitry, enwere ike inweta telepathic na-enye ndị mmadụ ohere ikwurịta okwu n'ụzọ dị jụụ.[17]

Ihe ndị e si na ya pụta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Nnyocha n'ime ndabere evolushọn nke subvocalization dị ugbu a oke. Ihe a na-amaghị nke ọma bụ maka nnweta asụsụ na ncheta. Ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na-atụ aro na mmepe nke subvocalization nwere njikọ na akụkụ modular nke ụbụrụ. [18]E nweela ọtụtụ nchọpụta na ndabere evolushọn nke ụtọ asụsụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. [18]Echiche ahụ bụ na ọ bụ ezie na asụsụ a kapịrị ọnụ onye na-amụta na mbụ dabere na ọdịbendị mmadụ, a na-amị asụsụ niile site na ịrụ ọrụ nke "modu asụsụ" zuru ụwa ọnụ nke dị na nke ọ bụla n'ime anyị. [18]Echiche a nke uche modular bụ echiche zuru oke nke ga-enyere aka ịchọpụta ncheta na mmekọrịta ya na asụsụ n'ụzọ doro anya karị, ma eleghị anya mee ka ntọala evolushọn nke subvocalization. Ihe akaebe maka uche nwere modulu maka ọrụ dị elu bụ ihe atụ na enwere ike iji awa na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'elu injin ụgbọ ala na mgbalị iji dozie ngwọta, mana, n'ụzọ dị iche, enwere ike ịghọta, ghọta, kọwaa ma zaghachi ya na sekọnd. [18]Nnyocha a kapịrị ọnụ banyere subvocalization nwere ike ịbụ obere ugbu a mana enwere ọtụtụ ihe iji nyochaa n'ihe gbasara ucheIji bu modular. 

Ọdịdị ụbụrụ na usoro ndị metụtara ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

A ghọtabeghị usoro ụbụrụ nke subvocalization. Ọ dị mma ikwu na a na-eji ihe karịrị otu akụkụ nke ụbụrụ eme ihe, nakwa na ọ dịghị otu ule nwere ike ikpughe usoro niile dị mkpa. Nnyocha na-ejikarị ihe omume metụtara ihe omume; mgbanwe dị mkpirikpi na EEG (electroencephalography) iji gosipụta ọrụ ụbụrụ, ma ọ bụ fMRIs.

Subvocalization nwere njikọ na okwu dị n'ime; mgbe a na-eji okwu dị n"ime, enwere ọrụ abụọ na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ aka ekpe. [19]Ọrụ a nwere ike ịnye echiche na lobes n'ihu nwere ike itinye aka na atụmatụ motor maka mmepụta okwu.[19]

A na-achịkwa ntụgharị ụdaolu site na nhazi elu ala; na-akpali echiche, ọ na-adabere na ozi dị na ebe nchekwa. [19][20]E nwere ihe akaebe maka nnukwu ọrụ nke akụkụ aka ekpe na ala na etiti ihu ihu na ala parietal gyrus n'oge ntụgharị subvocal. [19]A chọpụtakwala na Mpaghara Broca nwere ọrụ na ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ na-enyocha ntụgharị ụda olu.[21]

A na-enyocha ịgụ okwu na ịgụta ọnụ mgbe ndị na-eme nnwale na-ele subvocalization. Ọrụ ndị a na-egosi ịrụ ọrụ na cortices n'ihu, hippocampus na thalamus maka ịgụta ọnụ. [19]Ịgụ ihe n'emeghị mkpọtụ na-eme ka akụkụ ndị yiri nke cortex na-anụ ihe na-emetụta ige ntị.[19]

N'ikpeazụ, loop phonological; nke Baddeley na Hitch chepụtara dị ka "inwe ọrụ maka nchekwa nwa oge nke ozi dị ka okwu" bụ usoro ntụgharị ụda olu na-arụsi ọrụ ike, ọrụ na-esikarị na mpaghara okwu aka ekpe: Broca's, lateral na medial premotor cortices na Cerebellum.[22][23]

Ọrụ nke subvocalization na usoro ncheta[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Okirikiri ụdaolu na ntụgharị[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Ikike ichekwa ihe okwu na ebe nchekwa na-arụ ọrụ, na nchekwa nke ihe okwu na Ncheta dị mkpirikpi dabere na loop phonological. [9]Okirikiri a, nke Baddeley na Hitch chepụtara, na-anọchite anya usoro nke nwere ụlọ ahịa dị mkpirikpi nke a na-anọchi anya ihe ncheta na phonology, na usoro ntụgharị. Nkwupụta a na-echekwa ma na-eme ka ihe dị ọhụrụ site na ime ka ọ dịghachi ma weghachite ya na nchekwa dị mkpirikpi, na subvocalization bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke nnwale a. [9]Usoro loop phonological na-egosipụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ntụgharị subvocal na nchekwa pụrụ iche maka ihe phonological. [9]Okirikiri phonological na-enye aka na ọmụmụ nke ọrụ nke subvocalization na olu dị n'ime na ihe oyiyi na-anụ ihe. [24]Subvocalization na phonological loop na-emekọrịta ihe n'ụzọ na-adabereghị na-egosi site na ihe dị iche iche ha chọrọ na ọrụ dị iche iche. [24]Ọrụ nke subvocalization n'ime ọrụ nke usoro ncheta dabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na itinye aka na Baddeley's proponological loop.

Ncheta na-arụ ọrụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  E nweela nchọpụta ndị na-akwado ọrụ nke subvocalization na usoro ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ijide ozi na ọnọdụ dị mfe na nke a na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ụdị ụfọdụ nke nhazi okwu dị n'ime nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka usoro ijide ọrụ ncheta ozugbo. [25]Ogologo oge ncheta na-arụ ọrụ bụ ihe omume nke "ịdị n'otu pụrụ iche" ma bụrụ ọrụ dị mma nke ọnụego subvocalization. [26]Ihe ndekọ nnwale egosila na oke a na-abawanye ka ọnụego nke subvocalization na-aba ụba, na oge achọrọ iji subvocalize ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe ndị mejupụtara a na-adịkarị otu. [25]data fMRI na-atụ aro na usoro nke mkpụrụedemede ise na-eru nso ikike nke onye ọ bụla maka icheta ozugbo nke dabere na ntụgharị ụdaolu naanị.[27]

Ncheta dị mkpirikpi[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  A na-ahụkwa ọrụ nke ntụgharị olu na ncheta dị mkpirikpi. Nnyocha egosila na ụdị ntụgharị a na-abara ụfọdụ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi uru. [9]Mgbanwe ụda olu nke na-eme mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ege ntị ma ọ bụ na-emegharị usoro ụda okwu ga-enyere onye ahụ aka ịnọgide na-anọchite anya ụda ndị a na ncheta ha dị mkpirikpi, na nchọpụta a na-akwado eziokwu ahụ bụ na igbochi mmepụta doro anya nke ụda anaghị emebi koodu nke ihe ndị dị na ncheta dị mkpirisi. [15]Nke a na-egosi ọrụ siri ike nke subvocalization na-arụ na ntinye nke ụda okwu n'ime ncheta dị mkpirikpi. Achọpụtakwala na ọdịiche asụsụ na arụmọrụ ncheta dị mkpirikpi n'etiti ndị na-asụ asụsụ abụọ na-emetụta, mana ọ bụghị naanị, site na ntụgharị ụda olu.[28]

A na-eche na mmepụta nke njehie ụda na ncheta dị mkpirikpi bụ, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, n'ihi subvocalization. [29]Ndị na-asụ nsụ ma ya mere nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke mkparịta ụka subvocal na-egosipụtakwa mmepụta dị mkpirikpi nke ihe ndị na-asị ngwa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-adịghị asụ nsụ.[30][31]

Ntinye koodu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Subvocalization na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu na koodu ncheta. Subvocalization yiri ka ọ na-eme ka ọ dịrị mfe ịsụgharị ozi asụsụ anya n'ime ozi acoustic na vice versa. [12][16][11]Dịka ọmụmaatụ, subvocalization na-eme mgbe mmadụ hụrụ okwu ma gwa ya ka ọ kwuo ya (lee-ekwu ọnọdụ), ma ọ bụ mgbe mmadụ nụrụ okwu ma gwa ka ọ dee ya (nụrụ-nụrụ), mana ọ bụghị mgbe a gwara mmadụ ka ọ hụ okwu wee dee ya (lee - dee ọnọdụ) ma ọ bụ nụ okwu wee kwuo ya (nwere-nụrụ). [11]Ọnọdụ ahụ na-ekwu na-agbanwe ozi anya n'ime ozi ụda. Ọnọdụ na-anụ-ede na-agbanwe ozi acoustic na ozi anya. Otú ọ dị, ọnọdụ ịhụ-ide na ịnụ-ekwu, na-anọgide n'otu ngalaba mmetụta ma ọ dịghị achọ ntụgharị n'ime ụdị koodu dị iche.[11]

A na-akwado nke a site na nchọpụta ndị na-atụ aro na a chọghị subvocalization maka koodu okwu, dịka okwu ndị a na-anụ adịlarị n'ụdị ụda ma si otú a banye n'ihe ncheta dị mkpirikpi kpọmkwem n'ejighị okwu subvocal. [15][16][16]Ọzọkwa, mgbochi subvocalization na-egbochi nghọta ịgụ ihe ma ọ bụghị nghọta ige ntị.[14]

Ọrụ na nghọta ọgụgụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Enwere ike ile ọrụ subvocalization na nghọta ọgụgụ anya dị ka ọrụ nke ọrụ mgbagwoju anya. Subvocalization na-emetụta obere ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị na nghọta ozugbo. [32]Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a naghị eji subvocalization eme ihe n'ime mkpebi ikpe homophone mana a na-ejikarị ya eme ihe maka nghọta nke ahịrịokwu na ọbụna karịa maka nghọta nke paragraf. [9][13]A na-eche na subvocalization nke na-asụgharị ozi ọgụgụ anya n'ime koodu ụda olu na-adịgide adịgide ma na-agbanwe agbanwe na-enye ohere maka njikọta nke echiche gara aga na ndị a na-edozi ugbu a.[33][14][32]

Ntụnyere na ịgụ ọsọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na-akwado ịgụ akwụkwọ ngwa ngwa na-ekwukarị na subvocalization na-etinye ibu arọ ọzọ na ihe ndị na-aghọta ihe, si otú a na-ebelata ịgụ akwụkwọ. Ihe ọmụmụ ịgba ọsọ na-edekarị omume ogologo oge iji wepụ subvocalizing mgbe ị na-agụ. Ndị nkuzi ịgụ ihe nkịtị na-ejikarị nkuzi ọgwụgwọ eme ihe na onye na-agụ ya nke na-agbanwe ụda olu ruo n'ókè nke na ha na-eme mmegharị anya na egbugbere ọnụ, agbà, ma ọ bụ akpịrị.[34]

Ọzọkwa, ọmụmụ fMRI na-atụnyere ndị na-agụ ngwa ngwa na ndị na-adịghị ngwa ngwa (n'oge ọrụ ịgụ ihe) na-egosi na n'etiti ìgwè abụọ ahụ enwere nnukwu ọdịiche na mpaghara ụbụrụ a na-arụ ọrụ. Karịsịa, achọpụtara na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ngwa ngwa na-egosi obere ọrụ na mpaghara ụbụrụ metụtara okwu, nke na-egosi na a na-enweta ọsọ dị elu, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ, site na mbelata nke subvocalization.[35]

Na ọnụego dị nwayọ (icheta, mmụta, na ịgụ maka nghọta), subvocalizing site n'aka onye na-agụ ya bụ ihe a na-achọpụta nke ọma. Na ọnụego ọsọ nke ịgụ (skimming na scanning), subvocalization bụ obere nchọpụta. Maka ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ruru eru, subvocalizing ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ ọbụna na ọnụego nyocha bụ ihe dị mma.[34]

Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, subvocalizing bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ịgụ na ịghọta okwu. Nnyocha nke micro-muscle na-egosi na iwepụ subvocalizing kpamkpam na nke na-adịgide adịgide agaghị ekwe omume.   Nke a nwere ike ịmalite n'ụzọ ndị mmadụ si amụta ịgụ ihe site anya ijikọta ịhụ okwu na ụda ha na-ekwu. [citation needed]Njikọ ụda maka okwu na- ìhè na usoro akwara - ọbụna nke ndị ntị chiri, ebe ọ bụ na ha ga-ejikọta okwu ahụ na usoro maka ịkpata ụda ma ọ bụ ihe ịrịba ama na otu Asụsụ ndị ogbi.   

Na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ ọgụgụ dị nwayọ (100-300 okwu kwa nkeji), subvocalizing nwere ike imeziwanye nghọta. [8]Subvocalizing ma ọ bụ n'ezie volizing nwere ike inye aka dị ukwuu mgbe mmadụ chọrọ ịmụta otu akụkụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Nke a bụ n'ihi na onye ahụ na-ekwughachi ozi ahụ n'ụzọ a na-anụ, yana ịhụ mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ na akwụkwọ.

Ihe osise ndị a na-anụ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Nkọwa nke ihe oyiyi na-anụ ihe yiri nkọwa eji eme ihe na ụdị ihe oyiyi ndị ọzọ (dị ka ihe oyiyi anya, ihe oyiyi na ihe oyiyi na'olfactory) n'ihi na ọ bụ, dị ka Intons-Peterson (1992) si kwuo, "nkwado introspective nke ahụmịhe na-anụ, gụnyere otu nke sitere na ihe ndị sitere na ncheta ogologo oge, na enweghị mkpali mmetụta nke ahụ.  Ihe oyiyi na-anụ ihe na-enwekarị ma ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka subvocalization na-emetụta ya, ọ nwekwara njikọ na usoro ntụgharị nke ncheta na-arụ ọrụ. [24][9]Echiche nke ebe nchekwa na-arụ ọrụ dabere na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti "ntị dị n'ime" na "olu dị n'okpuru" (subvocalization), a na-ekwukwa na usoro ncheta a bụ ntọala nke ihe oyiyi na-anụ ihe. Subvocalization na ụlọ ahịa phonological na-arụ ọrụ na mmekorita n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ihe oyiyi.[9]

E dekọrọ ókè onyinyo na-anụ ihe nwere ike imetụta nchọpụta, koodu na ncheta nke ihe mkpali site na mmekọrịta ya na nghọta na ncheta. [24]A tụwo aro na ihe oyiyi na-anụ ihe nwere ike ibelata mmebi nke ncheta maka pitch, dịka T. A. Keller, Cowan, na Saults (1995) gosipụtara na mgbochi nke ntụgharị mere ka mbelata arụmọrụ ncheta maka ọrụ ntụnyere pitch site na iwebata ihe na-adọpụ uche na asọmpi. [24]A kọwakwara na ihe oyiyi na-anụ ihe maka ihe ndị na-ekwu okwu na-emebi mgbe a na-egbochi subvocalization. [36]Nchọpụta ndị a na-egosi na subvocalization bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ihe oyiyi na ntụgharị.

N'ịgbaso usoro subvocalization maka ihe oyiyi na-anụ ihe bụ n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ihe oyiyi na'anụ ihe anaghị agụnye okwu ma ọ bụ ihe na-akpali akpali yiri okwu, dị ka egwu na ụda gburugburu ebe obibi. [37]Otú ọ dị, iji lụso isi ihe a ọgụ, a tụwo aro na a ga-eme ntụgharị nke ụda ndị na-abụghị okwu site na usoro phonological a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ, ọbụlagodi na ịmepụta ụda ndị na'ime usoro a agaghị ekwe omume.[38]

Ọrụ ọ na-arụ n'okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

E nwere ụdị mmadụ abụọ n'ozuzu ha mgbe ọ na-abịa na subvocalization. E nwere Low-Vocalizers na High-Vocalizaers. [39]N'iji electromyography dekọọ ikike ọrụ muscle nke larynx (ya bụ, mmegharị nke akpịrị), a na-ekewa mmadụ n'okpuru vocalizer dị elu ma ọ bụ dị ala dabere na mmegharị nke uru ahụ dị na akpịrị na-aga n'oge ọgụgụ nkịtị.

Nchịkwa nke ike ikwu okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ọtụtụ mgbe na ụda olu dị elu na nke dị ala, a na-achịkwa ọnụego okwu mgbe niile dabere na ike / oke okwu (nke a na-ekwu na ogologo oge na-egbu oge n'etiti ọgụgụ na-emetụta ya) na ịbawanye igbu oge nke okwu na olu ndị na-anụ ihe bụ mmetụta a na-akpọ "nkwupụta ntị". [39]Ịbawanye ike olu mgbe ị na-agụ ihe chọpụtara na ọ dị elu na ndị na-ekwu okwu dị ala karịa ndị na-eme okwu dị elu. [39]Ekwenyere na n'ihi na ndị na-eme ụda olu dị elu nwere nnukwu mmegharị nke akpịrị n'oge ọgụgụ nkịtị, ndị na-ekwu okwu dị ala na-agụ ụda iji kwụọ ụgwọ maka enweghị mmegharị a ka ha wee nwee ike ịghọta ihe ahụ. [39]Mgbe ndị mmadụ na-aga "nkuzi nri", ebe ha maara banyere mmegharị ahụ ndị a, ọdịiche a na-ebelata.[39]

Ọrụ ọ na-arụ n'ikwu okwu[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  Nkwupụta n'oge okwu na-adịghị ekwu okwu dị mkpa, ọ bụ ezie na okwu anaghị adabere naanị na nkwuwa okwu. Enweghị nkwonkwo nwere ike belata ntinye mmetụta site na mmegharị nke akpịrị gaa na ụbụrụ iji ghọta ozi a na-agụ ma na-emebi mmepụta okwu na-aga n'ihu n'oge ịgụ na iche echiche. [39]Okwu ndị yiri nke ọma na-ebelata nkwubi okwu, na-akpata mgbochi, ma nwee ike belata ntụgharị ụda olu. [40]Dị ka nkwupụta nke okwu ndị yiri ya na-emetụta subvocalization, enwere mmụba na njehie ụda maka ncheta na ncheta dị mkpirikpi.[40]

Imebi ma ọ bụ igbochi nkwonkwo na-akpata mmetụta dị ukwuu na arụmọrụ. [41]Ihe atụ nke mgbochi nkwuwa okwu bụ ikwughachi otu okwu ahụ ọtụtụ ugboro dịka 'the' na ịnwa iburu okwu ndị ọzọ n'isi n'ime ncheta dị mkpirikpi. Ọ bụ ezie na enwere ike inye akara ngosi maka okwu ndị a na mgbalị iweghachite ha, a ga-echeta okwu maka akara ngosi na-ezighi ezi ma ọ bụ a gaghị echeta ya ma ọlị.[41]

Schizophrenia na subvocalization[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Ndị na-arịa schizophrenia a maara na ha na-enwe ọhụụ nwere ike igosi nsonaazụ nke ịrụ ọrụ nke uru ahụ na akpịrị. [42]N'iji electromyography dekọọ mmegharị nke uru ahụ, ndị na-ahụ ọhụụ gosipụtara nnukwu ọrụ uru ahụ tupu ọhụụ ndị a emee. [42]Otú ọ dị, a naghị achọpụta ọrụ a n'ụzọ dị mfe nke pụtara na a ghaghị ịtụle mmegharị ahụ n'ọtụtụ ebe. [42]Ọ bụ ezie na a chọrọ ihe sara mbara iji chọpụta mmegharị ahụ, a ka na-ewere ya dị ka subvocalization. A chọrọ ọtụtụ nnyocha iji jikọta subvocalization na hallucination mana ọtụtụ ndị schizophrenics na-akọ "ịanụ olu" (dị ka hallucinations) na-abịa site na akpịrị ha. Obere eziokwu a nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-egosi ma ọ bụrụ na enwere ezigbo njikọ n'etiti subvocalization na hallucinations, mana ọ na-esiri ike ịhụ njikọ a n'ihi na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndị ọrịa na-ahụ hallucinaments.[42]

Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

  1. ↑ Carver, R. P. (1990) Reading Rate: A Comprehensive Review of Research and Theory (1990)
  2. ↑ Cleland, D. L., Davies, W. C and T. C. 1963. Research in Reading. The Reading Teacher, 16(4), 224-228
  3. ↑ Rayner, Keith and Pollatsek, Alexander (1994) The Psychology of Reading
  4. ↑ Rayner, Keith and Pollatsek, Alexander (1994) The Psychology of Reading
  5. ↑ Smith, J. D., Wilson, M., & Reisberg, D. (1995). The role of subvocalization in auditory imagery. Neuropsychologia, 33(11), 1433-1454.
  6. ↑ Carver, R. P. (1990) Reading Rate: A Comprehensive Review of Research and Theory (1990)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Cleland, D. L., Davies, W. C and T. C. 1963. Research in Reading. The Reading Teacher, 16(4), 224-228
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Rayner, Keith and Pollatsek, Alexander (1994) The Psychology of Reading
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Smith, J. D., Wilson, M., & Reisberg, D. (1995). The role of subvocalization in auditory imagery. Neuropsychologia, 33(11), 1433-1454.
  10. ↑ Curtis (1900). "Automatic Movements of the Larynx". American Journal of Psychology 11 (11): 237–239. DOI:10.2307/1412271. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Locke, J., & Fehr, F. (1972). Subvocalization of Heard or Seen Words Prior to Spoken or Written Recall. The American Journal of Psychology, 8(1), 63-68.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Levy, B. A. (1971). Role of Articulation in Auditory and Visual Short-Term Memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 123-132.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 Daneman, M., & Newson, M. (1992). Assessing the Importance of Subvocalization in Normal Silent Reading. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 4, 55-77.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 Slowiaczek, M., & Clifton, C. (1980). Subvocalization and reading for meaning. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 19.5, 573-582.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 Cole, R. A., & Young, M. (1975). Effect of subvocalization on memory for speech sounds. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 1(6), 772-779.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Eiter, B., & Inhoff, A. (2010). Visual Word Recognition During Reading by Subvocal Articulation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35(2), 457-470.
  17. ↑ Temporary Tattoos Could Make Electronic Telepathy, Telekinesis Possible. Txchnologist.com. Archived from the original on 25 March 2017. Retrieved on 10 June 2016.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Buller, D. J. (2005). Adapting Minds: Evolutionary Psychology and the Persistent Quest for Human Nature. Massachusetts: The MIT Press
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 Girbau, D. (2007). A Neurocognitive Approach to the Study of Private Speech. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 10(1), 41-51
  20. ↑ Klob, B. & Whishaw, I.Q. (2009). ‘’Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology’’ (6th ed.). New York, NY: Worth Publishers
  21. ↑ Burgess, N. & Hitch, G. J. (1999). Memory for Serial Order: A Network Model of the Phonological Loop and its Timing. Psychological Review, 106(3), 551-581
  22. ↑ Baddeley, A., Eysenck, M. W. & Anderson, M. C. (2009). Memory. New York, NY: Psychology Press
  23. ↑ Gruber, O. (2001). Effects of Domain-specific Interference on Brain Activation Associated with Verbal Working Memory Task Performance. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 1047-1055
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 24.4 Hubbard, T.L. (2010). Auditory imagery: empirical findings. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 302-329.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Standing, L., Bond, B., Smith, P., Isley, C. (1980). Is the immediate memory span determined by subvocalization rate? British Journal of Psychology, 71(4), 535-539
  26. ↑ Standing, L., & Curtis, L. (1989). Subvocalization rate versus other predictors of the memory span. Psychological Reports,65(2), 487-495.
  27. ↑ Logie, R.H., Venneri, A., Sala, S.D., Redpath, T.W., Marshall, I. (2003). Brain activation and the phonological loop: the impact of rehearsal. Brain and Cognition, 53(2), 293-296.
  28. ↑ Thorn, A. S. C., & Gathercole, S. E. (2001). Language differences in verbal short-term memory do not exclusively originate in the process of subvocal rehearsal. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 8(2), 357-364.
  29. ↑ Glassman, W.E. (1972). Subvocal activity and acoustic confusions in short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 96(1), 164-169.
  30. ↑ Bosshardt, H. (1990). Subvocalization and reading rate differences between stuttering and nonstuttering children and adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 3”, 776-785.
  31. ↑ Bosshardt, H. (1993). Differences between stutterers and nonstutterers short-term recall and recognition performance.”Journal of Speech & Hearing Research, 36(2)”, 286-293.
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Aaronson, D., & Ferres, S. (1986). Reading Strategies for Children and Adults: A Quantitative Model. Psychological Review, 93(1), 89-112.
  33. ↑ Baddeley, A., Eldridge, M., & Lewis, V. (1981). The role of subvocalisation in reading.. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A: Human Experimental Psychology, 33(4), 439-454
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 McWhorter, K. (2002) Efficient and Flexible Reading. Longman
  35. ↑ Bremer (2016-01-20). The Manual: A Guide to the Ultimate Study Method, 2, Fons Sapientiae Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9934964-0-0. 
  36. ↑ Aleman, A., & vant Wout, M. (2004). Subvocalization in auditory-verbal imagery: Just a form of motor imagery? Cognitive Processing, 5(4), 228-231.
  37. ↑ Pitt, M. A., & Crowder, R. G. (1992). The role of spectral and dynamic cues in imagery for musical timbre. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance, 18, 728–738.
  38. ↑ Baddeley, A. D., & Logie, R. H. (1992). Auditory imagery and working memory. In D. Reisberg (Ed.), Auditory imagery pp. 179–197.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 39.4 39.5 Aarons, L. (1971). Subvocalization: Aural and emg feedback in reading. ‘’Perceptual and Motor Skills’’, ‘’33’’(1), 271-306
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Glassman, W. E. (1972). Subvocal activity and acoustic confusions in short-term memory. ‘’Journal of Experimental Psychology’’, ‘’96’’(1), 164-169.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Neath, I. (2000). Modeling the effects of irrelevant speech on memory. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 7(3), 403-423.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Green, M. F., & Kinsbourne, M. (1990). Subvocal activity and auditory hallucinations: Clues for behavioral treatments?. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 16(4), 617-625.

Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

 

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