Nsogbu ugbo
Nsogbu ugbo na-akọwa oge nlaazu nke ọrụ ugbo, ọnụ ahịa ihe ọkụkụ dị ala na obere ego ugbo. Nsogbu ugbo US kacha ọhụrụ mere n'ime 1980s.[1][2][3]
Nsogbu nke afọ 1920 na 1930
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]Nsogbu ugbo malitere na 1920s, nke a na-ekwere na ọ bụ n'ihi mmepụta dị elu maka mkpa agha na Agha Ụwa Mbụ. Na mbido nsogbu ahụ, enwere ahịa dị elu, ọnụahịa dị elu, na ụgwọ maka ma onye na-emepụta ma onye na'azụ ahịa. Gọọmentị US gara n'ihu na-etinye iwu ịrị elu ọnụ ahịa mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị.[4] Ka ọ na-erule June 1920, ọnụ ahịa ihe ọkụkụ dị pasent 31 karịa 1919 na pasent 121 karịa ọnụ ahịa tupu agha nke 1913. Ọzọkwa, ọnụahịa ala ugbo rịrị elu pasent 40 site na 1913 ruo 1920. [5] Ihe ọkụkụ nke 1920 na-efu ihe karịa afọ ọ bụla ọzọ. N'ikpeazụ, ọnụahịa malitere na Julaị 1920 nke mere ka ndị ọrụ ugbo nọrọ n'etiti ọnụ ahịa ugbo na ọnụ ahịa ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe atụ nke ọnụahịa ọrụ ugbo na-ebelata gụnyere: Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1933, owuwe ihe ubi bụ naanị cents 5.5 kwa pound, ọka gbadatara cents 19.4 kwa bushel, na ezì gbadatara na $ 2.94 kama ọnụahịa ha nke 1909-1914 nke 12.4 cents kwa pound, ruo 83.6 cents kwa bushel. Ọzọkwa, oke ọkọchị dakwasịrị mpaghara nke nnukwu ala dị larịị nke gbakwunyere nsogbu ọrụ ugbo nke oge ahụ.[6]
Ndozigharị nke afọ 1920 na 1930
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]N'ime nsogbu a, enwere ọtụtụ mbọ iji guzobe otu ndị ọrụ ugbo. Nke a siri ike n'ịtụle enweghị teknụzụ nkwukọrịta dị irè, enweghị ọkụ eletrik n'ọtụtụ ugbo, na oke obodo. Iwu Agricultural Marketing Act nke 1929 bu n'obi weta enyemaka gọọmentị na ndị otu. O kwere ka Federal Farm Board nwee ike ịgbazinye ego na enyemaka ndị ọzọ n'olileanya nke ịkwado njupụta na ọnụ ahịa.[1] Mgbe e mesịrị, Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA), nke e nyere iwu na May 12, 1933, bu n'obi iweghachite ikike ndị ọrụ ugbo tupu Agha Ụwa nke Mbụ ree ngwaahịa ugbo maka otu uru ha nwere ike ịzụta ngwaahịa na-abụghị nke ugbo. Iwu ahụ metụtara ihe ọkụkụ asaa dị iche iche: ọka, ọka wit, owu, osikapa, ahụekere, ụtaba, na mmiri ara ehi. A na-akwụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ụgwọ ka ha ghara ịkụ ihe ubi asaa ahụ, si otú a na-ebelata ihe ha na-enweta na ịlaghachi n'ahịa ahịa. Iji gbochie ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ka ha ghara iji ohere nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ndị ọzọ na-ebelata inyefe ụgwọ ahụ na-ekwu, "bụ idobe obere enweghị nkwado a n'ahịrị, ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ gbochie ya imerụ ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ya, na ike nke Gọọmenti ejirila n'azụ. mmemme mmezi" N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, uru sitere na ịkwụ ụgwọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ ka e mere ka ọ baa uru karịa ịbụ ndị na-adịghị akwado ya na iju ahịa ahịa. E weere AAA dị ka iwu na-akwadoghị na Jenụwarị 6, 1936.[2] Ndozigharị ọzọ gụnyere Iwu Ebe E Si Nweta Ugbo nke 1933, nke nyere ndị ọrụ ugbo ohere ịgbazinye ego agaghịkwa adị ọnụ ala, yana Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act.
Nsogbu afọ 1980
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]United States nwetara nnukwu nsogbu ọrụ ugbo n'ime 1980s. Ka ọ na-erule n'etiti 1980s, nsogbu ahụ eruola elu ya. Ọnụ ahịa ala adaala nke ukwuu na-eduga n'ịgbachitere ọnụ.
Ụgwọ ugbo maka ịzụta ala na ngwá ọrụ rịrị elu n'oge 1970s na mmalite 1980s, okpukpu abụọ n'etiti 1978 na 1984. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-adịghị mma gbasara akụ na ụba gụnyere ọnụego ọmụrụ nwa ịrị elu, ọnụ ahịa mmanụ dị elu (inflation) na dollar siri ike. Mmepụta ndekọ dugara na ọdịda na ọnụahịa nke ngwaahịa. Mbupụ dara n'otu oge ahụ, n'ihi akụkụ nke 1980 United States grain embargo megide Soviet Union. Usoro akwụmụgwọ ugbo nwere nnukwu mfu, nke bụ mfu mbụ kemgbe Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba.[7][8] Ọnụahịa ala ugbo bụ ihe dị mkpa. Ọnụ ego na ịrị elu nke ọnụ ahịa emeela ka ọnụ ahịa ala ugbo rịa elu. Ọchịchọ ahụ gbakwunyere site na nnukwu ego a na-enweta n'ugbo na uru ego a na'ụlọ ọrụ ugbo, mgbe ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ugbo gbasaa ọrụ ha dị ugbu a. Uru nke ala ugbo mụbara nke ukwuu nke na ọ dọtara ego site n'aka ndị na-akọ nkọ.[8]
Ụlọ akụ ọrụ ugbo nwere mmetụta nke nsogbu ahụ. E nwere ọdịda ụlọ akụ iri na 1981, naanị otu n'ime ha bụ ụlọ akụ ọrụ ugbo. N'afọ 1985, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ rịrị elu ruo 62, nke ụlọ akụ ọrụ ugbo mejupụtara ihe karịrị ọkara.[8]
Hụkwa
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ọrụ ugbo
- Ndị ọrụ ugbo gburu onwe ha na United States
Ebem si dee
[dezie | dezie ebe o si]- ↑ Steve Huntley. "Winter of Despair Hits the Farm Belt", U.S. News & World Report v100 January 20, 1986, 21-23
- ↑ Joshua Hammer. "Double Slaying in Rural Minnesota Spotlights Distress of America's Debt-Ridden Farmers", People Weekly, v20 October 31, 1983, 129-131
- ↑ Bob McBride. "Broken Heartland: Farm Crisis in the Midwest", The Nation, v242 February 8, 1986, 132-133.
- ↑ Perkins, Van L. "Crisis in Agriculture: The Agricultural Adjustment Administration and the New Deal", 1969.
- ↑ Shideler, James H. "Farm Crisis, 1919-1923", Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957.
- ↑ Perkins, Van L. "Crisis in Agriculture: The Agricultural Adjustment Administration and the New Deal", 1969.
- ↑ 1980s Farm Crisis. Iowa Public Television. Archived from the original on Apr 10, 2016.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Banking and the Agricultural Problems of the 1980s. History of the Eighties - Lessons for the Future: An Examination of the Banking Crises of the 1980s and Early 1990s. FDIC. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved on 7 June 2021.