Obolla
Al-Ubulla (Arabic), nke ndị Gris kpọrọ Apọlọgou (Greek:) n'oge tupu oge ndị Alakụba, bu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'isi Gulf nke Peasia n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Basra na Iraq nke oge a. N'oge etiti oge, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka isi ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri azụmahịa Iraq maka azụmahịa na India.
Ebe[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Al-Ubulla dị n'akụkụ aka nri nke ọnụ mmiri Yufretis na oghere nke Gulf nke Peasia. [1] Ọ dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Basra ochie ma dị n' akụkụ ugwu nke ọwa mmiri aha ya, Nahr al-Ubullas, nke jikọtara Basra n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa mmiri Tigris, Abadan (n'Iran nke oge a) na n'ikpeazụ na Gulf nke Peesia. [2] Mpaghara 'Ashar nke Basra nke oge a bi n'ebe al-U bulla ugbu a.[1]
Akụkọ ihe mere eme[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-ejikọta Al-Ubulla na obodo oge ochie nke Apologou nke a kpọtụrụ aha n'ihe odide Grik Periplus nke Oké Osimiri Erythraean . [1] Obodo ahụ malitere ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'oge Sasanian (narị afọ nke iri na asaa OA), ma eleghị anya tupu ya. [1] Dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ihe mere eme nke narị afọ nke iri bụ Eutychius nke Alexandria si kwuo, eze ukwu Sasanian bụ Ardashir I (r. 212化224). [2] Ka ọ na-erule njedebe nke oge Sasanian, ọ na njedebe nke ala ndị isi alaeze ukwu nke alaeze ukwu Lakh-Hassals nke Alaeze Ukwu ahụ.
N'oge mmeri ndị Alakụba na 630s, ndị agha Arab nke Utba ibn Ghazwan al-Mazini meriri al-Ubulla mgbe e merisịrị ndị agha Sasanian 500. N'ezie, ʿUtba b meriri obodo ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ siri ike n'oge abụọ dị iche iche. Ghazwān[2][3] N'akwụkwọ ozi a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Utba, ọ kọwara obodo ahụ dị ka "ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke al-Bahrayn (ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Arabia), Uman, al-Hind (India) na al-Sin (China) ". [1] Mgbe ntọala nke obodo ndị Arab nke Basra gara n'ime ime obodo, al-Ubulla kwụsịrị ịdị mkpa ma nọgidere bụrụ nnukwu ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri azụmahịa ruo mgbe ndị Mongol wakporo. [2]
Dị ka ndị Arab na-akọwa ọdịdị ala nke oge ochie gosiri, al-Ubulla nọgidere na-abụ nnukwu obodo, nke nwere ọtụtụ ndi mmadụ karịa Basra, n'oge ndị Abbasid (750X) [1] Yaqut al-Hamawi toro obodo ahụ ma Ibn Hawqal kọwara ala ndị dị n'ókè nke Nahr al-U bulla dị ka otu ogige sara mbara. [2] Al-Ubulra nyere Basra mmiri dị ọcha ma bụrụ onye ama maka ákwà ya na iwu ụgbọ mmiri. [1] N'ụzọ ya na nwanne ya bụ Barllll. Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme J. H. Kramers si kwuo, ihe omume nke ọrụ ya na-egosi adịghị ike ya dị ka "ihe mgbochi maka obodo ahụ [Basra] ". [1]
Mwakpo ndị Mongol nke narị afọ nke iri na-atọ mere ka ọtụtụ ebe dị n'akụkụ a nke Iraq daa, gụnyere al-Ubulla. [1] Onye njem nke narị afọ iri na-anọ bụ Ibn Batuta kọwara ya dị ka obodo nkịtị ma n'oge a ọ lara n'iyi na ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. [2]
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ Fred McGraw Donner, The Early Islamic Conquests (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), 46, 160.
- ↑ Donner, 174-176, 179.
- ↑ Heba al-Zuraiqi & Irsan Ramini, “The Muslim Conquest of the City of al-Ubulla” in the Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2 (2020), 173-184.
Akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Donner (1981). The Early Islamic Conquests.. Princeton University Press..
- Gibb (1962). The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354, Volume 2. The Hakluyt Society at Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781351539920.
- Huntingford (2010). The Periplus of The Erythraean Sea, By an Unknown Author.. Burlington: Ashgate Publishing Company..
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ramini (2020). "The Muslim Conquest of the City of al-Ubulla". Journal of Islamic Studies 31 (2): 173–184. DOI:10.1093/jis/etaa004.