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Osisi mara mma nke Guinea

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Osisi mara mma nke Guinea
WWF ecoregion
kọntinentEluàlà Dezie
dị na ngalaba nhazi mpagharaWest Africa Dezie

The Guinean kara-savanna mosaic, ntụgharị dị ka Guinean kara-savanna, bụ ihe iche gburugburu ebe obibi dị na West Africa.  [1] [2] Ọ gbasara n'ọtụtụ mba Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, na Cameroon.  na-egosi a na-eji ụdị iche nke mpaghara na savannas mara, na-ahụ ndị dị iche iche ma dị ike.

Ọ mpaghara nwere ike Africa, otu mgara njikọ chiri anya, savanna, na mgbanaka na-agbaga n'ebe ihe ruo agbakwunyere na-ekewa oke ike mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụdị osimiri site na savanna.  West Sudan nke dị n'ime.

Ịtọ ntọala

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

. [1]Oke kara Guinean–savanna mosaic kpuchiri mpaghara 673,600 square kilometa (260,100 sq mi), sitere na ike ahụ Senegal ruo n'afọ nke Nigeria, onye Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo  , Benin  na Cameroon.  [1] Ugwu Cameroon nke dị n'ebe egwuregwu Nigeria na Cameroon kewa ntọala Guinean-savanna mosaic na Northern Congolian,-savanna mosaic, nke dị n'ebe ọkụ.  [2] Oghere Dahomey bụ mpaghara Togo na Benin ebe mgba-savanna mosaic gbatịrị ruo n'ókè osimiri, wee kewaa oke kara Upper Guinea nke Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, na Ghana site na oke ike Lower Guinea.  nke Nigeria na.  Cameroon

. [2] [3]Ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị na mpaghara a iche dabere na ebe a kapịrị ọnụ, mana ọ na-enwekarị ihu igwe nke nwere oge udu mmiri na ọkọchị.  [1] Oge udu mmiri na-ebute oke mmiri ozuzo, ebe oge ọkọchị na-eji obere mmiri mmiri na-egosi nkụ mara.  mgbaàmà dị na mpaghara savanna na- ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ebe Ebe dị elu kwa afọ na-esi na 30 ruo 33 Celsius C na obere nto sitere na 14 ruo 21 Celsius.  Mmiri mmiri mmiri mmiri kwa afọ na-adaba n'etiti 1,600 na 2,000 mm, n'agbanyeghị na e nwere mpaghara dị na Dahomey Gap na-enweta 1,000 mm ma ọ bụ obere kwa afọ.

. [4]Guinea-savanna mosaic na-ekiri anya oké egwu gburugburu ebe obibi mpaghara n'etiti oke mgbochi mmiri mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na ndị ọzọ mepere emepe, osisi nwere ikike savannas n'ebe ugwu.  Mgbanwe a na-dịdị iche nke ihe omume na ụdị anụmanụ na-adaba na gburugburu ebe obibi obibi dị iche iche.  [1] Dị ka ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe obibi gburugburu ụwa, osisi Guinean-savanna mosaic na-enwe ike inwe ike nke ike ihu igwe .  Ụdị mmiri ozuzo, ụdị mpaghara, na ihe omume ihu igwe na-emekarị emetụtala edemede na nhazi nke biome a

A maara oke ọhịa Guinean-savanna mosaic maka ụdị dị iche iche nke ndu ya. [5] Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị ihe ọkụkụ na anụmanụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị nke na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa. Ụfọdụ ụdị akara ngosi a na-achọta ebe a gụnyere chimpanzees, hippos pygmy, enyí ọhịa, na ụdị primates na nnụnụ dị iche iche. Ha na-agụnyekwa ọtụtụ ụdị primates, anụ ufe, amphibians, na osisi ndị malitere na iche n'ime mpaghara a. [6]

  • Forest: The forested areas in this mosaic are primarily composed of tropical rainforests, characterized by high rainfall, high humidity, and diverse flora and fauna.[7][8] These forests are home to a wide variety of plant species, including towering hardwood trees, lianas, epiphytes, and a rich understory of shrubs and herbs.
  • Savanna: The savanna component consists of grasslands interspersed with scattered trees, which are adapted to periodic fires.[9][10][11] The savanna ecosystem supports a different set of plant species, including various grasses, shrubs, and acacia trees.
Woodland in Guinea Savanna
Woodland na Guinea Savanna

Ihe e ji mara biome a bụ ngwakọta nke oke ọhịa na savannas mepere emepe. [12] A na-akpọkarị ya dị ka mosaic n'ihi na ọ na-enwe ihe mgbochi nke ụdị ahịhịa dị iche iche. [13] N'ebe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa, ị nwere ike ịhụ ngwakọta nke osisi ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ndị na-egbu egbu, ebe mpaghara savanna nwere ahịhịa ahịhịa na osisi gbasasịrị. [14] N'ihe gbasara ndụ osisi, ọ nwere ngwakọta nke ụdị osisi dị ka mahogany, iroko na ụdị acacia dị iche iche, n'akụkụ ahịhịa na osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị na savannas . Mpaghara a bụ ala ahịhịa juru na osisi ndị na-eto n'akụkụ iyi na n'akụkụ ugwu, na ọkụ na-enwe mgbe niile na-egbochi uto osisi n'ime obodo mepere emepe. [2] Lophira lanceolata bụ otu n'ime ụdị osisi a chọtara nke na-eguzogide ọkụ karịa ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. [15]

Ngwakọta oke ọhịa na ala ahịhịa na-enye ebe obibi maka ụdị dịgasị iche iche sitere na nnukwu anụ mamma [16] dị ka agụ owuru Africa, enyí ọhịa, hippopotamus na antelopes dị ka duiker na-acha uhie uhie ruo na mbe nkịtị yana ụdị mpaghara mpaghara gụnyere enwe patas. na Ghana worm ngwere ( Amphisbaenia ). [17] Ala mmiri mmiri dị na mpaghara ahụ bara ụba na ndụ nnụnụ, gụnyere iris glossy starling na crane okpueze ojii . [18]

  • Mammals : The Guinean ọhịa-savanna mosaic bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ mammali dị iche iche. [19] [20] Nke a gụnyere ụdị akara ngosi dị ka enyí Africa, chimpanzees ọdịda anyanwụ, na gorilla dị ala ọdịda anyanwụ. Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ama ama gụnyere agụ owuru, ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche (dị ka duikers na bushbuck), na ụdị primates dị iche iche (dị ka guenon, enwe colobus, na adaka).
  • Nnụnụ : Avifauna nke mpaghara a dị nnọọ iche, na-edekọ ọtụtụ narị ụdị. [21] Nke a na-agụnye ngwakọta nke nnụnụ ndị bi n'oké ọhịa dị ka turacos, hornbills, na ụdị parrots dị iche iche, yana ụdị savanna na-emegharị dị ka raptors, bustards, na ụdị ndị na-akpa ákwà dị iche iche.
  • Ndị na-akpụ akpụ na ndị Amphibians : Mosaic bụkwa ebe obibi dị iche iche na-akpụ akpụ na ndị amphibians, gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị agwọ, chameleons, agụ iyi, na ọtụtụ frogs na toads. [22] [23]
  • Invertebrates : Ọdịdị dị iche iche nke invertebrates, gụnyere ụmụ ahụhụ na arachnids, dị oke elu, yana ọtụtụ ụdị na-enye aka na nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi. [24] [25] [26]

Egwu na Nchekwa

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Dị ka ọtụtụ gburugburu ebe okpomọkụ, mosaic a nọ n'ihe egwu site n'ihe omume mmadụ dị iche iche. [27] Mkpọtu osisi n'ihi igbu osisi, mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo, na ọrụ Ngwuputa na-ebute nnukwu ihe ịma aka na nchekwa ya. N'ịgbakwụnye, mmepe akụrụngwa na ịrụ okporo ụzọ nwere ike mebie ebe obibi, na-eme ka o siere anụ ọhịa ike ịgafe n'etiti mpaghara dị iche iche. [28] [29]

  • Mkpọkpọsị osisi na mfu ebe obibi: Otu n'ime ihe egwu kachasị egwu na-eyi ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke ọhịa Guinean-savanna mosaic bụ igbutu osisi. [30] [31] Nke a na-eme n'ihi mgbasawanye ọrụ ugbo, igbu osisi, na mmepe akụrụngwa.
  • Ịchụ nta na ịchụ nta: Ịchụ nta na ịchụ nta na-adịghị adịgide adịgide maka anụ ọhịa na ịzụ ahịa anụ ụlọ nwere ike itinye nrụgide dị ukwuu n'ahụ ndị bi n'ọhịa.
  • Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Mgbanwe n'ụdị mmiri ozuzo, okpomọkụ, na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ihu igwe nwere ike imebi nguzozi gburugburu ebe obibi dị nro nke mpaghara ahụ. [32] [33]
  • Mgbalị Nchekwa: Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-agba mbọ ichekwa ma weghachi ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke mosaic a. [34] [35] Nke a gụnyere nguzobe mpaghara echedoro, atụmatụ nchekwa nke obodo, na atụmatụ iji ala eme ihe ga-adigide.

Ebe echedoro

[dezie | dezie ebe o si]

Osisi Guinean-savanna mosaic bụ mpaghara dị iche iche dị iche iche na gburugburu ebe obibi na West Africa. [36] Ngwakọta ya pụrụ iche nke ọhịa na ebe obibi savanna, yana ụdị ya dị egwu, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara dị mkpa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mbọ nchekwa. [37] [38] Nnyocha e mere na 2017 chọpụtara na 107,116 km 2, ma ọ bụ 16%, nke ecoregion dị na ebe echedoro . [39] Ebe echedoro gụnyere Ogige Ntụrụndụ Upper Niger na Guinea, [40] Dulombi-Boe National Park na Guinea-Bissau, [41] Outamba-Kilimi National Park na Sierra Leone, [42] Mont Sangbé National Park na Ivory Coast, [43] Bui. Ogige Ntụrụndụ na Ogige Mba Digya dị na Ghana, [44] na Ogige Ochie Oyo na ogige Gashaka-Gumti dị na Nigeria. [45] [46]

  1. Nkọwa gburugburu ebe obibi
    • Ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche: Osisi Guinean-savanna mosaic bụ nke a ma ama maka nnukwu ụdị dị iche iche nke ụdị ndụ dị iche iche, na-akwado ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dịgasị iche iche. [47] Mpaghara a bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị dị iche iche nọ n'ihe ize ndụ, dị ka chimpanzees, hippos pygmy, na osisi dị iche iche na-adịghị ahụkebe.
    • Ecotone: Ọ bụ ecotone, nke pụtara na ọ bụ mpaghara mgbanwe n'etiti nnukwu biomes abụọ: oke ọhịa mmiri ozuzo na ndịda na savannas mepere emepe n'ebe ugwu. [48] Ngwakọta dị iche iche nke ebe obibi na-enye aka na mkpa gburugburu ebe obibi ya.
  2. Ebumnuche nyocha
    • Ntụle ụdịdị dị iche iche: Ndị nyocha na-achọ ime nyocha zuru oke iji depụta ụdị osisi na anụmanụ dị na mpaghara ahụ. Nke a na-agụnye ịchọpụta na ịdepụta ma ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị na nke a na-adịghị ahụkebe, nke na-enyere aka ịghọta ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi. [49]
    • Ecosystem Dynamics: Nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oke ọhịa na akụkụ savanna, dịka mgbanwe ọkụ na ojiji ala na-emetụta nguzozi n'etiti gburugburu ebe obibi abụọ a. [50]
    • Ọnọdụ nchekwa: Nyochaa ọnọdụ nchekwa nke ụdị isi na ịchọpụta ihe egwu, dị ka mfu ebe obibi, ịchụ nta anụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe, iji mepụta atụmatụ nchekwa dị mma. [51]
    • Ọmụma ụmụ amaala: iso ndị obodo na-emekọ ihe iji nweta ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala ha gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na nchekwa ya. [52] Ọmụma mpaghara a bara uru maka ịghọta mgbanwe mpaghara.
  3. Nleba anya na mkpokọta data
    • Ọnyà igwefoto: Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-ejikarị ọnyà igwefoto weghara foto anụ ọhịa dị na mpaghara ahụ. Nkà na ụzụ a na-enye ohere maka nlekota nke na-adịghị emetụta ụdị ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe. [53]
    • Sensing Remote: A na-eji onyonyo satịlaịtị na GIS (Geographic Information Systems) iji nyochaa mgbanwe mkpuchi ala, igbutu osisi, na mgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara. [54] [55]
    • Nnyocha Ubi: Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ na-eme nyocha nke ubi iji nakọta data gbasara ọnụ ọgụgụ osisi na anụmanụ, àgwà ebe obibi, na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi. [49] [55]
    • Data ihu igwe na ihu igwe: Nyochaa data ihu igwe na ihu igwe na-enyere aka ịghọta ka mgbanwe ihu igwe si emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. [56]
  4. Nchekwa na amụma mmetụta
    • Ebe echedoro: Nchọpụta nyocha na-ebutekarị imepụta ma ọ bụ gbasaa ebe echedoro ma ọ bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba. [57] Ebe ndị a na-enyere aka ichekwa ụdị ndụ dị iche iche pụrụ iche a chọtara n'ime ọhịa Guinean-savanna mosaic.
    • Mmekọrịta Ogbe: Itinye obodo na mbọ nchekwa dị oke mkpa. Nke a gụnyere inye ihe ndị ọzọ eji ebi ndụ iji belata ịdabere n'ihe ndị dị n'oké ọhịa na ime ka a mara banyere mkpa nchekwa dị. [58]
    • Nkwado amụma: Ịkekọrịta nsonaazụ nyocha na ndị na-eme iwu nwere ike imetụta mkpebi ndị metụtara iji ala, igbu osisi, ọrụ ugbo, na ihe omume ndị ọzọ nwere ike imetụta gburugburu ebe obibi. [59]
  5. Ihe ịma aka na egwu
    • Mfu ebe obibi: Ntugharị nke ebe obibi maka ọrụ ugbo, igbu osisi, na mmepe akụrụngwa bụ nnukwu ihe iyi egwu. [60]
    • Azụmahịa anụ ọhịa na-akwadoghị iwu: Mpaghara ahụ bụkwa ebe a na-ere ahịa anụ ọhịa iwu na-akwadoghị, na-etinye nnukwu ihe ize ndụ nye ọtụtụ ụdị dị egwu. [61]
    • Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Mgbanwe na usoro ihu igwe na ụbara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ọkụ ọhịa n'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe nwere ike imetụta nguzozi n'etiti oke ọhịa na akụkụ savanna. [62]


Edensibia

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  1. ↑ Demenou (May 2016). "Origin and history of the Dahomey Gap separating West and Central African rain forests: insights from the phylogeography of the legume tree Distemonanthus benthamianus" (in en). Journal of Biogeography 43 (5): 1020–1031. DOI:10.1111/jbi.12688. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Guinean Forest-Savanna (en). One Earth. Retrieved on 2023-03-24.
  3. ↑ World Species : Climate Data for Latitude 8.75 Longitude -1.25. worldspecies.org. Retrieved on 2023-09-09.
  4. ↑ Bouvet (2018-03-01). "An above-ground biomass map of African savannahs and woodlands at 25m resolution derived from ALOS PALSAR". Remote Sensing of Environment 206: 156–173. DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2017.12.030. ISSN 0034-4257. 
  5. ↑ Christiana Ndidi, E., & Adeniyi Suleiman, G. (2009). Species diversity patterns along the forest savanna boundary in Nigeria. Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal, 20(1), 64-72.
  6. ↑ Guinean Forest-Savanna (en). One Earth. Retrieved on 2023-09-06.
  7. ↑ Fairhead (1996-10-17). Misreading the African Landscape. Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/cbo9781139164023. ISBN 978-0-521-56353-6. 
  8. ↑ Liu (2016-12-24). "Vegetation Dynamics in the Upper Guinean Forest Region of West Africa from 2001 to 2015". Remote Sensing 9 (1): 5. DOI:10.3390/rs9010005. ISSN 2072-4292. 
  9. ↑ Owen-Smith (2021-09-09). Only in Africa. Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/9781108961646. ISBN 978-1-108-96164-6. 
  10. ↑ Croker (2023-07-27). "Changing fire regimes in East and Southern Africa's savanna-protected areas: opportunities and challenges for indigenous-led savanna burning emissions abatement schemes". DOI:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2684809/v2. Retrieved on 2023-10-12. 
  11. ↑ Sanchez (2019-01-09). Properties and Management of Soils in the Tropics. Cambridge University Press. DOI:10.1017/9781316809785. ISBN 978-1-316-80978-5. 
  12. ↑ Favier (2004-01-01). "Modelling forest–savanna mosaic dynamics in man-influenced environments: effects of fire, climate and soil heterogeneity". Ecological Modelling 171 (1): 85–102. DOI:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2003.07.003. ISSN 0304-3800. 
  13. ↑ Whittaker, R. H., & Levin, S. (1977). The role of mosaic phenomena in natural communities. Theoretical population biology, 12(2), 117-139.
  14. ↑ Liu, Z., Wimberly, M. C., & Dwomoh, F. K. (2016). Vegetation dynamics in the upper guinean forest region of West Africa from 2001 to 2015. Remote Sensing, 9(1), 5.
  15. ↑ Fairhead, J., & Leach, M. (1996). Misreading the African landscape: society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic (No. 90). Cambridge University Press.
  16. ↑ Andrews, P. (2006). Taphonomic effects of faunal impoverishment and faunal mixing. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 241(3-4), 572-589.
  17. ↑ Brockerhoff, E. G., Barbaro, L., Castagneyrol, B., Forrester, D. I., Gardiner, B., González-Olabarria, J. R., ... & Jactel, H. (2017). Forest biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26, 3005-3035.
  18. ↑ Masseloux (March 2022). "Forest structure and seasonally inundated grassland shape tropical mammal communities under moderate disturbance" (in en). Ecosphere 13 (3). DOI:10.1002/ecs2.3999. ISSN 2150-8925. 
  19. ↑ Pennec (2020-10-30). "Spatiotemporal Variation in Bonobo (Pan paniscus) Habitat Use in a Forest–Savanna Mosaic". International Journal of Primatology 41 (6): 775–799. DOI:10.1007/s10764-020-00180-5. ISSN 0164-0291. 
  20. ↑ Humle (2010-12-23). "Group Release of Sanctuary Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in the Haut Niger National Park, Guinea, West Africa: Ranging Patterns and Lessons So Far". International Journal of Primatology 32 (2): 456–473. DOI:10.1007/s10764-010-9482-7. ISSN 0164-0291. 
  21. ↑ Woinarski (1991). "The Bird Fauna of a Deciduous Woodland in the Wet-Dry Tropics of Northern Australia.". Wildlife Research 18 (4): 479. DOI:10.1071/wr9910479. ISSN 1035-3712. 
  22. ↑ Routledge-Cavendish (2002-02-14). Cavendish: Jurisprudence Lawcards. DOI:10.4324/9781843144373. ISBN 9781135592042. 
  23. ↑ Arnold (2014-01-02). "Review of Bradt travel guides to Tajikistan and Uzbekistan". Asian Affairs 45 (1): 151–153. DOI:10.1080/03068374.2014.874710. ISSN 0306-8374. 
  24. ↑ Nix (2007). The Nature of Northern Australia: its natural values, ecological processes and future prospects. ANU Press. DOI:10.26530/oapen_459382. ISBN 978-1-921313-31-8. 
  25. ↑ Ingram (2019-07-09). "Julie J. Lesnik: Edible Insects and Human Evolution". Human Ecology 47 (4): 637–638. DOI:10.1007/s10745-019-00089-5. ISSN 0300-7839. 
  26. ↑ Kruk (2017). "From the Research on Socially-Sustainable Agriculture (44). Food Security and Agro-Biodiversity". SSRN Electronic Journal. DOI:10.2139/ssrn.3604993. ISSN 1556-5068. 
  27. ↑ Atsri, H. K., Konko, Y., Cuni-Sanchez, A., Abotsi, K. E., & Kokou, K. (2018). Changes in the West African forest-savanna mosaic, insights from central Togo. PloS one, 13(10), e0203999.
  28. ↑ Guinean Forests of West Africa - Threats | CEPF (en). www.cepf.net. Retrieved on 2023-09-19.
  29. ↑ Fotang (2021-02-01). "Human Activity and Forest Degradation Threaten Populations of the Nigeria–Cameroon Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes ellioti) in Western Cameroon" (in en). International Journal of Primatology 42 (1): 105–129. DOI:10.1007/s10764-020-00191-2. ISSN 1573-8604. 
  30. ↑ Usman (2023-02-16). "Asymmetric effect of environmental cost of forest rents in the Guinean forest-savanna mosaic: The Nigerian experience". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 30 (17): 50549–50566. DOI:10.1007/s11356-023-25653-x. ISSN 1614-7499. 
  31. ↑ (January 2004) in Poorter: Biodiversity of West African forests: an ecological atlas of woody plant species. UK: CABI Publishing. DOI:10.1079/9780851997346.0000. ISBN 978-0-85199-734-6. 
  32. ↑ Moseley (December 2001). "Indigenous Land Management in West Africa: An Environmental Balancing Act". African Studies Review 44 (3): 110. DOI:10.2307/525613. ISSN 0002-0206. 
  33. ↑ Şekercioğlu (April 2012). "The effects of climate change on tropical birds". Biological Conservation 148 (1): 1–18. DOI:10.1016/j.biocon.2011.10.019. ISSN 0006-3207. 
  34. ↑ GEISLER (July 2004). "Ecoagriculture: strategies to feed the world and save wild biodiversityJeffrey A. McNeely, Sara J. Scherr; Island Press, Washington, DC, 2003, paperback, ISBN 1-55963-645-9, US price $27.50". Journal of Rural Studies 20 (3): 383. DOI:10.1016/s0743-0167(03)00087-1. ISSN 0743-0167. 
  35. ↑ Saha (2006-08-18). "G. Schroth, G. A. B. da Fonseca, C. A. Harvey, C. Gascon, H. L. Vasconcelos and A. N. Izac (eds), Agroforestry and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Landscapes". Agroforestry Systems 68 (3): 247–249. DOI:10.1007/s10457-006-9011-z. ISSN 0167-4366. 
  36. ↑ Atsri (2018-10-05). "Changes in the West African forest-savanna mosaic, insights from central Togo" (in en). PLOS ONE 13 (10): e0203999. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0203999. ISSN 1932-6203. PMID 30289922. 
  37. ↑ Singh (May 2022). "Evaluation of Protected Areas in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, West Africa, Using a Remote Sensing-Based Approach" (in en). Land 11 (5): 720. DOI:10.3390/land11050720. ISSN 2073-445X. 
  38. ↑ Poorter, L. (Ed.). (2004). Biodiversity of West African forests: an ecological atlas of woody plant species. CABI.
  39. ↑ Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [1]
  40. ↑ Ngounou (2023-01-09). GUINEA: Launch of a conservation project in the Upper-Niger National Park (en-US). Afrik 21. Retrieved on 2023-09-07.
  41. ↑ Species (2018-04-26). New National Parks for Guinea Bissau - IUCN SOS (en-US). Retrieved on 2023-09-07.
  42. ↑ Parks.it - Parks, Reserves, and Other Protected Areas in Sierra Leone. www.parks.it. Retrieved on 2023-09-07.
  43. ↑ Discover the national parks of Ivory Coast | Discover Ivorycoast (en-GB). discover-ivorycoast.com (2018-12-19). Retrieved on 2023-09-07.
  44. ↑ Protected Areas in Ghana | Clearing House mechanism of Ghana. gh.chm-cbd.net. Retrieved on 2023-09-07.
  45. ↑ The Gashaka Primate Project: Nigeria's National Parks. www.ucl.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2022-08-08. Retrieved on 2023-09-07.
  46. ↑ Old Oyo National Park (en-US). Archived from the original on 2023-01-22. Retrieved on 2023-09-07.
  47. ↑ Darwall (2015). "Ecosystem profile guinean forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot". Academia.edu. 
  48. ↑ Hennenberg (2005). "Border and Ecotone Detection by Vegetation Composition along Forest-Savanna Transects in Ivory Coast". Journal of Vegetation Science 16 (3): 301–310. ISSN 1100-9233. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Oates (2004). Africa's Gulf of Guinea Forests: Biodiversity Patterns and Conservation Priorities (in en). Conservation International. ISBN 978-1-881173-82-3. 
  50. ↑ Goetze (2006). "Dynamics of forest–savanna mosaics in north‐eastern Ivory Coast from 1954 to 2002" (in en). Journal of Biogeography 33 (4): 653–664. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01312.x. ISSN 0305-0270. 
  51. ↑ Allport (1991). "The status and conservation of threatened birds in the Upper Guinea forest" (in en). Bird Conservation International 1 (1): 53–74. DOI:10.1017/S095927090000054X. ISSN 0959-2709. 
  52. ↑ Error on call to Template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specified.
  53. ↑ Bersacola (2022-12-01). "Examining primate community occurrence patterns in agroforest landscapes using arboreal and terrestrial camera traps" (in en). Landscape Ecology 37 (12): 3103–3121. DOI:10.1007/s10980-022-01524-7. ISSN 1572-9761. 
  54. ↑ Wingate (2022). "A Remote Sensing-Based Inventory of West Africa Tropical Forest Patches: A Basis for Enhancing Their Conservation and Sustainable Use". Remote Sensing. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Nyerges (2000). "The Ethnography of Landscape: GIS and Remote Sensing in the Study of Forest Change in West African Guinea Savanna". American Anthropologist 102 (2): 271–289. ISSN 0002-7294. 
  56. ↑ Z (2016). "Vegetation dynamics in the upper guinean forest region of West Africa from 2001 to 2015". Remote Sensing. 
  57. ↑ Cronin (2014-11-01). "Biodiversity and Conservation of Tropical Montane Ecosystems in the Gulf of Guinea, West Africa" (in en). Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 46 (4): 891–904. DOI:10.1657/1938-4246-46.4.891. ISSN 1523-0430. 
  58. ↑ DESTINA (2019). "COMMUNITY-CENTERED SUSTAINABLE CONSERVATION AND ECOTOURISM PLANNING IN THE BOSSOU FOREST RESERVE, GUINEA, WEST AFRICA". Digital Commons. 
  59. ↑ Mayers (1999). "Policy That Works for Forests and People: Real Prospects for Governance and Livelihoods". 
  60. ↑ Fitzgerald (2021-12-01). "Agriculture is the primary driver of tree cover loss across the Forestière region of the Republic of Guinea, Africa". Environmental Research Communications 3 (12): 121004. DOI:10.1088/2515-7620/ac4278. ISSN 2515-7620. 
  61. ↑ Walters (2019). "Pillaging Bloodwood: An Exploratory Examination of Illegal Deforestation in Guinea-Bissau Through Forest Disturbance Algorithms and Unsupervised Clustering". Library.oregonstate.edu. 
  62. ↑ Justice (2001). "Central African forests, carbon and climate change". Climate Research. 
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