Nri anụmanụ
Nri anụmanụ bụ nri a na-enye anụ ụlọ, ọkachasị anụ ụlọ, n'oge a na-azụ anụmanụ. Enwere ụdị isi abụọ: nri nri na nri nri. N'iji naanị ya, okwu nri na-ezokarị aka nri nri. Nri anụmanụ bụ ntinye dị mkpa n'ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ, ma na-abụkarị ọnụ ahịa bụ isi nke ịzụ ma ọ bụ idobe anụmanụ. Ugbo na-anwa ibelata ego maka nri a, site n'ịzụlite nke ha, na-ata anụ, ma ọ bụ na-agbakwunye nri ndị dị oke ọnụ na ihe mgbakwunye, dị ka ihe mkpofu nri dị ka ọka a na-emefu site na ime biya biya.
Ọdịmma anụmanụ na-adabere na nri nke na-egosipụta nri ziri ezi nke ọma. Ụfọdụ omume ọrụ ugbo ọgbara ọhụrụ, dị ka ịma ehi n'ọka ma ọ bụ n'ọtụtụ nri, nwere mmetụta na-emerụ ahụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na anụmanụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụbara ọka ma ọ bụ ọka ndị ọzọ na nri maka ehi, na-eme ka microbiomes ha dịkwuo acidic na-eme ka usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ ghara ịda mbà ma na-eme ka ehi bụrụ vector maka E. coli, ebe usoro nri ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime ka mmetụta anụmanụ dịkwuo mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịzụ ehi ụfọdụ ụdị ahịhịa mmiri, na-ebelata mmepụta nke methane, na-ebelata ikuku griin na-esi na mmepụta anụ..[1]
Mgbe nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta ndị ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ, dị ka ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ ihu igwe siri ike nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na-akpata, ndị ọrụ ugodi na-agbanwekarị nri anụmanụ dị oke ọnụ, nke nwere ike imetụta akụ na ụba ha. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụkọ mmiri ozuzo nke afọ 2017 na Senegal belatara nnweta nke ala ịta nri na-eduga na ịrị elu na ọnụahịa maka nri anụmanụ arụpụtara, na-eme ka ndị ọrụ ugbo ree akụkụ buru ibu nke ìgwè atụrụ ha.[2] Tụkwasị na nke a, ọrụ ugbo maka ịmepụta nri anụmanụ na-etinye nrụgide n'iji ala eme ihe: ihe ọkụkụ na-azụ anụ chọrọ ala nke a ga-eji mee ihe maka nri mmadụ ma nwee ike ịbụ otu n'ime ihe ndị na-akpali mgbukpọ ọhịa, mmebi ala na mgbanwe ihu igwe.[3]
"Fodder" na-ezo aka karịsịa na nri ma ọ bụ nri e nyere ụmụ anụmanụ (gụnyere osisi ndị a gbuturu ma buru ha), karịa nke ha na-eri maka onwe ha. Ọ na-agụnye ahịhịa, ahịhịhịa ahịhịrị, ahịhi, ahịha, ahịhan, ahịhin, ahịhon na ahịhọn. Ahịhịa na ihe ọkụkụ fọdụrụnụ bụ isi iyi kachasị mkpa nke nri anụmanụ n'ụwa niile.[5][6] Mkpụrụ ọka mejupụtara 11% nke ngụkọta ihe kpọrọ nkụ nke anụ ụlọ na-eri n'ụwa niile na ihe ọkụkụ mmanụ dị ka achịcha soybean mejupụtara 5% . [5][6] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọka e ji mepụta otu anụ ahụ dịgasị iche n'etiti ụdị na usoro mmepụta.[5][6] Dị ka FAO si kwuo, anụ ndị na-eri nri chọrọ nkezi nke 2.8 kilogram nke ọka iji mepụta 1 kilogram nke anụ ebe monogastrics chọrọ 3.2 . [5][6] Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a dịgasị iche n'etiti 0.1 maka usoro ruminant sara mbara ruo 9.4 na ebe a na-azụ anụ, na site na 0.1 na mmepụta ọkụkọ n'azụ ụlọ ruo 4 na mmepụta ezì.[5][6] A pụkwara inye azụ̀ a na-azụ n'ugbo nri ma jiri ọbụna obere karịa ọkụkọ. Mkpụrụ nri abụọ kachasị mkpa bụ ọka na soybean, na United States bụ onye kachasị ebupụ ha abụọ, na-eme ihe dị ka ọkara nke ahịa ọka zuru ụwa ọnụ na 40% nke ahịa soy zuru ụwa ọnụ n'afọ ndị na-eduga n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2012.[7] Mkpụrụ nri ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọka wit, oats, ọka bali, na osikapa, n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.
Ebe ọdịnala a na-enweta nri anụmanụ na-agụnye ihe oriri ndị a na-etinye n'ụlọ na ihe ndị ọzọ a na-emepụta n'ụlọ ọrụ Nhazi nri dị ka igwe nri na ịṅụ mmanya. Ihe fọdụrụ site na ịpị ihe ọkụkụ mmanụ dị ka ahụekere, soy, na ọka bụ ihe dị mkpa maka nri. A na-akpọ ihe ndị a na-enye ezì slop, a na-akpọkwa ndị a na'enye ọkụkọ scratch. Mkpụrụ ọka a na-eme n'oge a na-aṅụ mmanya bụ ihe a na-emepụta site na ime biya nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe dị ka nri anụmanụ.
Ihe oriri bụ nri a na-agwakọta site na ihe dị iche iche na ihe mgbakwunye. A na-ahazi ngwakọta ndị a dịka ihe achọrọ nke anụmanụ ahụ. A na-emepụta ha site na ihe oriri dị ka ụdị nri, pellet ma ọ bụ crumbles. Ihe ndị a na-eji eme nri a kwadebere maka azụmahịa bụ ọka nri, nke gụnyere ọka, soybeans, sorghum, oats, na ọka bali.
Nri ndị mejupụtara nwekwara ike ịgụnye premixes, nke a pụkwara ire iche. Premixes nwere microingredients dị ka vitamin, mineral, chemical preservatives, antibiotics, fermentation products, na ihe ndị ọzọ a zụrụ n'aka ụlọ ọrụ premix, na-abụkarị n'ụdị a na-ewepụ, maka ịgwakọta n'ime nri azụmahịa. N'ihi nnweta nke ngwaahịa ndị a, ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji ọka nke ha nwere ike ịhazi nri nke ha ma mesie ha obi ike na ụmụ anụmanụ ha na-enweta ọkwa mineral na vitamin a tụrụ aro, [8] ọ bụ ezie na ha ka nọ n'okpuru Ntuziaka Nri.
Dị ka American Feed Industry Association si kwuo, a na-azụta ihe ruru ijeri $ 20 nke ihe oriri kwa afọ. Ngwaahịa ndị a sitere na ngwakọta ọka ruo na mkpo oroma na anụ beet. Ụlọ ọrụ nri bụ otu n'ime azụmaahịa kachasị asọmpi na ngalaba ọrụ ugbo ma bụrụ onye kachasị zụta ọka, ọka nri, na nri soybean na US. Ọtụtụ iri puku ndị ọrụ ugbo nwere ihe oriri na ugbo nke ha nwere ike ịsọ mpi na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na nkesa mba. Ihe ọkụkụ na-edozi ahụ mepụtara ijeri $ 22.2 na ego na ugbo US na 2001. N'otu oge ahụ, ndị ọrụ ugbo mefuru ngụkọta nke ijeri $ 24.5 na nri n'afọ ahụ.
Site na mgbanwe ihu igwe na-aga n'ihu na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-eme ugboro ugboro, ọrụ ugbo na-eto eto na-ata ahụhụ n'ihi ụkọ nri. Ụzọ ọhụrụ iji dochie nri na-agụnye owuwe ihe ubi na nhazi nke obere osisi n'ime nri anụmanụ. A na-eme nnyocha nke a nke ọma ma tinye ya n'ọrụ na Namibia, na-eji ihe mkpofu sitere na mwakpo osisi.
N'afọ 2011, a na-emepụta ihe dị ka nde tọn nri 734.5 kwa afọ gburugburu ụwa.[9]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Iwu US Animal Drug Availability Act 1996, nke e mere n'oge Clinton, bụ mgbalị mbụ na mba ahụ iji chịkwaa ojiji nke nri ọgwụ. [citation needed]
N'afọ 1997, na nzaghachi maka ntiwapụ nke Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, nke a maara dị ka ọrịa ehi, United States na Canada machibidoro ọtụtụ anụmanụ site na nri ehi. Mmachibido iwu nri na United States (2009) Canada (2007) gbasaa na nke a, na-amachibido ojiji nke anụ ahụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa na nri anụmanụ na fatịlaịza niile.[10]
Nchọgharị
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Nrụpụta
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nri
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ọrụ ugbo taa, a ghọtara mkpa nri nke anụ ụlọ nke ọma na enwere ike imeju ya site na nri anụ ahụ na nri anụ naanị ya, ma ọ bụ tinyekwuo ya site na ntinye nri nke ọma n'ụdị agbadoro. A na-emetụta àgwà oriri na-edozi ahụ ọ bụghị nanị site na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ, kamakwa site n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka ngosi nri, ịdị ọcha, mgbaze, na mmetụta na ahụ ike eriri afọ..[11]
Ihe mgbakwunye nri na-enye usoro nke enwere ike idozi ụkọ nri ndị a, na-eme ka uto, ahụike, na ọdịmma anụmanụ dị mma. Ọtụtụ anụmanụ na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na-eri nri nke nwere ihe ndị sitere na ọka n'ihi ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke nri dị mma.[11][12]
Ihe ndị dị mkpa e ji mee ya
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Chelates
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Ụmụ ahụhụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Abụ m
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Site n'anụmanụ
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Nri nnụnụ
- Nri nwamba
- Ịzụ ehi
- Nri nkịta
- Nri na-edozi ahụ
- Nri azụ̀
- Nri anụ ụlọ
- Ịkpa Ezì
- Nri ọkụkọ
- Ịkpa atụrụ
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ihe oriri
- Echebe
- Ihe igwe ihe
- Ihe igwe ihe pellet
Ebem si dee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Seaweed-fed cows could solve livestock industry's methane problems (en-AU). www.abc.net.au (2017-04-21). Retrieved on 2020-11-27.
- ↑ How climate change is plunging Senegal's herders into poverty (en). The New Humanitarian (2018-10-10). Retrieved on 2020-11-26.
- ↑ Rojas-Downing (2017-01-01). "Climate change and livestock: Impacts, adaptation, and mitigation" (in en). Climate Risk Management 16: 145–163. DOI:10.1016/j.crm.2017.02.001. ISSN 2212-0963.
- ↑ "Horse Nutrition - Feeding factors". Bulletin 762-00, Ohio State University. Accessed February 9, 2007.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Mottet, A. (2022). More fuel for the food/feed debate. Rome: FAO.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Mottet (2017-09-01). "Livestock: On our plates or eating at our table? A new analysis of the feed/food debate" (in en). Global Food Security 14: 1–8. DOI:10.1016/j.gfs.2017.01.001. ISSN 2211-9124.
- ↑ J. P.. "Is soya next?", The Economist, 2 August 2012. Retrieved on 2022-07-23.
- ↑ R. A. Zinn, A Guide to Feed Mixing, University of California, Davis.
- ↑ Peter Best, "World Feed Panorama: Once again, industry increases its volume", Feed Strategy, 31-01-2012.
- ↑ Feed Bans BSE (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) | Prion Diseases | CDC. www.cdc.gov. Retrieved on 2016-09-30.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Merck Manual October 2014, Nutritional Requirements of Beef Cattle, Accessed March 18, 2015.
- ↑ Merck Manual March 2012, Requirements of Beef Cattle, Accessed March 18, 2015.