Osisi siri ike
Osisi siri ike bụ osisi sitere na osisi dicot. A na-ahụkarị ndị a n'oké ọhịa ndị nwere akwụkwọ dị larịị na nke okpomọkụ.[1] N'ebe okpomọkụ na latitudes boreal ha na-abụkarị deciduous, mana n'ebe okpuru ala na subtropics na-abụnyekarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Osisi siri ike (nke sitere na osisi angiosperm) dị iche na osisi softwood (nke sitere n'osisi gymnosperm).
Ihe ndị e ji mara ya[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Osisi siri ike na-emepụta site na osisi angiosperm nke na-amụba site na okooko osisi, ma nwee akwụkwọ sara mbara. Ọtụtụ ụdị osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.[2] Ndị nke mpaghara okpomọkụ na-efunahụ akwụkwọ ha n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ ọ bụla ka okpomọkụ dara ma na-ehi ụra n'oge oyi, mana ndị nke mpaghara okirikiri nwere ike ịhapụ akwụkwọ ha na nzaghachi maka oge ọkọchị. Osisi siri ike sitere na ụdị osisi ndị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, dị ka osisi oak, na-egosipụtakarị mgbanaka uto kwa afọ, mana ndị a nwere ike ọ gaghị adị na ụfọdụ osisi siri ike nke okpomọkụ.[3]
Osisi siri ike nwere ọdịdị dị mgbagwoju anya karịa osisi dị nro ma na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ihi ya. Ihe kachasị kewaa "osisi siri ike" na osisi dị nro bụ ọnụnọ nke oghere, ma ọ bụ arịa.[4] Arịa ndị ahụ nwere ike igosi nnukwu ọdịiche n'ogo, ọdịdị nke efere perforation (dị mfe, scalariform, reticulate, foraminate), na ọdịdị nke mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ, dị ka ọkpụrụkpụ na-agba gburugburu.
Dị ka aha ahụ na-egosi, osisi sitere na osisi ndị a na-esikarị ike karịa nke osisi ndị dị nro, mana enwere ihe dị ịrịba ama. N'ime ìgwè abụọ ahụ, enwere nnukwu ọdịiche n'ịdị ike nke osisi, na ọnụọgụ dị na osisi siri ike kpamkpam gụnyere nke osisi dị nro; ụfọdụ osisi siri ike (dịka, balsa) dị nro karịa ọtụtụ osisi dị nfe, ebe yew bụ ihe atụ nke osisi siri ike.
Chemistry[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Polymer ndị dị n'osisi siri ike bụ cellulose, hemicellulose, na lignin.[5] Ihe ndị mejupụtara osisi siri ike dị iche na ndị dị na osisi dị nro. Sinapyl alcohol na coniferyl alcohol bụ isi monomers nke hardwood lignin.[6]
Osisi siri ike nwere obere ihe ndị na-abụghị ihe owuwu, ndị a na-akpọ extractives, karịa osisi ndị dị nro.[7] A na-ekewapụta ihe ndị a n'ime ìgwè atọ sara mbara: aliphatic compounds, terpenes na phenolic compounds. Aliphatic compounds a na-ahụ na osisi siri ike gụnyere fatty acids, fatty alcohols na esters ha na glycerol, fatty alcools (waxes) na sterols (steryl esters), hydrocarbons, dị ka alkanes, sterols, dị ka sitosterol, sitostanol na campesterol.[8] Ihe dị n'ime osisi siri ike dị iche na osisi dị nro, ma na-agụnye triterpenoids, polyprenols na terpenes ndị ọzọ dị elu. Triterpenoids ndị a na-emekarị ka ha dị ọcha site na osisi siri ike gụnyere cycloartenol, betulin na squalene. Polyterpenes siri ike bụ rọba, gutta percha, gutta-balatá na betulaprenols.[7][8] Ọ bụ ezie na n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta, osisi siri ike nwekwara mono-, sesqui- na diterpenes, dị ka α- na β-pinenes, 3-carene, β-myrcene, limonene, hinokitiol, δ-cadinene, α- na δ-cadenols, borneol. Osisi siri ike bara ọgaranya na phenolic compounds, dị ka stilbenes, lignans, norlignans, tannins, flavonoids.[8]
Ngwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
A na-eji osisi siri ike eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwa, gụnyere mmanụ, ngwá ọrụ, iwu, iwu ụgbọ mmiri, ime ụlọ, ngwá egwu, ala, isi nri, barrels, na imepụta icheku ọkụ. Osisi siri ike na-adịkarị oke ọnụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere osisi dị nro. N'oge gara aga, osisi siri ike nke ebe okpomọkụ dị mfe, mana inye ụfọdụ ụdị, dị ka Burma teak na mahogany, na-adịwanye ụkọ ugbu a n'ihi oke mmebi. Ọnụ ụzọ "osisi siri ike" dị ọnụ ala, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ugbu a, nwere ihe dị nro nke ejikọtara ya na isi osisi dị nro, plywood ma ọ bụ eriri dị n'etiti (MDF). Enwere ike iji osisi siri ike mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ihe, mana a na-ahụkarị ha na oche ma ọ bụ ngwá egwu n'ihi njupụta ha nke na-agbakwunye na ogologo oge, ọdịdị, na arụmọrụ. Ụdị osisi siri ike dị iche iche na-enye onwe ha maka ojiji dị iche iche ma ọ bụ usoro iwu ihe. Nke a bụ n'ihi ụdị dịgasị iche iche a na-ahụ anya na osisi dị iche iche, gụnyere njupụta, ọka, nha oghere, uto na usoro eriri, mgbanwe na ikike ịkpụkọta anwụrụ ọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mkpụrụ osisi elm (Ulmus spp.) na-eme ka ọ dị mma maka ịme oche oche ebe ịkwọ ụgbọala nke ụkwụ na ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịkpata nkewa n'osisi ndị ọzọ.
Isi nri[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
Enwere njikọ dị n'etiti njupụta na calorie / mpịakọta. Nke a na-eme ka osisi ndị siri ike dị ka osisi oak, cherry, na apụl dịkwuo mma maka ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ isi nri, na anụ na-ese siga, ebe ha na-enwekarị ọkụ na ogologo oge karịa osisi ndị dị nro dị ka pine ma ọ bụ cedar nke ụlọ dị ala na ụda ọkụ na-eme na-eme ha ọkụ ngwa ngwa na-enweghị mmepụta oke okpomọkụ.
Hụkwa[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Ndepụta osisi
- Ala osisi siri ike
- Osisi dị nro
- Ule ike Janka
- Ọnụ ọgụgụ Brinell
Ihe odide[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- ↑ John N. Owens (2009). Forests And Forest Plants - Volume II. EOLSS Publications. ISBN 978-1-905839-39-1. Extract of page 134
- ↑ Nix (April 22, 2021). Identification of the Most Common Hardwoods. Treehugger. Retrieved on July 28, 2021.
- ↑ MinuteEarth (October 9, 2020). Why Hardwoods Are The Softest Woods. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2023-08-16. Retrieved on 2023-08-16.
- ↑ CRC Handbook of Materials Science, Vol IV, pg 15
- ↑ Ansell (2015). "Chapter 11: Preservation, Protection and Modification of Wood Composites", Woodhead Publishing Series in Composites Science and Engineering: Number 54. Wood Composites. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78242-454-3.
- ↑ Boerjan (June 2003). "Ligninbiosynthesis". Annual Review of Plant Biology 54 (1): 519–546. DOI:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938. PMID 14503002.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ek (2009). "Chapter 7: Wood extractives", Pulp and Paper Chemistry and Technology. Volume 1, Wood Chemistry and Wood Biotechnology. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-021339-3.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Sjöström (October 22, 2013). "Chapter 5: Extractives", Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications, Second. ISBN 978-0-08-092589-9.
Ịgụ ihe ọzọ[dezie | dezie ebe o si]
- Schweingruber, F.H. (1990) Anatomie europäischer Hölzer - Anatomy of European woods. Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt für Wald, Schnee und Landscaft, Birmensdorf (Hrsg,). Haupt, Bern na Stuttgart.
- [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Nkwupụta maka njirimara osisi Microscopic. Finnish Museum of Natural History, Mahadum Helsinki.
- Wilson, K., na D.J.B. White (1986). Anatomy nke osisi: Ụdị dị iche iche na mgbanwe ya. Stobart & Son Ltd, London.