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Ntuziaka 2003/30/EC

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Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport
directive of the European Union
ahaDirective 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport (repealed) Dezie
Nwe ikikeEuropean Union Dezie
afọ/ụbọchị mbipụta2003 Dezie
full work available at URLhttps://www.legislation.gov.uk/id/eudr/2003/30, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32003L0030 Dezie

Ntuziaka 2003/30/EC bụ ntuziaka European Union maka ịkwalite ojiji nke biofuels maka njem EU. Ntuziaka ahụ batara n'ọrụ na Mee 2003, ma kwuo na mba ndị ga-eme ihe ga-eme na EU na-ezube iji dochie 5.75% nke mmanụ ala niile (petrol na diesel) site na 2010. Ntuziaka ahụ kwukwara maka ebumnuche dị n'etiti nke 2% site na 31 Disemba 2005. Ebumnuche nke 5.75% ga-emezu na 31 Disemba 2010. A ga-agbakọ pasentị ndị a dabere na ike dị n'ime mmanụ ụgbọala ma tinye ya na mmanụ ụgbọala na mmanụ diesel maka ebumnuche njem etinye n'ahịa nke steeti ndị otu. A gbara mba ndị mejupụtara ume ka ha nweta ihe mgbaru ọsọ "na-egosi" nke mba ahụ n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ebumnuche zuru oke.

Ntuziaka 2003/30/EC ka e wepụrụ site na Ntuziaka 2009/28/EC.

Iwu

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  • COM (2001) 547, Nkwurịta okwu nke European Commission nke 7 Nọvemba 2001 banyere Atụmatụ Omume na Atụmatụ abụọ maka Ntuziaka iji kwalite ojiji nke Mmanụ Ọhụrụ maka Njem, malite na nhazi na nkwalite ego nke biofuels[1]
  • COM (2006) 845, Nkwurịta okwu nke European Commission na Council na European Parliament: Biofuels Progress Report, nke na-atụ aro ibuli ihe mgbaru ọsọ biofuel ruo 10% site na 2020.[2]
  • Iwu ndị metụtara ya:
    • Ntuziaka Council 2003/96/EC nke 27 Ọktoba 2003 na-agbanwe usoro Community maka ụtụ isi nke ngwaahịa ike na ọkụ eletrik
    • COM (2007) 18: Atụmatụ maka ntụziaka na-agbanwe ntụziaka Fuel Quality Directive 98/70/EC (nke a na-akpọkwa ntụziaka metụtara ogo mmanụ ụgbọala na mmanụ diesel), dịka ntụziaka 2003/17/EC dezigharịrị: ndị na-eweta mmanụ ụgbọala kwesịrị ibelata gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri site na 2011 gaa n'ihu, site na 1% afọ.

Nsonaazụ

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Akụkọ ọganihu nke afọ 2007 chọpụtara na biofuel nwere naanị pasent 1 nke òkè, na-erughị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke 2% ma ọ bụ ihe mgbaru ndụ nke mba ndị mejupụtara ya, nke bụ pasent 1.4 .[3] A gbanwere ebumnuche nke afọ 2010 mgbe e wepụrụ ntụziaka 2003/30/EC site na ntụziaka 2009/28/EC nke nwere ebumnuche 10% site na 2020.[4]

Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala a na-ebo ebubo na ọ na-emebi ala

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Na 2008-04-29, Friends of the Earth Europe (FoEE) wepụtara akụkọ na-ekwu na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na-azọrọ n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na ebumnuche nke European Commission na-atụ aro na mmezigharị nke Fuel Quality Directive enweghị ike imezu.[5] Akụkọ ahụ kwuru kpọmkwem na ọ ga-ekwe omume maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị a iji belata gas na-ekpo ọkụ site na ọ dịkarịa ala 10.5% ruo 15.5% site na ibelata ọkụ na ikuku yana arụmọrụ ike na mmezi nke refinery.[6] N'ihe gbasara nsogbu ego, akụkọ ahụ kwuru na uru ruru ijeri $ 125 nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ niile mara ọkwa na 2007. "N'agbanyeghị uru ha na-enweta n'elu, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ adịghị njikere ịkwụ ụgwọ nke ibelata ikuku. O yiri ka ebe ọ bụ na itinye ego ndị a anaghị aba uru, ụlọ ọrụ agaghị eme ha ọ gwụla ma ndị na-achịkwa ya manyere ha, "akụkọ ahụ kwuru.

Nkatọ

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N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2008, Kọmishọna Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke EU bụ Stavros Dimas kwupụtara na EU na-atụgharị uche na mmemme biofuel ya n'ihi nchegbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ntuziaka ọhụrụ ga-ahụ na ebumnuche EU anaghị emebi ihe.[7] Onye ọrụ EU nwere nchegbu karịsịa banyere mmetụta nke biofuels na ịrị elu ọnụ ahịa nri, mbibi oké ọhịa, karịsịa site na mmepụta mmanụ nkwụ na nchegbu maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị bara ọgaranya na-achụpụ ndị ogbenye n'ala ha iji gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọkụkụ. N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2008, Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Na-ahụ Nlekọta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke UK House of Commons welitere nchegbu yiri nke ahụ, ma kpọọ oku ka a kwụsị ọrụ na ebumnuche mmanụ.[8] Ọnọdụ a na-ekwughachi nguzo nke ọtụtụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi.[9]

Otu n'ime nzaghachi EU gụnyere iwebata ụkpụrụ nkwado na mmemme biofuel. Nke a gụnyere ndokwa ndị dị mkpa na-ekwu maka nsogbu nke mbibi oké ọhịa na mgbanwe ala na-enweghị isi. Ndị a na-enye iwu na biofuels na bioliquid:

  • enweghi ike imepụta ya n'ebe nwere ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche.
  • enweghi ike imepụta ya n'ọhịa ndị a na-emetụbeghị aka, ebe echedoro na savannah dị iche iche (ala ahịhịa); na
  • Enweghị ike inweta ya site na mpaghara ndị nwere nnukwu carbon, gụnyere ala mmiri na oké ọhịa na-aga n'ihu.[10]

Nzukọ omebe iwu nke Europe kwadokwara iwu dị nro karị na-agbanwe ebumnuche ya maka afọ 2015. Ọ bụ ezie na e debere ebumnuche 10% maka 2020 ahụ, ntụziaka ahụ setịpụrụ ebumnuche nwa oge nke 5% maka 2015.[11]

Hụkwa

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  • Iwu EU
  • Ike ndụ
  • Nri na mmanụ
  • Ọrụ Mgbasa Ozi Mgbasa (mmejuputa UK)
  • Iwu ike nke European Union
  • Ọpụpụ nke mmanụ ala

Ihe odide

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  1. ↑ on alternative fuels for road transportation and on a set of measures to promote the use of biofuels. November 2001. EU Commission. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved on 15 January 2014.
  2. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 22 March 2007. Retrieved on 1 March 2007.
  3. ↑ Archived copy. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved on 15 July 2014.
  4. ↑ EUR-Lex - 02009L0028-20130701 - EN - EUR-Lex.
  5. ↑ FoE Europe – Press Release
  6. ↑ "Oil companies attacked for resisting climate targets", euractiv.com, 30 April 2008. Retrieved on 15 June 2018.
  7. ↑ EU rethinks biofuels guidelines By Roger Harrabin bbc.co.uk Monday, 14 January 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7186380.stm
  8. ↑ Are Biofuels Sustainable. January 2008. House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee. Retrieved on 15 January 2014.
  9. ↑ EU renewables policy: doubts and flaws http://www.tni.org/detail_page.phtml?act_id=17839
  10. ↑ Johnson (2013). Transformations in EU biofuels markets under the Renewable Energy Directive and the implications for land use, trade and forests. Bogor Barat: CIFOR, 15. ISBN 9786028693813. 
  11. ↑ Khanna (2009). Handbook of Bioenergy Economics and Policy. Berlin: Springer Science & Business Media, 405. ISBN 9781441903686. 

Njikọ mpụga

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