Okporo Ụzọ Nnwere Onwe
[1]Ọwara Freedom bụ okporo ụzọ okporo na-ebu West Side Line n'okpuru Riverside Park na Manhattan, New York City . Eji Amtrak ụgbọ oloko na-aga na Pennsylvania ọdụ, ọhịa aha ya n'ihi na graffiti artist Chris "Freedom" Pape ji ọwara njide ụfọdụ n'ime ya kasị ama artwork. [1] [2] Aha ahụ ahụ ike ịbụ ntụaka maka ụlọ mgbọ ochie e n'ime ọwara nke ndị na-eche ebe obibi na-achọ ebe obibi na akwụkwọ onwe ya n'iche na ndị mmanye iwu na-elekọta . [3] Ọwara ahụ na-agba ihe dịka 2.6 miles (4.2 km), site na 72nd Street ruo 124th Street
Robert Moses mada ọwara a n'afọ 1930 iji hụ oghere maka ndị bi na Upper West Side - n'agbanyeghị na owuwu nke Moses's Henry Hudson Parkway n'otu mpaghara ahụ ahụ gbochiri n'osimiri ahụ nke ọma
Mgbe emechara ya, a na-eji ọwara ụgbọ oloko na-ebu ibu ruo 1980, mgbe arụ ọrụ oge niile ndị. Ụzọ ụgbọ oloko nwere ngwaọrụ na iji yad na Bronx na New Jersey, yana ịba nke ịkwọ ụgbọ butere nke West Side Line . Nnukwu ọgba aghara mmadụ mere echiche ebe ndị na-anya ebe obibi nọ. [1] N'ịdị elu ya na 1994, ihe omume nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu esi mmadụ bi n'ọwara ahụ. [2]
[3]Na Metro 4, 1991, e meghere ọwara ahụ maka ụgbọ oloko nke nso Amtrak, [1] na nchụpụ buru ibu sochiri. Ɛma ɛkịbi mme obio oro ẹkedūede ẹdiọn̄ eyịri ẹyịre ke mme owo. [2] Otú ọ dị, ruo taa, ndị na-ese ihe osise na ndị na-eme nche obodo na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ọwara ahụ, [3] [4] ebe ndị na-eche ebe obibi. ichepụla ọtụtụ n'ime ha. [5] [6] N'ihe dị ka afọ 2014 na 2015, ndị uwe ojii Amtrak jidere ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọrụ na ndị na-eme egwuregwu n'obodo mepere emepe ma duru ha mfe
N'ime afọ nke ejighi ya n'ọwara ahụ, ndị ya dị ike kwere ka ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọrụ na ndị na-ese ihe n'okporo ụzọámá na-arụ ọrụ n'iche egwu ejide, na-eduga n'ịba. ibu na nnukwu. Ọwara ahụ nwere ikike iche nke grates na-enye n'ụdị okporo ụzọ Riverside Park n'elu oghere ahụ. Oghere ọkụ na-agbada na-eme ka a hụ ihe osise graffiti n'arịrịarị, ndị na-ese ihe na-etinyekwa ọrụ ha n'okpuru ìhè iji uru nke ọkụ ọkụ na-enwu, dị ka à ga-assị na ọ dị na gallery [4]
[5] Mgbe ha nwetara ewu ewu na akwụkwọ Spraycan Art nke James Prigoff na Henry Chalfant, ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọrụ ike na Ọwara Freedom wee azụmahịa site na ọnụ ụzọ amá gbajiri agbaji dị nso na 103rd Street na Riverside Park. mbụ bụ ndị akara akara ha na ọwara ndị ahụ duo Sane Smith, Ghost, Twist, Dan Plasma, Cost, na Revs . </link>[ mgbe ] nke Trump Riverside, njedebe ndị nke ọwara ahụ gosiri na nnukwu oghere. N'afọ ndị 1980 na 1990, obodo ndị nwe nwe ọkụ eletrik na ọtụtụ ndị, ọtụtụ puku mmadụ bi na njedebe nke ọwara ahụ. A na-adobakwa ụgbọ oloko ndị ezumike nká na-adịgide adịgide na nso nssotụ ndịda nke ọwara ahụ na-enye ndị na-ese ihe nhọrọ iji agba na ụmụ ụgbọ ala dum, ọpọ na ụgbọ ala ahụ n'onwe ha ahụ ọkụ ọwara. ahụ. </link>] ọ [, ndị na-ebe obibi obibi ji nkwadokwa n'ọwara ahụ gaa n'ebe ndị ọzọ. "Nnwere onwe" raara onwe ya nye ndị na-ahụ ebe obibi ebe ahụ otu n'ime ihe osise ọwara
[4] Ọrụ nke "Freedom" ka bụ nke ndị mkpado njikọ chiri ya n'ahụ ma kwanyere ya. Ọpuruiche dị ama bụ egwuregwu nke Francisco Goya's Nke a atọ nke Mee, bụ nke e mebiri emebi, mana akwụkwọ onwe we iche ya. [1] Na mgbakwunye, ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ na njikọ na mpaghara 90 na 100 nke ọwara; ọkụ ụdị chiaroscuro nke Venus de Milo, na ihe osise mbụ e ji agba agba. Ebe etiti nke ọwara ahụ bụ ihe osise a na-ese n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke na-akọ akụkọ nke yiri ka ọ na-ekwu see nke ndị mbụ bi na ọwara obodo, na ndị uwe ojii. ụdị ihe mere eme ndị sitere na Michelangelo ruo Norman Rockwell
Malite na ngwụcha afọ 2009, Amtrak malitere iji ike megharịa tunnels na mbọ iji weghachi ọdịdị mbụ ha. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbidi dị n'ime ọwara niile dị na ndịda 91st Street ka agbagharịrị agba, nke mere ka ọtụtụ eserese na-apụ n'anya, gụnyere ihe nkiri etiti nke Freedom na Smith na-echeta ndị mbụ bi na ọwara ahụ. [6] Maka ihe ndị a na-amaghị, Amtrak akwụsịghị imegharị mgbidi ọwara n'ebe ugwu nke 91st Street. Taa, a na-ekpuchi mgbidi niile a na-esegharị site na ihe odide ọhụrụ.
Akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Ọwara nnwere onwe na ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi bụ ndị bi ebe ahụ n'etiti 1990s ka a kpọtụrụ aha n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ; ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a ma ama gụnyere:
- Jennifer Toth depụtara ndị bi na-enweghị ebe obibi n'akwụkwọ ya The Mole People (1993).
- Onye na-ese foto Margaret Morton mere akwụkwọ foto The Tunnel (1995).
- Marc Singer mere akwụkwọ akụkọ gbara ọchịchịrị (2000) gbasara ọwara ahụ, na-eji ihe nkiri gbara n'etiti 1990s. Nleta onye ọbụ abụ mechara gaa n'ọwara na 2011 gụnyere n'ime emume ncheta afọ iri nke ihe nkiri ahụ ntọhapụ DVD.
- Ọkachamara gbasara mmadụ na onye nta akụkọ Teun Voeten dere ndị mmadụ Tunnel zuru oke (2010).
- Explorer na onye edemede Moses Gates na-akọwa ọtụtụ nhụta ya na ndị nchọpụta obodo ndị ọzọ na ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi gụnyere onye bi na ọwara ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ n'akwụkwọ ya Hidden Cities (2013).
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Graffiti na United States
- Nchọgharị obodo
- ↑ Voeten (2010). Tunnel People. Oakland, CA: PM Press, 2–4. ISBN 978-1-60486-448-9.
- ↑ Morton (October 7, 1995). Homes for the Invisible. The New York Times. Retrieved on September 19, 2015.
- ↑ Student Trespassing. We are All Criminals (July 10, 2013). Retrieved on September 19, 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 NYC Underground: A Journey To The Freedom Tunnel (July 14, 2011). Retrieved on August 7, 2012.
- ↑ The Freedom Tunnel— A Haven For Urban Art - NYU Local. NYU Local. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved on September 19, 2015.
- ↑ Freedom No More. Adventure Two. Archived from the original on February 10, 2011. Retrieved on December 1, 2010.
Njikọ mpụga[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Media related to Freedom Tunnel at Wikimedia Commons