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Nri yinye

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Usoro nri n'ọdọ mmiri Sweden. Osprey na-eri nri n'ebe ugwu, nke na-eri n'elu Perch nke na-erịa ọchịchịrị nke na-ere anụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.

Agbụ nri bụ njikọ dị n'ahịrị nke njikọ dị na webụ nri, na-amalitekarị site na autotroph (dị ka ahịhịa ma ọ bụ algae), nke a na-akpọkwa onye na-emepụta ihe, ma na-ejedebe na onye na-eri anụ (dị ka bea grizzly ma ọ bụ egbu egbu whales), detritivore. (dị ka earthworms na woodlice), ma ọ bụ decomposer (dị ka fungi ma ọ bụ nje bacteria). Ọ bụghị otu ihe ahụ na webụ nri. Agbụ nri na-egosi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụdị dị iche iche dabere na ihe ha na-eri maka ike na ọkwa trophic, a na-agụkarịkwa ha n'ogologo-ọnụọgụ njikọ dị n'etiti ndị na-eri trophic na ntọala nke yinye.

Nnyocha nri na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe ndị dị ndụ.

Nkwụsi ike yinye nri dị ezigbo mkpa maka nlanarị nke ọtụtụ ụdị. Mgbe naanị otu ihe wepụrụ n'agbụ nri, ọ nwere ike ibute mbibi ma ọ bụ mbelata nke ukwuu nke ịdị ndụ nke ụdị. Ọtụtụ ụdọ nri na ntanetị nri nwere ụdị isi okwute, ụdị nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi na nke nwere ike imetụta usoro nri ozugbo. Ọ bụrụ na ewepụrụ ụdị isi okwu ọ bụla, ọ nwere ike ịkwụsị nguzozi n'agbụ nri niile.[1]

Ịrụ ọrụ nke usoro nri na-adabere na ike ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ebu ụzọ.[2] Ike a na-agafe na ọkwa trophic.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme

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Ọ bụ al-Jahiz, onye ọkà ihe ọmụma Arab nke narị afọ nke iri, bụ onye mbụ tụlere Food Chains.[3] Charles Elton webatara echiche nke oge a nke eriri nri na eriri nri.[4][5][6]

Usoro nri vs. web nri

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Usoro nri dị iche na eriri nri dị ka usoro nri na-agbaso ụzọ ziri ezi nke oriri na nnyefe ike. Njikọ okike n'etiti eriri nri na-eme ka webụ nri, nke na-abụghị ahịrị ma na-egosi ụzọ njikọ nke oriri na nnyefe ike.

Ọnọdụ trophic

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Ụdị usoro nri na-ebu amụma na ndị na-eri ibe ha na-achịkwa obodo n'elu na osisi (autotrophs ma ọ bụ ndị na-emepụta) na ala.[7]

Pyramids Trophic (nke a na-akpọkwa pyramids gburugburu ebe obibi) na-ese onyinyo ọkwa trophic na usoro nri na / ma ọ bụ mmepụta biomass.

Ya mere, ntọala nke usoro nri na-ejikarị Ndị na-emepụta ihe. Ndị na-emepụta ihe, ma ọ bụ autotrophs, na-eji ike sitere na ìhè anyanwụ ma ọ bụ kemịkal na-enweghị ihe na-emepụta iji mepụta ihe dị mgbagwoju anya, dị ka starch, maka ike. N'ihi na ìhè anyanwụ dị mkpa maka photosynthesis, ọtụtụ ndụ agaghị adị ma ọ bụrụ na anyanwụ apụọ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a chọpụtara na nso nso a na e nwere ụdị ndụ ụfọdụ, chemotrophs, nke yiri ka ha na-enweta ike ha niile site na chemosynthesis nke hydrothermal na-akpali, si otú a na-egosi na ndụ ụfọdụ nwere ike ọ gaghị achọ ike anyanwụ iji too. Chemosynthetic bacteria na archaea na-eji hydrogen sulfide na methane site na hydrothermal vents na oyi na-abanye dị ka isi iyi ike (dị ka osisi na-eji ìhè anyanwụ) iji mepụta carbohydrates; ha na-eme ka ntọala nke usoro nri na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị ìhè anyanwụ.[8] N'agbanyeghị ebe a na-enweta ike ahụ, ụdị nke na-emepụta ike nke ya dị na ntọala nke usoro nri, ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị oke mkpa nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi.[9]

Ọnọdụ trophic dị elu enweghị ike ịmepụta ike nke ha n'ihi ya, ha ga-eri ndị na-emepụta ma ọ bụ ndụ ndị ọzọ nke na-eri ndị ọrụ. N'ọkwa trophic dị elu bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa (ndị na-azụ azụ nke abụọ, ndị na-ere ahịa nke atọ, wdg).Ndị na-azụ ahịa bụ ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eri ihe ndị ọzọ. Ihe niile dị ndụ n'usoro nri, ma e wezụga ihe mbụ, bụ ndị na-azụ ahịa. Ndị na-azụ ahịa nke abụọ na-eri ma na-enweta ike site n'aka ndị na-azụ ọrụ mbụ, ndị na-ere ahịa nke atọ na-eri nri ma na- nweta ike site n"aka ndị na'aka ndị ahịa nke abụọ, wdg.

Na ọkwa kachasị elu nke trophic bụ onye na-eri anụ; onye na-azụ ahịa na-enweghị anụ na-eri nri.

Mgbe ọkwa ọ bụla na-eri nri nwụrụ, detritivores na decomposers na-eri ihe ha na-eri maka ike ma na-achụpụ ihe oriri n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe mkpofu ha. Ndị na-emebi ihe na ndị na-eri ihe na-eme ka ihe ndị dị n'ime ala na-agbada n'ime ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ dị mfe nke a na-eweghachi n'ala. Ndị a bụ ihe na-edozi ahụ dị mfe nke osisi chọrọ iji mepụta ihe ndị dị ndụ. A na-eme atụmatụ na e nwere ihe karịrị 100,000 decomposers dị iche iche.

Ihe nlereanya nke ọkwa trophic na-egosipụtakwa nnyefe ike n'etiti ọkwa trophic. Ndị na-azụ ahịa na-enweta ike site na onye na-emepụta ma nyefee ya na ndị na-azụ ọrụ nke abụọ na nke atọ.

Ọmụmụ ihe

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Agbụ nri dị oke mkpa na ọmụmụ ihe ecotoxicology, nke na-achọpụta ụzọ na biomagnification nke mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi. [1] Ọ dịkwa mkpa ịtụle mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọkwa trophic dị iche iche iji buru amụma gbasara ọnọdụ obodo; Ahịrị nri na-abụkarị ọkwa ntọala maka mmepe tiori nke ọkwa trophic yana nyocha obodo/obere gburugburu ebe obibi..[7]

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Nchịkọta nri a nke nnụnụ mmiri sitere na Chesapeake Bay bụ netwọk nke usoro nri

Ogologo usoro nri bụ mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu na-enye ihe atụ nke usoro ike na ndepụta nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi nke na-abawanye site na njikọ site na nke kachasị ala ruo na nke kachasị elu (nri).   A na-ejikarị usoro nri eme ihe na ihe ngosi gburugburu ebe obibi (dị ka usoro nri atọ). Ha bụ ihe dị mfe nke ezigbo nri, mana ọ dị mgbagwoju anya na usoro ha na mgbakọ na mwepụ.[10]

N'ụdị ya kachasị mfe, ogologo nke agbụ bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ njikọ dị n'etiti onye na-azụ ahịa na ntọala nke weebụ. Ogologo eriri nke web dum bụ nkezi arithmetic nke ogologo nke eriri niile dị na web nri.[11] Usoro nri bụ eserese isi iyi ike. Usoro nri na-amalite site na onye na-emepụta, nke onye isi na-eri. Onye na-azụ ahịa nke abụọ nwere ike iri onye na-azụ ya, nke onye na-ere ahịa nke atọ nwere ike iri ya. Ndị na-azụ ahịa tertiary nwere ike ịghọ anụ oriri nke ndị na-eri ibe ha kachasị elu a maara dị ka ndị na-azụmahịa quaternary. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro nri nwere ike ịmalite na osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ya, nke snail, onye isi na-eri. Igurube ahụ nwere ike ịbụ anụ oriri nke onye na-eri nri nke abụọ dịka frog, nke onye na'onwe ya nwere ike iri dịka agwọ nke ugo nwere ike iri. Echiche a dị mfe nke usoro nri nwere ọkwa trophic a na-akwụsi ike n'ime ụdị - ụdị A na-eri ụdị B, C na-eri B...- na-adịkarị iche site na ọnọdụ dị n'ezie nke ụmụaka nke ụdị dị n'ọkwa trophic dị ala karịa ndị okenye, ọnọdụ a na-ahụkarị na gburugburu mmiri na amphibious, dịka, na ụmụ ahụhụ na azụ. G. E. Hutchinson kpọrọ mgbagwoju anya a metaphoetesis, 1959. [12]

Ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi emeela ma nwalee echiche gbasara ọdịdị nke usoro gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara ogologo eriri nri, dị ka ogologo na-abawanye na oke gburugburu ebe obibi, [13] nke a na-ejedebe site na mbelata ike na ọkwa ọ bụla na-esote, [14] ma ọ bụ na-egosipụta ụdị ebe obibi. [15]

Ogologo eriri nri dị mkpa n'ihi na ọnụọgụ nke ike a na-ebufe na-ebelata ka ọkwa trophic na-abawanye; n'ozuzu, ọ bụ naanị pasent iri nke ike zuru ezu n'otu ọkwa trophic ka a na-agafe na nke ọzọ, dịka a na-eji ihe fọdụrụ na Usoro metabolic. A naghị enwekarị ihe karịrị ọkwa okpomọkụ ise n'usoro nri.[16] Ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ịnata ike karịa site na ịlaghachi azụ na ọkwa dị n'usoro ma rie nri tupu, dịka ọmụmaatụ inweta ike karịa kwa pound site na iri salad karịa anụmanụ riri lettuce.[2]

Ụdị dị iche iche

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Otter nke oké osimiri bụ ihe atụ kachasị mma nke ụdị isi ihe

Ụdị okwute bụ otu ụdị dị n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụdị ndị ọzọ nọ n'ime otu gburugburu ebe obibi, ma ọ bụ ihe niile dị ndụ n'onwe ya, na-adabere na ya. dị kpamkpam.. [17]

Otu ụzọ ụdị isi okwute si emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi bụ site na ọnụnọ ha na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nri nke gburugburu ebe obibi yana site na ndọtị, usoro nri n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi kwuru.[1] Dị ka ọmụmaatụ, oké osimiri otters, isi okwute ụdị na pacific n'ụsọ oké osimiri na-eri anụ na oké osimiri urchins.[2] Na-enweghị ọnụnọ nke oké osimiri, urchins oké osimiri na-eme ihe na-emebi emebi na-ata nri n'ahụ ndị bi na kelp nke na-enye aka na mbelata na gburugburu ebe obibi dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'ime mpaghara ugwu Pacific.[2] Ọnụnọ nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri n'aka nke ya, na-achịkwa ndị bi n'oké osimiri ma na-enyere aka ịnọgide na-enwe oke ọhịa kelp, nke dị oké mkpa maka ụdị ndị ọzọ dị na gburugburu ebe obibi..[17]

Hụkwa

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  • Heterotroph
  • Lithotroph
  • Pyramid na gburugburu ebe obibi
  • Mmekọrịta anụ na anụ oriri

Ebem si dee

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  1. ↑ The Food Chain. www2.nau.edu. Retrieved on 2019-05-04.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Rowland (2015-04-13). "Light and nutrients regulate energy transfer through benthic and pelagic food chains". Oikos 124 (12): 1648–1663. DOI:10.1111/oik.02106. ISSN 1600-0706. Retrieved on 2019-10-25.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Rowland2015" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ Agutter (2008-11-05). Thinking about Life: The history and philosophy of biology and other sciences (in en). Springer Science & Business Media, 43. ISBN 978-1-4020-8866-7. 
  4. ↑ Elton (1927). Animal Ecology. London, UK.: Sidgwick and Jackson. ISBN 0-226-20639-4. 
  5. ↑ Allesina (2008). "A general model for food web structure.". Science 320 (5876): 658–661. DOI:10.1126/science.1156269. PMID 18451301. 
  6. ↑ Egerton (2007). "Understanding food chains and food webs, 1700-1970". Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 88: 50–69. DOI:[50:UFCAFW2.0.CO;2 10.1890/0012-9623(2007)88[50:UFCAFW]2.0.CO;2]. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wootton (1993-02-15). "Productivity, consumers, and the structure of a river food chain." (in en). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 90 (4): 1384–1387. DOI:10.1073/pnas.90.4.1384. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 11607368.  Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  8. ↑ US Department of Commerce. What is the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis?: Ocean Exploration Facts: NOAA Ocean Exploration (EN-US). oceanexplorer.noaa.gov. Retrieved on 2024-04-15.
  9. ↑ Fretwell (1987). "Food Chain Dynamics: The Central Theory of Ecology?". Oikos 50 (3): 291–301. DOI:10.2307/3565489. ISSN 0030-1299. 
  10. ↑ Post (2000). "Prey preference by a top predator and the stability of linked food chains.". Ecology 81: 8–14. DOI:[0008:PPBATP2.0.CO;2 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[0008:PPBATP]2.0.CO;2]. 
  11. ↑ Post (2006). "Parasites dominate food web links". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (30): 11211–11216. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0604755103. PMID 16844774. 
  12. ↑ G. E. Hutchinson. 1959. Homage to Santa Rosalia or Why Are There So Many Kinds of Animals? The American Naturalist, Vol. 93, No. 870 (May - Jun., 1959), pp. 145-159
  13. ↑ Briand (1987). "Environmental correlates of food chain length.". Science 238 (4829): 956–960. DOI:10.1126/science.3672136. PMID 3672136. 
  14. ↑ Odum (2005). Fundamentals of ecology. Brooks/Cole. ISBN 978-0-534-42066-6. 
  15. ↑ Briand (Oct 1983). "Biogeographic Patterns in Food Web Organization". Oak Ridge National Laboratory Reports ORNL-5983: 37–39. 
  16. ↑ Wilkin (2015-12-11). Food Chain (en). CK-12. Retrieved on 2019-11-06.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Sidhu (2021-09-16). What is a keystone species, and why do they matter?. World Economic Forum. Kpọpụta njehie: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
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